This is a list of humanitarian conflicts involving the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and its predecessor states (the Kingdom of Great Britain, Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Scotland and generally the British Isles). Notable militarised interstate disputes are included. For a list of wars before the Acts of Union 1707 please see List of wars involving England & List of wars involving Scotland. To see wars that have been fought on the United Kingdom mainland, see the list of wars in Great Britain.
Historically, the United Kingdom relied most heavily on the Royal Navy and maintained relatively small land forces. Most of the episodes listed here deal with insurgencies and revolts in the various colonies of the British Empire.
During its history, the United Kingdom's forces (or forces with a British mandate) have invaded, had some control over or fought conflicts in 171 of the world's 193 countries that are currently UN member states, or nine out of ten of all countries. [1]
*e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum , result of civil or internal conflict, result unknown or indecisive, inconclusive
Conflict | Britain & allies | Britain's opposition | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
The Great Northern War (1700–1721) | Swedish Empire Ottoman Empire | Tsardom of Russia Cossack Hetmanate | Inconclusive for Great Britain
Russian Allied victory:
|
The War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) including | Austria | France | British victory
|
Civil war: Post-Spanish Succession Caribbean Piracy (1715–1726) | Great Britain | Anglo-American-Caribbean privateers Republic of Pirates | Civil war, British victory
|
Civil war: (1715–1716) Jacobite rising of 1715 | Great Britain | Jacobites | Civil war, British victory Jacobite restoration attempt defeated |
The War of the Quadruple Alliance including
| Holy Roman Empire Great Britain | Spain Jacobites (against the British Crown and government only) | British Allied victory:
|
Dummer's War (1721–1725) | New England Colonies Mohawk | Wabanaki Confederacy | British victory
|
The War of Jenkins' Ear (1739–1748) Location: New Granada, Caribbean, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, Pacific and Atlantic | Great Britain | Spain | Inconclusive/Other Outcome
|
The War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748) including | Austria Great Britain | France Bavaria | French Allied Victory in Europe but British Victory outside of Europe
|
Civil War: Jacobite rising of 1745 | Great Britain | Jacobites | Civil war, British victory Jacobite restoration attempt defeated |
The Second Carnatic War (1749–1754) | East India Company Forces of Nasir Jang Mir Ahmad | French East India Company Forces of Chanda Shahib Forces of Muhyi ad-Din Muzaffar Jang Hidayat | British Allied victory
|
Seven Years' War (1756–1763) including | Great Britain Prussia Cherokee Nation (before 1758) Lenape (from 1758) Wyandot of Ohio Country (British supported faction) | France Holy Roman Empire Lenape (until 1758) Wyandot of Fort Detroit (French supported faction) | British Allied victory
|
Anglo-Cherokee War (1758–1761) | Great Britain | Cherokee | British victory Pro-British Attakullakulla becomes Cherokee leader |
Tacky's War (1760) | Great Britain Jamaican Government Jamaican Maroons | Ashanti Slaves | British Allied victory
|
Pontiac's Rebellion (1763–1766) | Great Britain | Native American Coalition: | Inconclusive/Other Outcome
|
First Anglo-Mysore War (1766–1769) | East India Company | Kingdom of Mysore | Mysore victory Hyderabad cedes territory to Mysore |
First Anglo-Maratha War (1774–1783) | East India Company | Maratha Empire | Maratha victory
|
| Great Britain | United States France Spain | Civil War / American Allied victory
|
4th Anglo-Dutch War (1780–83) | Great Britain | Dutch Republic France Spain | British victory
|
2nd Anglo-Mysore War (1780–1784) | East India Company | Kingdom of Mysore | Inconclusive/Other Outcome |
