List of disasters in New York City by death toll

Last updated

COVID-19 pandemic USNS Comfort passing by Statue of Liberty, March 30, 2020.png
COVID-19 pandemic
September 11, 2001 WTC smoking on 9-11.jpeg
September 11, 2001
PS General Slocum EM NOVA-YORK. A grande catastrophe do vapor de passeio General Slocum. Morte horrivel de 1.200 pessoas!.jpg
PS General Slocum
Battle of Long Island BattleofLongisland.jpg
Battle of Long Island
TWA Flight 800 TWA800reconstruction.jpg
TWA Flight 800
1953 smog Smog obscures view of Chrysler Building from Empire State Building.jpg
1953 smog
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire Image of Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire on March 25 - 1911.jpg
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
Great Blizzard of 1888 Brooklyn blizzard 1888.jpg
Great Blizzard of 1888
Hague Street explosion The great explosion in New-York, February 4th, 1850.jpg
Hague Street explosion
Second Orange Riot Orange Riot 1871 crop.jpg
Second Orange Riot
Hurricane Sandy John B Caddell stranded Front Street jeh.jpg
Hurricane Sandy
Ninth avenue derailment 1905 New-York Subway-Accident.jpg
Ninth avenue derailment
Lexington Avenue explosion 1914 damage detail, N.Y. house wrecked by Caron bomb LCCN2014696452 (cropped).tif
Lexington Avenue explosion
2006 plane crash Belaire Condominium, 12 October 2006.jpg
2006 plane crash
Great Fire of New York (1835) The Great Fire of the City of New York Dec 16 1835.jpg
Great Fire of New York (1835)
2007 steam explosion NYC steam explosion 4.jpg
2007 steam explosion
Harlem riot of 1964 Harlem riots - 1964.jpg
Harlem riot of 1964
US Airways Flight 1549 US Airways Flight 1549 (N106US) after crashing into the Hudson River (crop 1).jpg
US Airways Flight 1549

This is a list of disasters that have occurred in New York City organized by death toll. The list is general and comprehensive, comprising natural disasters (including epidemics) and man-made disasters both purposeful and accidental. It does not normally include numerous non-notable deadly events such as disease deaths in an ordinary year, nor most deaths due to residential fires, traffic collisions and criminal homicide. Particularly for epidemics, years reflect when the event impacted New York City rather than the world at large.

