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Taxation in the United Kingdom may involve payments to at least three different levels of government: central government, devolved governments and local government. Central government revenues come primarily from income tax, National Insurance contributions, value added tax, corporation tax and fuel duty. Local government revenues come primarily from grants from central government funds, business rates in England, Council Tax and increasingly from fees and charges such as those for on-street parking. In the fiscal year 2014–15, total government revenue was forecast to be £648 billion, or 37.7 per cent of GDP, with net taxes and National Insurance contributions standing at £606 billion.
Taxation in the Republic of Ireland in 2017 came from Personal Income taxes, and Consumption taxes, being VAT and Excise and Customs duties. Corporation taxes represents most of the balance, but Ireland's Corporate Tax System (CT) is a central part of Ireland's economic model. Ireland summarises its taxation policy using the OECD's Hierarchy of Taxes pyramid, which emphasises high corporate tax rates as the most harmful types of taxes where economic growth is the objective. The balance of Ireland's taxes are Property taxes and Capital taxes.
Road tax, known by various names around the world, is a tax which has to be paid on, or included with, a motorised vehicle to use it on a public road.
Taxation represents the biggest source of revenues for the Peruvian government. For 2016, the projected amount of taxation revenues was S/.94.6 billion. There are four taxes that make up approximately 90 percent of the taxation revenues:
Due to the absence of the tax code in Argentina, the tax regulation takes place in accordance with separate laws, which, in turn, are supplemented by provisions of normative acts adopted by the executive authorities. The powers of the executive authority include levying a tax on profits, property and added value throughout the national territory. In Argentina, the tax policy is implemented by the Federal Administration of Public Revenue, which is subordinate to the Ministry of Economy. The Federal Administration of Public Revenues (AFIP) is an independent service, which includes: the General Tax Administration, the General Customs Office and the General Directorate for Social Security. AFIP establishes the relevant legal norms for the calculation, payment and administration of taxes:
Taxes in Iceland are levied by the state and the municipalities. Property rights are strong and Iceland is one of the few countries where they are applied to fishery management. Taxpayers pay various subsidies to each other, similar to European countries that are welfare states, but the spending is less than in most European countries. Despite low tax rates in relation to European welfare states, overall taxation and consumption is still much higher than in countries such as Ireland. Employment regulations are relatively flexible. The tax is collected by Skatturinn, the Iceland Revenue and Customs Agency and is due in March each year.
In Austria, taxes are levied by the state and the tax revenue in Austria was 42.7% of GDP in 2016 according to the World Bank The most important revenue source for the government is the income tax, corporate tax, social security contributions, value added tax and tax on goods and services. Another important taxes are municipal tax, real-estate tax, vehicle insurance tax, property tax, tobacco tax. There exists no property tax. The gift tax and inheritance tax were cancelled in 2008. Furthermore, self-employed persons can use a tax allowance of €3,900 per year. The tax period is set for a calendar year. However, there is a possibility of having an exception but a permission of the tax authority must be received. The Financial Secrecy Index ranks Austria as the 35th safest tax haven in the world.
Taxation in Finland is mainly carried out through the Finnish Tax Administration, an agency of the Ministry of Finance. Finnish Customs and the Finnish Transport and Communications Agency Traficom, also collect taxes. Taxes collected are distributed to the Government, municipalities, church, and the Social Insurance Institution, Kela.
Taxation in Norway is levied by the central government, the county municipality and the municipality. In 2012 the total tax revenue was 42.2% of the gross domestic product (GDP). Many direct and indirect taxes exist. The most important taxes – in terms of revenue – are VAT, income tax in the petroleum sector, employers' social security contributions and tax on "ordinary income" for persons. Most direct taxes are collected by the Norwegian Tax Administration and most indirect taxes are collected by the Norwegian Customs and Excise Authorities.
Taxes in Germany are levied by the federal government, the states (Länder) as well as the municipalities (Städte/Gemeinden). Many direct and indirect taxes exist in Germany; income tax and VAT are the most significant.
Taxation may involve payments to a minimum of two different levels of government: central government through SARS or to local government. Prior to 2001 the South African tax system was "source-based", wherein income is taxed in the country where it originates. Since January 2001, the tax system was changed to "residence-based" wherein taxpayers residing in South Africa are taxed on their income irrespective of its source. Non residents are only subject to domestic taxes.
Taxes in Spain are levied by national (central), regional and local governments. Tax revenue in Spain stood at 36.3% of GDP in 2013. A wide range of taxes are levied on different sources, the most important ones being income tax, social security contributions, corporate tax, value added tax; some of them are applied at national level and others at national and regional levels. Most national and regional taxes are collected by the Agencia Estatal de Administración Tributaria which is the bureau responsible for collecting taxes at the national level. Other minor taxes like property transfer tax (regional), real estate property tax (local), road tax (local) are collected directly by regional or local administrations. Four historical territories or foral provinces collect all national and regional taxes themselves and subsequently transfer the portion due to the central Government after two negotiations called Concierto and the Convenio. The tax year in Spain follows the calendar year. The tax collection method depends on the tax; some of them are collected by self-assessment, but others follow a system of pay-as-you-earn tax with monthly withholdings that follow a self-assessment at the end of the term.