3rd Anglo-Mysore War (1789–1792) | East India Company | Kingdom of Mysore | British Allied victory
|
War of the First Coalition (1793–1797) | Dutch Republic (until 1795) [15] Great Britain [16] Holy Roman Empire (until 1797) [17]
Papal States (until 1797) [20] | Kingdom of France (until 1792) French Republic (from 1792) French satellites: [22]
| French Victory
|
War of the Second Coalition (1797–1802) | Holy Roman Empire (until 1801) [lower-alpha 1] United Kingdom [26] | French Republic Spain French client republics: [32] | French Victory Treaty of Lunéville, Treaty of Amiens
|
Ibn Ufaisan's Invasion (1793) | Kuwait Great Britain | Emirate of Diriyah | British Allied victory
|
Second Maroon War (1795–1796) | Great Britain British Jamaica | Jamaican Maroons | British victory
|
Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars (1795–1816) | Burrberongal Tribe Great Britain from 1801: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland | Dharug Eora Tharawal Gandangara Irish-convict sympathisers | British victory Displacement of Aborigines from their land |
Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) Location: Newfoundland, English Channel, Straits of Gibraltar, Balearic Islands, Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean, Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata | Great Britain from 1801: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland | Spain French Republic | Inconclusive/Other Outcome |
Kandyan Wars (1796–1818) | Great Britain from 1801: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland | Kingdom of Kandy | British victory
|
Irish Rebellion of 1798 (1798) | Kingdom of Ireland | United Irishmen | British victory
|
4th Anglo-Mysore War (1798–1799) | East India Company | Kingdom of Mysore | British Allied victory Complete annexation of Mysore by Britain and allies |
Conflict | Britain & allies | Britain's opposition | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
Temne War (1801–1807) | Susu tribes | Kingdom of Koya | British Allied victory Northern shore of Sierra Leone ceded by Koya |
Second Anglo-Maratha War (1802–1805) | East India Company | Maratha Empire | British victory Extensive territory in India ceded by the Maratha Empire |
First Kandyan War (1803–1805) | United Kingdom | Kandy | British victory Territory captured from Kandy |
Civil War: Emmet's Insurrection | United Kingdom | Forces of Robert Emmet | British victory Rebellion defeated |
British Expedition to Ceylon (1803) | Dutch Republic United Kingdom | Chiefdom of Vanni Kingdom of Kandy | British Allied victory
|
War of the Third Coalition (1805–1806) | Austrian Empire | French Empire Batavia | French Allied victory
|
War of the Fourth Coalition (1806–1807) | Prussia | French Empire Polish Legions | French Allied victory
|
Ashanti–Fante War (1806–1807) | Ashanti Empire | Fante Confederacy United Kingdom | Dutch victory |
Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809) | United Kingdom | Ottoman Empire | Turkish victory
|
Gunboat War (1807–1814) | United Kingdom | Denmark–Norway | British victory
|
Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812) | United Kingdom | Russian Empire | Inconclusive/Other Outcome
|
Peninsular War (1807–1814) | Spain Portugal | French Empire | British Allied victory
|
Travancore rebellion (1808–1809) | East India Company | Travancore Kingdom of Cochin | British victory |
War of the Fifth Coalition (1809) | Austrian Empire | French Empire | French Allied victory
|
Persian Gulf campaign of 1809 (1809) | United Kingdom | Al Qasimi | British victory |
4th Xhosa War (1811–1812) | United Kingdom Cape Colony | Xhosa tribes | British victory Xhosa tribes pushed beyond the Fish River, reversing their gains in the previous Xhosa wars |
War of 1812 (1812–1815) | United Kingdom | United States | Inconclusive/Other Outcome Treaty of Ghent; Status quo ante bellum with no boundary changes
|