Contents

YearEventTypeDeath tollNotes and sources
1983–present HIV/AIDS epidemic disease84,027+ [1] [lower-alpha 1]
2020–2023 COVID-19 pandemic disease38,795–45,194 [3] [lower-alpha 2]
1918–1919 Spanish flu disease20,403–33,000 [4] [5] [6] [lower-alpha 3]
1849 Third cholera pandemic (1st wave)disease5,071 [7]
1832 Second cholera pandemic (1st wave)disease3,513 [7]
2001 September 11 attacks terrorism2,753 [8]
1854Third cholera pandemic (2nd wave)disease2,509 [7]
1798 Yellow fever disease2,086 [9] [10] [lower-alpha 4]
1916 1916 New York City polio epidemic disease2,000+ [12]
1872 Smallpox epidemic disease1,666 [7] [lower-alpha 5]
1896 1896 Eastern North America heat wave weather1,300 [13] [lower-alpha 6]
1866 Fourth cholera pandemic disease1,137 [7]
1904 PS General Slocum maritime1,021 [15]
1834Second cholera pandemic (2nd wave)disease971 [7]
1972 Heat wave weather891 [16] [17]
1795Yellow feverdisease732 [9]
1731Smallpoxdisease549 [18]
1702Yellow feverdisease500 [9]
1776 Battle of Long Island warfare364 [19]
1963 1963 New York City smog pollution300–405 [20]
1876 Brooklyn Theatre fire fire278+ [21] [lower-alpha 7]
2001 American Airlines Flight 587 aircraft265 [24]
1996 TWA Flight 800 aircraft230 [25]
1953 1953 New York City smog pollution200–260 [20] [26]
1966 1966 New York City smog pollution168–400 [27] [28]
1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire fire146 [29]
1776 Battle of Fort Washington warfare143 [30]
1840 Lexington maritime139–154 [lower-alpha 8]
1960 Park Slope plane crash aircraft134 [35] [36]
1776 Battle of Harlem Heights warfare122 [37]
1863 New York City draft riots mass unrest119–120 [38] [39]
1975 Eastern Air Lines Flight 66 aircraft113 [40]
1871 Westfield disaster maritime104–125 [41] [42]
1888 Great Blizzard of 1888 weather100–200 [43] [44]
1918 Malbone Street Wreck rail93–102 [45] [46]
1962 American Airlines Flight 1 aircraft95 [47]
1990 Happy Land fire fire87 [48]
1899 Windsor Hotel fire fire86 [49] [lower-alpha 9]
1965 Eastern Air Lines Flight 663 aircraft84 [50]
1950 Kew Gardens train crash rail78 [51]
1932 Observation maritime72 [52]
1732Yellow feverdisease70 [18]
1850 Hague Street explosion explosion67+ [53] [54]
1959 American Airlines Flight 320 aircraft65 [55]
1871 Second Orange Riot mass unrest62 [56]
1891 Park Place disaster explosion61 [57]
2012 Hurricane Sandy weather53 [58]
1926 Linseed King maritime51–58 [59] [60]
1852 Henry Clay maritime~50 [61]
1947 United Airlines Flight 521 aircraft43 [62]
1851 Ninth Ward School disaster fire43 [63]
1969 February 1969 nor'easter weather42 [64]
1973 1973 Staten Island gas explosion explosion40 [65]
1643 Massacre at Corlears Hook warfare40 [66]
1920 Wall Street bombing terrorism38 [67]
1946 Knickerbocker Ice Company disasterfire37 [68]
1741 New York Conspiracy of 1741 mass unrest34 [69]
1966 New York Harbor tanker collision maritime33 [70]
1845 Great New York City Fire of 1845 fire30 [71]
1712 New York Slave Revolt of 1712 mass unrest29–36 [lower-alpha 10]
1892 Hotel Royal fire fire28 [76]
1992 USAir Flight 405 aircraft27 [77]
1923 Manhattan State Hospital firefire27 [78]
1954 Alitalia Flight 451 aircraft26 [79]
1976 Puerto Rican Social Club fire fire25 [80]
1962 Eastern Air Lines Flight 512 aircraft25 [81]
1958 Monarch Underwear Company fire fire24 [80]
1880 Seawanhaka disaster maritime24–35 [82] [83]
1962 New York Telephone Company boiler explosion explosion23 [84]
1849 Astor Place Riot mass unrest22–31 [85] [86]
1902 Park Avenue Hotel fire fire21 [87]
1908 Gold Street explosion explosion20+ [88] [89]
1905 Allen Street tenement fire fire20+ [90]
1957 Northeast Airlines Flight 823 aircraft20 [91]
1860 Elm Street tenement fire fire20 [92] : 30 
1937 New Brighton tenement collapse structural collapse19 [93]
2022 2022 Bronx apartment fire fire17 [94]
1885 Glass House disaster structural collapse17 [95]
1928 1928 Times Square derailment rail16–18 [42] [96]
1895 Ireland Building collapse structural collapse16 [97]
1893 1893 Long Island Rail Road collision rail16 [98]
1902 Park Avenue Tunnel crash rail15–17 [99] [100]
2011 World Wide Tours bus crash road15 [101]
1902 Madison Square fireworks explosionexplosion15 [102]
1883 Church of the Most Holy Redeemer school firefire14–16 [103] [104]
1945 1945 Empire State Building B-25 crash aircraft14 [105]
2021 Hurricane Ida weather13 [106]
1968Williamsburg apartment firefire13 [107]
1905 Ninth Avenue derailment rail13 [108] [109]
1899 Andrews mansion fire fire13 [110]
1877 E. Greenfield candy factory fire fire13 [111]
2017 2017 Bronx apartment fire fire12 [112]
1970 1970 New York City gas explosion explosion12 [113]
1966 23rd Street Fire fire12 [114]
1915 Diamond Candy Company fire fire12 [115]
1883 1883 Brooklyn Bridge stampede mass unrest12 [116]
2003 2003 Staten Island Ferry crash maritime11 [117]
1975 LaGuardia Airport bombing terrorism11 [118]
1970 Trans International Airlines Flight 863 aircraft11 [119]
1854 W. T. Jennings fire fire11 [92] : 29 
1984 Palm Sunday massacre homicide10 [120]
1956 Bush Terminal explosion explosion10 [121]
1938 1938 New England hurricane weather10 [122]
1910 Grand Central Station explosion explosion10 [123]
2009 Hudson River mid-air collision aircraft9 [124]
1991 City College stampede mass unrest9 [125]
1977 Everard Baths firefire9 [126]
1894 Newtown Creek Bridge disaster structural collapse9 [127]
2017 New York City truck attack terrorism8 [128]
2014 East Harlem gas explosion explosion8 [129]
1995 Freddy's Fashion Mart attack homicide8 [130]
1932 Ritz Tower Hotel fire and explosion explosion8 [131]
1923 1923 Brooklyn elevated train crash rail8 [132]
1902 1902 New York City Subway explosion explosion8 [133]