Taxes in Portugal are levied by both the national and regional governments of Portugal. Tax revenue in Portugal stood at 34.9% of GDP in 2018. The most important revenue sources include the income tax, social security contributions, corporate tax and the value added tax, which are all applied at the national level.
In Slovakia, taxes are levied by the state and local governments. Tax revenue stood at 18.732% of the country's gross domestic product in 2019. The tax-to-GDP ratio in the Slovakia increased by 0.4 percentage points from 34.3% in 2018 to 34.7% in 2019. The most important revenue sources for the state government are income tax, social security, value-added tax and corporate tax.
Czech Republic's current tax system was put into administration on 1 January 1993. Since then, an updated VAT act was introduced on 1 May 2004 when Czech Republic joined the EU and the act had to correspond to EU law. In 2008, the administration also introduced Energy Taxation. Changes to tax laws are quite frequent and common in the Czech Republic due to a dynamic economy. Highest levels of revenue are generated from income tax, social security contributions, value-added tax and the corporate tax. In 2015, total revenue stood at CZK 670.216 billion which was 36.3% of GDP. The tax quota of the Czech Republic is lower than the EU average. Compared to the averages of the OECD countries, revenues generated from taxes on social security contributions, corporate income and gains and value added taxes account for higher proportions of total taxation revenue. Personal income tax lays on the other end of the spectrum where the revenue is proportionally much lower than the OECD average. Taxes on property also account for lower levels of revenue.
Taxes in Poland are levied by both the central and provincial governments. Tax revenue in Poland is 33.9% of the country's GDP in 2017. The most important revenue sources include the income tax, Social Security, corporate tax and the value added tax, which are all applied on the national level.
The organization responsible for tax policy in Ukraine is the State Fiscal Service, operating under the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine. Taxation is legally regulated by the Taxation Code of Ukraine. The calendar year serves as a fiscal year in Ukraine. The most important sources of tax revenue in Ukraine are unified social security contributions, value added tax, individual income tax. In 2017 taxes collected formed 23% of GDP at 969,654 million UAH.
Taxation has an important part in the Turkish economy. Turkey has 25.5% tax-GDP ration. Most of the taxes are levied by central government. However some specific taxes are levied by municipalities.
Under Ministerial Order n. 150/2004 of 13 February, issued by the Portuguese Ministry of Finance and consequently updated, Portugal defines an official blacklist of countries and jurisdictions considered for legal and tax purposes as tax havens.
References
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- ↑ "Respostas às perguntas mais frequentes sobre o IVA". www.nvalores.pt. Archived from the original on 2018-12-19. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
- ↑ "Imposto de selo". Economias (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-19. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "The main taxes in Portugal". Economias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2018-12-19.
- 1 2 3 4 "Doubts about taxes in Portugal". www.nvalores.pt. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
- 1 2 "Stamp duty". www.nvalores.pt. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
- ↑ "IMI". Economias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2018-12-19.
- 1 2 "Taxes in Portugal". www.portugalproperty.com. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
- ↑ "5 Perguntas essenciais sobre o Adicional ao IMI". Economias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2018-12-19.
- 1 2 "Dúvidas: Imposto municipal sobre as transmissões onerosas de imóveis". www.nvalores.pt. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
- ↑ "Portugal – Taxes on personal income". taxsummaries.pwc.com. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
- ↑ "Income tax". Your Europe – Citizens. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
- ↑ "Taxas de IRS 2018". Economias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2018-12-19.
- ↑ "Dúvidas sobre o IRC". www.nvalores.pt. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
- 1 2 "Qual é a taxa de IRC em 2017?". Economias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2018-12-19.
- ↑ "Portugal – Taxes on corporate income". taxsummaries.pwc.com. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
- ↑ "Investor's Guide – Fiscal System – Main Taxes in Portugal". www.portugalglobal.pt. Retrieved 2018-12-20.
- ↑ "Dúvidas sobre Derrama". www.nvalores.pt. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
- ↑ "Derrama". Economias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2018-12-19.
- ↑ "Dúvidas sobre IABA". www.nvalores.pt. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
- ↑ "Imposto IABA em 2016". Economias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2018-12-19.
- ↑ "ISP Imposto Sobre Produtos Petrolíferos". Economias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2018-12-19.
- ↑ "Dúvidas sobre ISP". www.nvalores.pt. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
- ↑ "Imposto sobre o tabaco em Portugal". Economias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2018-12-19.
- ↑ "Dúvidas sobre imposto sobre o tabaco". www.nvalores.pt. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
- ↑ "Simulador de Imposto Sobre Veículos - ISV 2018". Economias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2018-12-20.
- ↑ "Respostas às principais dúvidas sobre ISV". www.nvalores.pt. Retrieved 2018-12-20.
- ↑ "Duvidas sobre o IUC". www.nvalores.pt. Retrieved 2018-12-20.
- ↑ "Tabela do Imposto Único de Circulação". Economias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2018-12-20.