War of the Sixth Coalition (1812–1814) | Original Coalition Russian Empire Prussia Austrian Empire United Kingdom Sweden Spain Portugal Two Sicilies Kingdom of Sardinia After Battle of Leipzig | First French Empire Until January 1814
| British Allied victory
|
Second Kandyan War (1815) | United Kingdom | Kandy | British victory
|
Hundred Days (1815) War of the Seventh Coalition | United Kingdom Prussia | French Empire | British Allied victory
|
Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1818) | East India Company | Maratha Empire | British victory Virtually all territory south of the Sutlej River controlled by Britain |
Greek War of Independence (1821–1829) | 1821: Filiki Eteria Greek revolutionaries After 1822: Hellenic Republic Supported by: Romanian Revolutionaries (1821) Philhellenes United Kingdom (after 1826) Russian Empire (after 1826) Kingdom of France (after 1826) Serb and Montenegrin volunteers | Ottoman Empire | British Allied victory
|
First Ashanti War (1823–1831) | British Empire | Ashanti Empire | Inconclusive/Other Outcome
|
First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826) | East India Company Native tribes | Burmese Empire | British Allied victory
|
British attack on Berbera (1827) | United Kingdom | Isaaq Sultanate | British Allied victory
|
Revolt of the Mercenaries (1828) | Brazil United Kingdom France | German Mercenaries Irish Mercenaries | British Allied victory
|
Baptist War (1831–1832) | United Kingdom Colony of Jamaica | Rebel slaves | British victory
|
First Carlist War (1833–1840) | Forces of Queen Isabella II French Kingdom | Carlists:
| Inconclusive/Other Outcome
|
The 6th Xhosa War (1834–1836) | Free Khoikhoi | Xhosa tribes | British victory Extensive territorial gains from Xhosa |
Rebellions of 1837 (1837–1838) | United Kingdom Province of Upper Canada | Patriotes Hunters' Lodges Reform Movement | British victory
|
Pastry War (1838–1839) also known First Franco–Mexican War | France United Kingdom | Mexico | British Victory
|
First Anglo-Afghan War (1838–1842) | East India Company Durrani Kingdom Maimana Khanate Khulm (August 1840 for mere days, September 1840-November 1841) Sadozai loyalists | Emirate of Kabul Principality of Qandahar Khanate of Kalat Khulm (August 1840, November 1841 onwards.) Marri Bugti Afghan Tribes Barakzai Loyalists | Barakzai Afghan victory
|
Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata (1845-1850) | British Empire Kingdom of France | Argentine Confederation | Argentine Confederation victory
|
First Opium War (1839–1842) | United Kingdom | Qing dynasty | British victory
|
Second Egyptian-Ottoman War (1839–1841) | Ottoman Empire British Empire | Egypt Eyalet Kingdom of the French Spain | British Allied victory
|
First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–1846) | East India Company Patiala State | Sikh Empire | British Allied victory
|
The 7th Xhosa War (1846–1847) The War of the Axe | United Kingdom Cape Colony | Xhosa tribes | British victory Territory ceded from Xhosa |
Caste War of Yucatán (1847–1901) | Mexico Republic of Yucatán Guatemala United Kingdom British Honduras | Maya | British Allied victory
|
Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–1849) | East India Company | Sikh Empire | British victory Complete annexation of the Punjab by the East India Company |
Battle of Tysami (1849) | United Kingdom | Chui A-poo's pirates | British victory |
The 8th Xhosa War (1850–1853) Mlanjeni's War | United Kingdom Cape Colony | Xhosa tribes Khoikhoi tribes | British victory Xhosa-Khoi attacks defeated Status quo ante bellum |
Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864) | Qing dynasty France United Kingdom | Taiping Heavenly Kingdom | British Allied victory
|
Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852–1853) | United Kingdom | Burmese Empire | British victory Burmese revolution ended fighting Lower Burma annexed |
Crimean War (1853–1856) | French Empire | Russian Empire | British Allied victory |
Second Opium War (1856–1860) Arrow War | French Empire United States | Qing dynasty | British Allied victory