1870 First Orange Riot mass unrest8 [134]
1882 1882 Spuyten Duyvil train wreck rail8 [135]
1857 Dead Rabbits riot mass unrest8 [136]
2008 303 East 51st Street crane collapse structural collapse7 [137]
1915 1915 New York City Subway explosion explosion6–25 [138]
1917 Domino Sugar Refinery explosion explosion6–12 [139] [140]
1993 World Trade Center Bombing terrorism6 [141]
1978 Waldbaum's fire fire6 [142]
1967 1967 New York City freight train collision rail6 [143]
1962 Queens soap plant fire fire6 [92] : 109 
1943 Harlem riot of 1943 mass unrest6 [144]
1912 Equitable Life Building fire fire6 [145]
1891 1891 New York City train collision rail6 [146]
2018 2018 New York City helicopter crash aircraft5 [147]
1991 Union Square derailment rail5 [42] [148]
1977 Pan Am Building helicopter crash aircraft5 [149]
1959 American Airlines Flight 514 aircraft5 [150]
1952 1952 Queens plane crash aircraft5 [151]
1946 40 Wall Street plane crash aircraft5 [152]
1901 1901 Staten Island Ferry crash maritime4–5 [153] [154]
2013 December 2013 Spuyten Duyvil derailment rail4 [155]
1975 Fraunces Tavern bombing terrorism4 [156]
1973 Broadway Central Hotel collapse structural collapse4 [157]
1947 North American blizzard of 1947 weather4 [158]
1929 1929 New York City Subway collision rail4 [159]
1914 Lexington Avenue explosion terrorism4 [160]
1691 Leisler's Rebellion warfare4 [161] [lower-alpha 11]
1788 Doctors' riot mass unrest3–20 [162]
1989 Gramercy Park asbestos steam explosion explosion3 [163]
1970 Greenwich Village townhouse explosion terrorism3 [164]
1946 1946 St. George Terminal fire fire3 [165]
1935 Harlem riot of 1935 mass unrest3 [166]
2015 East Village gas explosion explosion2 [167]
2006 2006 New York City plane crash aircraft2 [168]
1991 Crown Heights riot mass unrest2 [169]
1989 USAir Flight 5050 aircraft2 [170]
1958 1958 East River collision maritime2 [171]
1947 1947 New York City smallpox outbreak disease2 [172]
1929 1929 Yankee Stadium stampede mass unrest2 [173]
1835 Great Fire of New York fire2 [174]
2020 2020 New York City Subway fire rail1 [175]
2019 2019 New York City helicopter crash aircraft1 [176]
2007 2007 New York City steam explosion explosion1 [163]
1995 Williamsburg Bridge subway collision rail1 [177]
1964 Harlem riot of 1964 mass unrest1 [178]
1956 Sylvania Electric Products explosion explosion1 [179]
1949 Holland Tunnel fire fire1 [180]
1942 SS Normandie maritime1 [181]
1915 1915 New York City Subway fire rail1 [182]
1770 Battle of Golden Hill warfare0–1 [183]
2009 US Airways Flight 1549 aircraft0 [184]
1975 Overseas National Airways Flight 032 aircraft0 [185]
1969 1969 New York City gas explosion explosion0 [186] [187]
1919 1919 Standard Oil Company fire fire0 [188]
1866–present Greenpoint oil spill pollutionunknown [189] [lower-alpha 12]
1776 Great Fire of New York fireunknown [190] [lower-alpha 13]
1655 Peach War warfareunknown [lower-alpha 14]
1643–1645 Kieft's War warfareunknown [lower-alpha 15]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ New York State was on track to announce the end of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in 2020; however, due to an increase in HIV cases during the COVID-19 pandemic, this has been delayed until at least 2024. [2]
  2. ↑ Lower limit includes confirmed deaths only; upper limit includes confirmed and probable deaths.
  3. ↑ Includes deaths from pneumonia, which frequently results from influenza.
  4. ↑ At least one other source reports only 714 deaths. [11]
  5. ↑ At least one other source reports 1,866 deaths. [11]
  6. ↑ The estimated death toll of "nearly 1,300" people is restricted to the (1896) cities of New York and Brooklyn; the heat wave is considered to have killed approximately 1,500 people in total. [13] Other sources put the death toll at around 3,000 people. [14]
  7. ↑ The exact death toll is uncertain, with various sources claiming at least 278, [21] approximately 295 [22] or over 300 people died. [23]
  8. ↑ Various sources place the death toll at 139, [31] 146, [32] 150 [33] and 154 people. [34]
  9. ↑ Death toll includes 45 recovered bodies and 41 missing persons.
  10. ↑ Death toll includes nine white settlers plus an uncertain number of black slaves. Sources report that 20, [72] 21, [73] 23 [74] or 27 [75] slaves died either by execution or suicide.
  11. ↑ Death toll includes two killed in battle and two subsequently executed.
  12. ↑ The spill was discovered in 1978. Cleanup operations are ongoing.
  13. ↑ The city had already been largely evacuated due to American Revolutionary War.
  14. ↑ Various sources report 100 Dutch settlers killed across Hoboken (in modern day New Jersey), Pavonia (now Jersey City, New Jersey), Staten Island and New Amsterdam (Lower Manhattan), along with 150 taken hostage. [191] The number killed in what comprises New York City today is unknown, although one self-published source reports zero deaths in New Amsterdam. [192] The number of Native Americans killed is unknown.
  15. ↑ The year 1642 became known as "the year of blood" among Dutch colonists. Historian John Romeyn Brodhead described the Native American revolt as a "devastating tide" that "rolled over the island of Manhattan itself. From its northern extremity to the Kolck [southern tip], there were now no more than five or six bouweries [large farms] left; and these were 'threatened by the Indians every night with fire, and by day with the slaughter of people and cattle.'" [193] [194]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aviation accidents and incidents</span> Aviation occurrence involving serious injury, death, or destruction of aircraft

