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Listeria monocytogenes is the species of pathogenic bacteria that causes the infection listeriosis. It is a facultative anaerobic bacterium, capable of surviving in the presence or absence of oxygen. It can grow and reproduce inside the host's cells and is one of the most virulent foodborne pathogens: 20 to 30% of foodborne listeriosis infections in high-risk individuals may be fatal. Responsible for an estimated 1,600 illnesses and 260 deaths in the United States annually, listeriosis ranks third in total number of deaths among foodborne bacterial pathogens, with fatality rates exceeding even Salmonella spp. and Clostridium botulinum. In the European Union, listeriosis follows an upward trend that began in 2008, causing 2,161 confirmed cases and 210 reported deaths in 2014, 16% more than in 2013. Listeriosis mortality rates are also higher in the EU than for other foodborne pathogens.
Listeria is a genus of bacteria that acts as an intracellular parasite in mammals. Until 1992, 10 species were known, each containing two subspecies. By 2020, 21 species had been identified. The genus received its current name, after the British pioneer of sterile surgery Joseph Lister, in 1940. Listeria species are Gram-positive, rod-shaped, and facultatively anaerobic, and do not produce endospores. The major human pathogen in the genus Listeria is L. monocytogenes. It is usually the causative agent of the relatively rare bacterial disease listeriosis, an infection caused by eating food contaminated with the bacteria. Listeriosis can cause serious illness in pregnant women, newborns, adults with weakened immune systems and the elderly, and may cause gastroenteritis in others who have been severely infected.
In prokaryote nomenclature, Candidatus is used to name prokaryotic phyla that are well characterized but yet-uncultured. Contemporary sequencing approaches, such as 16S sequencing or metagenomics, provide much information about the analyzed organisms and thus allow to identify and characterize individual species. However, the majority of prokaryotic species remain uncultivable and hence inaccessible for further characterization in in vitro study. The recent discoveries of a multitude of candidate taxa has led to candidate phyla radiation expanding the tree of life through the new insights in bacterial diversity.
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Mycobacterium chelonae is a species of the phylum Actinobacteria, belonging to the genus Mycobacterium. Mycobacterium chelonae is a rapidly growing mycobacterium, that is found all throughout the environment including sewage and tap water. It can occasionally cause opportunistic infections of humans.
Alteromonas is a genus of Proteobacteria found in sea water, either in the open ocean or in the coast. It is Gram-negative. Its cells are curved rods with a single polar flagellum.
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Thermoanaerobacter is a genus in the phylum Firmicutes (Bacteria). Members of this genus are thermophilic and anaerobic, several of them were previously described as Clostridium species and members of the now obsolete genera Acetogenium and Thermobacteroides
Staphylococcus vitulinus is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative member of the bacterial genus Staphylococcus consisting of clustered cocci. The species was originally isolated from food and animals and was named Staphylococcus vitulus. The name was later changed to Staphylococcus vitulinus for correct Latin grammar.
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Listeria ivanovii is a species of bacteria in the genus Listeria. The listeria are rod-shaped bacteria and become positively stained when subjected to Gram staining. Of the six bacteria species within the genus, L. ivanovii is one of the two pathogenic species. It behaves like L. monocytogenes, but is found almost exclusively in ruminants. The species is named in honor of Bulgarian microbiologist Ivan Ivanov.
Lactobacillus johnsonii is a species in the genus Lactobacillus identified in 1980 by John L. Johnson, an American microbiologist and his associates. Its type strain is ATCC 33200. It is part of the healthy vaginal microbiota and has been identified as having probiotic properties. The L. johnsonii strain La1 was one of the first cultures to be proposed as a probiotic dairy supplement in 1995 at the Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne. Although yeast and bacteria have been used in dairy products for fermenting purposes for centuries, the investigation and choice of a microorganism as a fermenting agent based on its health benefits was novel at the time. Today the probiotic culture is used in the LC1 yogurt products by Nestlé.
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Virgibacillus is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped (bacillus) bacteria and a member of the phylum Firmicutes. Virgibacillus species can be obligate aerobes, or facultative anaerobes and catalase enzyme positive. Under stressful environmental conditions, the bacteria can produce oval or ellipsoidal endospores in terminal, or sometimes subterminal, swollen sporangia. The genus was recently reclassified from the genus Bacillus in 1998 following an analysis of the species V. pantothenticus. Subsequently, a number of new species have been discovered or reclassified as Virgibacillus species.
Listeria welshimeri is a species of bacteria. It is a Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, motile, non-spore-forming bacillus. It is non-pathogenic and non-hemolytic. It was isolated from decayed vegetation in the United States by H. J. Welshimer, after whom the species is named. The species was first proposed in 1983.
Listeria seeligeri is a species of bacteria. It is a Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, motile, non-spore-forming bacillus. It is non-pathogenic. The species was first isolated from plants, soil, and animal feces in Europe. The species was first proposed in 1983, and is named after Heinz P. R. Seeliger. Seeliger first proposed the species L. ivanovii and L. innocua, and published extensively on members of the genus Listeria.
Listeria innocua is a species of Gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria. It is motile, facultatively anaerobic, and non-spore-forming. It was named innocua (innocuous) because as opposed to pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes, L. innocua was not found to be generally infectious. Another Listeria species, L. seeligeri, was named after one of discoverers of L. innocua.
References
- ↑ Larsen, H. E., & Seeliger, H. P. R. (1966). A mannitol fermenting Listeria: Listeria grayi sp. n. In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Listeriosis. Bilthoven.
- 1 2 Rocourt, J.; Boerlin, P.; Grimont, F.; Jacquet, C.; Piffaretti, J. C. (1992). "Assignment of Listeria grayi and Listeria murrayi to a single species, Listeria grayi, with a revised description of Listeria grayi". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 42 (1): 171–4. doi: 10.1099/00207713-42-1-171 . PMID 1736964.
- ↑ Sallen, B.; Rajoharison, A.; Desvarenne, S.; Quinn, F.; Mabilat, C. (1996). "Comparative analysis of 16S and 23S rRNA sequences of Listeria species". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 46 (3): 669–74. doi: 10.1099/00207713-46-3-669 . PMID 8782674.
- ↑ Welshimer, H. J.; Meredith, A. L. (1971). "Listeria murrayi. Sp. N.: A Nitrate-Reducing Mannitol-Fermenting Listeria". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 21: 3–7. doi: 10.1099/00207713-21-1-3 .
- ↑ Stuart, S. E.; Welshimer, H. J. (1974). "Taxonomic Reexamination of Listeria Pirie and Transfer of Listeria grayi and Listeria murrayi to a New Genus, Murraya". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 24 (2): 177–185. doi: 10.1099/00207713-24-2-177 .
- ↑ Rocourt, J.; Wehmeyer, U.; Cossart, P.; Stackebrandt, E. (1987). "Proposal to Retain Listeria murrayi and Listeria grayi in the Genus Listeria". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 37 (3): 298–300. doi: 10.1099/00207713-37-3-298 .