|
Anglo-Persian War (1856–1857) | Afghanistan | Persia | British Allied victory Persian withdrawal from Herat |
Indian Rebellion of 1857 (1857–1858) | East India Company | Sepoys of the East India Company | British Allied victory Act for the Better Government of India:
|
Bombardment of Kagoshima (1863) | British Empire | Satsuma Domain | British victory
|
British Expedition to Abyssinia (1867–1868) | United Kingdom | Ethiopia | British victory |
Klang War (1867–1874) Selangor Civil War | Forces of Raja Abdullah of Klang British Straits Settlements | Forces of Raja Mahadi | British Allied victory |
Third Ashanti War (1873–1874) | United Kingdom | Ashanti Empire | British victory Treaty of Fomena:
|
Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–1880) | India | Afghanistan | Stalemate
|
Anglo-Zulu War (1879) | Natal | Zulu Kingdom | British victory Zululand annexed to Natal |
'Urabi Revolt (1879–1882) | United Kingdom Khedivate of Egypt | Egyptian and Sudanese forces under Ahmed 'Urabi | British Allied victory
|
Basuto Gun War (1880–1881) | United Kingdom Cape Colony | Basuto people | Basuto victory
|
First Boer War (1880–1881) | United Kingdom | South African Republic | South African victory
|
Mahdist War (1881–1899) | United Kingdom Italy | Mahdist Sudan | British allied victory
|
Third Anglo-Burmese War (1885) | United Kingdom | Burmese Empire | British victory Upper Burma annexed to India |
Sikkim Expedition (1888) | India | Tibet | British victory Tibet recognizes British suzerainty over Sikkim |
Anglo-Manipur War (1891) | United Kingdom | Kingdom of Manipur | British victory |
First Matabele War (1893–1894) | South Africa Company | Ndebele Kingdom | British victory |
Anglo-Zanzibar War (1896) | United Kingdom | Zanzibar | British victory Pro-British Sultan installed |
Second Matabele War (1896–1897) | South Africa Company | Matebele | British victory |
Cretan Revolt (1897–1898) | Cretan revolutionaries Kingdom of Greece British Empire France Italy Russian Empire Austria-Hungary (until April 12, 1898) German Empire (until March 16, 1898) | Ottoman Empire | British victory
|
Second Samoan Civil War (1898–1899) | Supporters of Tanumafili I | Supporters of Mata'afa | Inconclusive/Other Outcome |
Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901) | United Kingdom Russia | Righteous Harmony Society | British Allied victory
|
Second Boer War (1899–1902) | United Kingdom | Orange Free State | British victory
|
Mahsud Waziri blockade (1900–1902) | India | Mahsud rebels | British victory |
Anglo-Aro War (1901–1902) | United Kingdom | Aro Confederacy | British victory Aro Confederacy destroyed |
British expedition to Tibet (1903–1904) | India | Tibet | British victory |
Bazar Valley campaign (1908) | India | Rebel tribes | British victory |
First World War (1914–1918) | Allied Powers France
Russia | Central Powers | British Allied victory
Treaties of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and Trianon:
Russia pulls out in 1917
Creation of League of Nations:
|
Estonian War of Independence (1918–1920) | Estonia United Kingdom Latvia White Movement Baltic German volunteers [35] Danish volunteers Finnish volunteers Swedish volunteers | Russian SFSR | British Allied victory
|
Latvian War of Independence (1918–1920) | Latvia Estonia White Movement Poland Lithuania United Kingdom | German Empire West Russian Volunteer Army Russian SFSR | British Allied victory
|
Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War (1918–1920) | White Movement
United States | Russian SFSR Far Eastern Republic | Bolshevik victory
|
Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923) | Greece France Armenia (in 1920) United Kingdom Ottoman Empire (until 1922)
Georgia (in 1921) | Turkish National Movement
Supported by: | Turkish Allied victory
|
Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919) | India | Afghanistan | Inconclusive/Other Outcome [37] [38]
|
Kuwait–Najd War (1919–1920) | Kuwait British Empire | Sultanate of Nejd | British Allied victory |