An aviation accident is defined by the Convention on International Civil Aviation Annex 13 as an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft, which takes place from the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight until all such persons have disembarked, and in which (a) a person is fatally or seriously injured, (b) the aircraft sustains significant damage or structural failure, or (c) the aircraft goes missing or becomes completely inaccessible. Annex 13 defines an aviation incident as an occurrence, other than an accident, associated with the operation of an aircraft that affects or could affect the safety of operation.

This is a list of aviation-related events from 1977.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1960 New York mid-air collision</span> 1960 aviation disaster in New York City

On December 16, 1960, a United Airlines Douglas DC-8 bound for Idlewild Airport in New York City collided in midair with a TWA Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation descending toward LaGuardia Airport. The Constellation crashed on Miller Field in Staten Island and the DC-8 in Park Slope, Brooklyn, killing all 128 aboard the two aircraft and six people on the ground. The accident was the world's deadliest aviation disaster at the time, and remains the deadliest accident in the history of United Airlines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">KLM Flight 633</span> 1954 aviation accident

KLM Flight 633 was a passenger flight from Amsterdam to New York City. On 5 September 1954, immediately after takeoff from Shannon Airport, the Super Constellation Triton ditched on a mudbank in the River Shannon. 28 people were killed in the accident. It was caused by an unexpected re-extension of the landing gear, possibly compounded by pilot error.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mundo Maya International Airport</span> Airport in Flores, Guatemala