Irish War of Independence (1919–1921) | United Kingdom | Irish Republic | Irish Republic victory
|
Great Iraqi Revolution of 1920 (1920) | United Kingdom | Iraqi rebels | Inconclusive/Other
|
1922 Burao Tax Revolt (1922) | United Kingdom | Habr Yunis tribesmen | Tribal victory
|
Conflict | Britain & allies | Britain's opposition | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
Adwan Rebellion (1923) | United Kingdom Emir Abdullah's forces Hashemite allied tribesmen:
| Sultan al-Adwan's forces | British Allied victory Sultan al-Adwan's defeat and exile |
Ikhwan Revolt (1927–1930) | Kuwait Nejd and Hejaz RAF | Ikhwan | British Allied victory
|
Great Arab Revolt in Palestine (1936–1939) | United Kingdom Yishuv | Arab Higher Committee | British Allied victory [41] Revolt suppressed |
Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine (1939–1948) | United Kingdom | Yishuv | Yishuv victory [42]
|
S-Plan 16 January 1939 – March 1940 | United Kingdom | Irish Republican Army | British victory [43]
|
Second World War (1939–1945) | Allied Powers United States | Axis Powers Germany | British Allied victory Nazi Germany formally surrenders 8 May 1945, ending the Second World War in Europe. British (and Commonwealth), French, American, and Soviet troops occupy Germany until 1955, Italy and Japan lose their colonies, Europe is divided into 'Soviet' and 'Western' spheres of interest. |
Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947 (1944–1947) | Afghanistan •Allied Nuristani tribesmen British Empire • British India | Rebel tribes: | Afghan government & British victory
|
1944–45 Insurgency in Balochistan (1944–1945) | United Kingdom | Badinzai rebels | British victory
|
Northern Campaign 2 September 1942 – December 1944 | Royal Ulster Constabulary | Irish Republican Army | British victory
|
Greek Civil War (1946–1948) | Kingdom of Greece United Kingdom | D.S.E. (Δ.Σ.Ε.) | British Allied victory Communist forces defeated, many D.S.E. soldiers exiled in Eastern Europe. Battalion of UK troops still in Greece until 1948 |
1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion (1945) | United Kingdom | Armed Habr Je'lo tribesmen | British Pyrrhic victory Sheikh Bashir killed, unrest continues, anti-colonialist and nationalist sentiment increases in Somaliland |
Indonesian National Revolution (1945–1949) | United Kingdom Netherlands Japan (until 1945) | Indonesia | Inconclusive/Other Outcome
|
Operation Masterdom (1945–1946) | United Kingdom | Việt Minh | British victory
|
Corfu Channel incident (1946–1948) | United Kingdom | Albania | Inconclusive/Other Outcome
|
Malayan Emergency (1948–1960) | British Commonwealth
| Malayan Communist Party | British Allied victory
|
Korean War (1950–1953) | United Nations Command South Korea
Belgium | North Korea China | Inconclusive/Other Outcome
|
1951 Anglo-Egyptian War [45] (1951–1952) | United Kingdom | Egypt | British victory
|
Mau Mau Uprising (1952–1960) | United Kingdom | Mau Mau | British victory
|
Jebel Akhdar War (1954–1959) | Sultanate of Muscat and Oman United Kingdom | Imamate of Oman
| British Allied victory
|
Cyprus Emergency (1955–1959) | United Kingdom | EOKA | Inconclusive/Other Outcome [46] [47] [48]
|
Suez Crisis (1956–1957) | United Kingdom | Egypt | Inconclusive/Other Outcome Coalition military victory [52] [53] [54]
|
Border Campaign (1956–1962) | United Kingdom | Irish Republican Army | British victory IRA campaign fails |
First Cod War (1958–1961) | United Kingdom | Iceland | Icelandic victory [nb 4] Iceland expands its territorial waters to 12 nautical miles |
Upper Yafa disturbances [58] (1959) | British Empire | Rebels | British victory |
Dhofar Rebellion (1962–1975) | Oman United Kingdom Iran | Various insurgents | British Allied victory Insurgency defeated |
Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation (1963–1966) | Commonwealth of Nations
| Indonesia | British Allied victory Indonesia recognises Malaysian rule over former North Borneo |
Aden Emergency (1963–1967) | Federation of South Arabia United Kingdom | NLF FLOSY | Yemeni NLF victory People's Republic of South Yemen established |
The Troubles (1968–1998) | United Kingdom | Provisional Irish Republican Army Official Irish Republican Army Irish National Liberation Army Irish People's Liberation Organisation | Stalemate Inconclusive/Other Outcome
|
Second Cod War (1972–1973) | United Kingdom | Iceland | Icelandic victory [nb 4] UK accept Iceland's 50 nautical mile exclusive fishery zone |
Third Cod War (1975–1976) | United Kingdom | Iceland | Icelandic victory [nb 4] Iceland expands its exclusive fishery zone to 200 nautical miles |
Falklands War (1982) | United Kingdom | Argentina | British victory
|
Multinational Force in Lebanon (1982–1984) | United Kingdom France | Islamic Jihad Organization Iran Syria Progressive Socialist Party Amal Movement | Syrian Allied victory [59]
|
Gulf War (1990–1991) | Kuwait United States | Iraq | British Allied victory Kuwait regains its independence |
Bosnian War (1992–1995) | UNPROFOR | Republika Srpska | Military stalemate |
Operation Desert Fox (1998) | United States United Kingdom | Iraq | British Allied victory Objectives largely achieved |
Kosovo War (1998–1999) | United States United Kingdom | Yugoslavia | British Allied victory Kosovo occupied by Nato forces |
Sierra Leone Civil War (2000–2002) | Sierra Leone United Kingdom | Rebels | British Allied victory Rebels defeated |
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) | Afghanistan United States | Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan | Taliban victory
|
Iraq War (2003–2009) | United States United Kingdom | Iraq under Saddam Hussein | British Allied victory:
|
First Libyan Civil War (2011) | Many NATO members acting under UN mandate, including: United States | Pro-Gaddafi forces | British Allied victory
|
Operation Shader (2014–present) | United States United Kingdom Iraq Syrian Opposition Australia Belgium Canada Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Turkey Bahrain Jordan Morocco Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Rojava Egypt Libya Nigeria Cameroon Chad Niger Russia | Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Boko Haram | Ongoing
|
Operation Prosperity Guardian (2023–present) | United States United Kingdom Canada France Greece Italy Netherlands Norway Spain Bahrain Seychelles Sri Lanka New Zealand | Supreme Political Council | Ongoing
|
The American Revolutionary War, also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a military conflict that was part of the broader American Revolution, where American Patriot forces organized as the Continental Army and commanded by George Washington defeated the British Army.
Guerrilla warfare is a form of unconventional warfare in which small groups of irregular military, such as rebels, partisans, paramilitary personnel or armed civilians including recruited children, use ambushes, sabotage, terrorism, raids, petty warfare or hit-and-run tactics in a rebellion, in a violent conflict, in a war or in a civil war to fight against regular military, police or rival insurgent forces.
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The Maratha Empire, also referred to as the Maratha Confederacy, was an early modern Indian empire and later a confederation that controlled large portions of the Indian Subcontinent in the 18th century. Maratha rule formally began in 1674 with the coronation of Shivaji of the Bhonsle dynasty as the Chhatrapati. Although Shivaji came from the Maratha caste, the Maratha empire also included warriors, administrators, and other nobles from the Maratha and several other castes from what is known today as Maharashtra. The Maratha Kingdom was expanded into a full-fledged Empire in the 18th Century under the leadership of Peshwa Bajirao I.
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that no one had emerged after four years of violence as an outright winner
Defeat of the ENOSIS cause