Mundo Maya International Airport, formerly Flores International Airport as indicated by its 3-letter code, is an international airport located in the suburb of Santa Elena, in the city of Flores, Guatemala. It serves national and international air traffic for the areas of Flores, Santa Elena, and San Benito, as well as all the Maya sites of Tikal or Yaxhá and destinations such as Guatemala City and Belize.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">La Vanguardia Airport</span> Airport in Villavicencio, Colombia

La Vanguardia Airport is an airport serving the city of Villavicencio in the Meta Department of Colombia. It serves regular passenger, charter and cargo airlines as well as private sectors. The airport is just north of the city.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Llandow air disaster</span> 1950 plane crash in Sigingstone, Wales

The Llandow air disaster was an aircraft accident in Wales in 1950. At that time it was the world's worst air disaster, with a total of 80 fatalities. The aircraft, an Avro Tudor V, had been privately hired to fly rugby union enthusiasts to and from an international game in Ireland. On the return flight the aircraft stalled and crashed on its approach to land.

Air France has been in operation since 1933. Its aircraft have been involved in a number of major accidents and incidents. The deadliest accident of the airline occurred on June 1, 2009, when Air France Flight 447, an Airbus A330-203, flying from Rio de Janeiro to Paris crashed into the Atlantic Ocean with 228 fatalities. A selected list of the most noteworthy of these events is given below.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Linea Aeropostal Venezolana Flight 253 (June 1956)</span> 1956 passenger plane crash in Asbury Park, New Jersey, United States

Linea Aeropostal Venezolana Flight 253 was a regularly scheduled passenger flight from Idlewild International Airport, New York to Caracas International Airport in Caracas, Venezuela. During the 20 June 1956 operation of the flight, approximately one hour and twenty minutes after departure, the flight crew reported trouble with one of the engines and turned back to New York. While dumping fuel in preparation for landing, the airplane, a Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation, caught fire and plummeted into the Atlantic Ocean off Asbury Park, New Jersey. All 74 aboard were killed; at the time, it was the world's deadliest disaster involving a scheduled commercial flight. However, its death toll would be surpassed only ten days later.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cubana de Aviación Flight 9046</span> 1989 aviation accident

Cubana de Aviación Flight 9046 was a chartered Ilyushin Il-62M airliner operated by Cubana, which crashed on 3 September 1989, shortly after takeoff from José Martí International Airport.

References

  1. ↑ Summary of Vital Statistics 2019 (PDF) (Report). NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. December 2021. p. 101. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  2. ↑ New York State Department of Health. Ending the Epidemic: Beyond 2020 (PDF) (Report). p. 2.
  3. ↑ "COVID-19: Data Totals". NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. April 13, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2023.
  4. ↑ Toole, Pauline (March 1, 2018). "The Flu Epidemic of 1918". NYC Department of Records and Information Services . Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  5. ↑ Aimone, Francesco (2010). "The 1918 Influenza Epidemic in New York City: A Review of the Public Health Response". Public Health Reports . 125 (Suppl 3): 71–79. doi:10.1177/00333549101250S310. PMC   2862336 . PMID   20568569.
  6. ↑ Poon, Linda (September 18, 2018). "Remembering the 'Mother of All Pandemics,' 100 Years Later". Bloomberg News . Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Summary of Vital Statistics 2017 (PDF) (Report). NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. July 2019. p. cover. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  8. ↑ "World Trade Center Operational Statistics" (PDF). Office of Chief Medical Examiner of the City of New York. September 3, 2015. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  9. 1 2 3 Heaton, Claude Edwin (April 1946). "Yellow Fever in New York City". Bulletin of the Medical Library Association. 34 (2): 67–78. PMC   194570 . PMID   16016720.
  10. ↑ Duffy, John (1974). "Nineteenth Century Public Health in New York and New Orleans: A Comparison". Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association. 15 (4): 325–337. PMID   11632467.
  11. 1 2 Condran, Gretchen A. (1995). David Rosner (ed.). Changing Patterns of Epidemic Disease in New York City (PDF). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  12. ↑ Melnick, Joseph L. (July 1, 1996). "Current status of poliovirus infections". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 9 (3): 293–300. doi:10.1128/CMR.9.3.293. PMC   172894 . PMID   8809461. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011.
  13. 1 2 Kohn, Edward P. (2011). Hot Time in the Old Town: The Great Heat Wave of 1896 and the Making of Theodore Roosevelt. New York: Basic Books. p. ii. ISBN   978-0465024285.
  14. ↑ Schuman, Stanley H. (March 1972). "Patterns of Urban Heat-Wave Deaths and Implications for Prevention: Data from New York and St. Louis During July, 1966". Environmental Research. 5 (1): 59–75. Bibcode:1972ER......5...59S. doi:10.1016/0013-9351(72)90020-5. hdl: 2027.42/34139 . PMID   5032925.
  15. ↑ Wingfield, Valerie (June 13, 2011). "The General Slocum Disaster of June 15, 1904". New York Public Library . Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  16. ↑ Whitman, Steven; Good, Glenn; Dongohue, Edmund R.; Benbow, Nanette; Shou, Wenyuan; Shou, Shanxuan (September 1997). "Mortality in Chicago Attributed to the July 1995 Heat Wave". American Journal of Public Health . 87 (9): 1515–1518. doi:10.2105/ajph.87.9.1515. PMC   1380980 . PMID   9314806.
  17. ↑ Bahrampour, Tara (August 13, 2002). "Most Deadly of the Natural Disasters: The Heat Wave". The New York Times . Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  18. 1 2 Purvis, Thomas L. (2014-05-14). Colonial America To 1763. Infobase Publishing. ISBN   978-1-4381-0799-8.
  19. ↑ "The Battle of Long Island: The 1776 Setback". History on the Net. Salem Media. 18 September 2019. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  20. 1 2 Cohen, Michael (March 22, 2017). "Remembering New York City's days of deadly smog". 6sqft. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
  21. 1 2 Schroeder, Jessa (December 5, 2016). "Little known details surrounding the 1876 Brooklyn Theatre fire that killed hundreds of people". Daily News . Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  22. ↑ "Hundreds die in Brooklyn theater fire". History . A&E Television Networks. December 3, 2019 [Originally published November 13, 2009]. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  23. ↑ Kihss, Peter (December 5, 1971). "The Brooklyn Theatre Fire: 300 Died 95 Years Ago Today". The New York Times . p. A1. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  24. ↑ Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network . Retrieved on May 3, 2020.
  25. ↑ Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network . Retrieved on May 3, 2020.
  26. ↑ United States Congress: Senate Public Works (1963), Air Pollution Control. Hearings ... 88-1 ... September 9-11, 1963, p. 38
  27. ↑ Bird, David (October 27, 1967). "NOVEMBER SMOG KILLED 168 HERE; Study Shows 24 Died a Day Over Period of Week". The New York Times . Retrieved May 4, 2020.
  28. ↑ Carlson, Jen (March 14, 2012). "Last Night's Smog Problem On Mad Men Was A Real Problem In 1966". Gothamist . Retrieved May 4, 2020.
  29. ↑ von Drehle, David (August 2006). "Uncovering the History of the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire". Smithsonian . Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  30. ↑ "Fort Washington". American Battlefield Trust . Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  31. ↑ "PSS Lexington (+1840)". Wrecksite . Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  32. ↑ Barron, James (October 12, 1983). "L.I. Divers Find Ship Said to Be Vanderbilt's". The New York Times . p. A1. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  33. ↑ "Cornelius Vanderbilt's elegant paddlewheel steamship Lexington, lost beneath the..." United Press International . October 12, 1983. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  34. ↑ "Lexington". National Underwater and Marine Agency . Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  35. ↑ Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network . Retrieved on May 3, 2020.
  36. ↑ Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network . Retrieved on May 3, 2020.
  37. ↑ Phelps Johnston, Henry (1987). The Battle of Harlem Heights, September 16, 1776 With a Review of the Events of the Campaign. New York: Columbia University Press. OCLC   2180786.
  38. ↑ "VNY: Draft Riots Aftermath". The Graduate Center, CUNY . Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  39. ↑ McPherson, James M. (1982). Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction . New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p.  360. ISBN   978-0-394-52469-6.
  40. ↑ Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network . Retrieved on May 3, 2020.
  41. ↑ "Worst Ferry Disaster In City Was in 1871". The New York Times . November 8, 1978. p. B9. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  42. 1 2 3 Kelley, Tina (October 16, 2003). "City's Worst Transportation Disasters". The New York Times . Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  43. ↑ Keller, Mitch (December 31, 2006). "Long-Ago Snow". The New York Times . Retrieved May 4, 2020.
  44. ↑ Lott, Neal (May 14, 1993). The Big One! A Review of the March 12–14, 1993 'Storm of the Century' (Technical report). National Climatic Data Center. 93-01. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  45. ↑ "I.R.T. SAFETY RECORD STILL THE HIGHEST; This Subway Has Had Only Five Serious Mishaps While Carrying Many Millions. WRECKS ON OTHER ROADS; 93 Were Killed and 103 Hurt in Crash of Train in Malbone St. Tunnel in 1918". The New York Times. August 25, 1928. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  46. ↑ Sansone, Gene (2004). New York Subways: An Illustrated History of New York City's Transit Cars. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 165. ISBN   0801879221.
  47. ↑ Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network . Retrieved on May 3, 2020.
  48. ↑ Roberts, Sam (September 14, 2016). "Julio Gonzalez, Arsonist Who Killed 87 at New York Club in '90, Dies at 61". The New York Times . Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  49. ↑ Gray, Christopher (January 7, 2010). "A Day of Heroism and Horror". The New York Times . Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  50. ↑ Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network . Retrieved on May 3, 2020.
  51. ↑ Furfaro, Danielle; Italiano, Laura (September 19, 2017). "This horrific, deadly train wreck sparked the creation of the MTA". New York Post . Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  52. ↑ Cudahy, Brian J. (1997). Around Manhattan Island and Other Maritime Tales of New York. New York: Fordham University Press. p. 162. ISBN   9780823217618.
  53. ↑ "The Dreadful Explosion in New York". The Friend: A Religious and Literary Journal: 176. February 16, 1850. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
  54. ↑ The great explosion in New-York, February 4th, 1850 (Lithograph). New York: Sun Lithographic Establishment. 1850. LCCN   2012649718 . Retrieved May 4, 2020.
  55. ↑ Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network . Retrieved on May 3, 2020.
  56. ↑ Kennedy, Robert C. (July 29, 2001). "On This Day: July 29, 1871". The New York Times . Retrieved May 4, 2020.
  57. ↑ "08/22/1891: Park Place Building Explosion and Collapse". New York City Fire Museum. August 23, 2013. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
  58. ↑ Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (May 24, 2013). "Deaths Associated with Hurricane Sandy — October–November 2012". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 62 (20): 393–397. PMC   4604935 . PMID   23698603 . Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  59. ↑ "TOLL THIRD WORST IN HARBOR HISTORY; 1,021 Lost on the General Sio-cum in 1904 and 51 to 58 on the Linseed King in 1926. MULROONEY RECALLS FIRE Arrested Excursion Boat Captain in Hospital Where Observation's Pilot Died Yesterday". The New York Times . September 10, 1932. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
  60. ↑ The Linseed King. Petition of Spencer Kellogg & Sons, Inc., 24F.2d967 (District Court, S. D. New York.1928)("The exact number of men who boarded the boat is in dispute.").
  61. ↑ Hansen, Kris. "Death Passage on the Hudson, The Wreck of the Henry Clay", Purple Mountain Press, 2004 ISBN   1-930098-56-1
  62. ↑ Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network . Retrieved on May 3, 2020.
  63. ↑ Le Brun, Nicolas (2018). Construction History: Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on Construction History (6ICCH 2018), July 9-13, 2018, Brussels, Belgium. CRC Press. ISBN   9780429013614.
  64. ↑ Moritz, Owen (February 9, 2009). "40 years ago, snow caught Queens - and Lindsay - by surprise". Daily News . Retrieved May 4, 2020.
  65. ↑ Henry, Ryan (February 11, 2020). "Feb. 10th, 1973; Staten Island liquefied natural gas explosion in kills 40 workers". HazmatNation. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
  66. ↑ Sciences, Staten Island Association of Arts and (1910). "The Massacre of the Lenape Indians in 1643". Proceedings of the Staten Island Association of Arts and Sciences. The Association. pp. 53–57.
  67. ↑ Kiriakova, Maria, Wall Street bombing of 1920 at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  68. ↑ Clines, Francis X. (September 25, 1979). "About New York". The New York Times . Retrieved May 4, 2020.
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