The Lockheed Martin X-59 Quesst ("Quiet SuperSonic Technology"), sometimes styled QueSST, is an American experimental supersonic aircraft under development by Skunk Works for NASA's Low-Boom Flight Demonstrator project.[1] Preliminary design started in February 2016, with the X-59 planned to begin flight testing in 2021. After delays, as of January 2024, it is planned to be delivered to NASA for flight testing in 2024. It is expected to cruise at Mach1.42 (1,510km/h; 937mph) at an altitude of 55,000ft (16,800m), creating a low 75 effective perceived noise level (EPNdB) thump to evaluate supersonic transport acceptability.
In February 2016, Lockheed Martin was awarded a preliminary design contract, aiming to fly in the 2020 timeframe.[2] A 9% scale model was to be wind tunnel tested from Mach 0.3 to Mach 1.6 between February and April 2017.[3] The preliminary design review was originally planned to be completed by June 2017.[4] While NASA received three inquiries for its August 2017 request for proposals, Lockheed was the sole bidder.[5]
On April 2, 2018, NASA awarded Lockheed Martin a $247.5 million contract to design, build and deliver in late 2021 the Low-Boom X-plane. On June 26, 2018, the US Air Force informed NASA it had assigned the X-59 QueSST designation to the demonstrator.[6] By October, NASA Langley had completed[clarification needed] three weeks of wind tunnel testing of an 8%-scale model, with high AOAs up to 50° and 88° at very low speed, up from 13° in previous tunnel campaigns.[7] Testing was for static stability and control, dynamic forced oscillations, and laser flow visualization, expanding on previous experimental and computational predictions.[8]
From November 5, 2018, NASA was to begin tests over two weeks to gather feedback: up to eight thumps a day at different locations to be monitored by 20 noise sensors and described by 400 residents, receiving a $25 per week compensation. To simulate the thump, an F/A-18 Hornet is diving from 50,000ft (15,200m) to briefly go supersonic for reduced shock waves over Galveston, Texas, an island, and a stronger boom over water.[9] By then, Lockheed Martin had begun machining the first part in Palmdale, California.[10]
In May 2019, the initial major structural parts were loaded in the tooling assembly.[11] In June, assembly was getting underway.[12] The external vision system (XVS) was flight tested on a King Air at NASA Langley.[13] This is to be followed by high speed wind tunnel tests to verify inlet performance predictions with a 9.5%-scale model at NASA Glenn Research Center.[11]
The critical design review was successfully held on September 9–13, before the IRB report to NASA's Integrated Aviation Systems Program by November.[14] Then, 80–90% of the drawings should be released to engineering.[11] The wing assembly was to be completed in 2020.[12] In December 2020, construction was halfway completed with the first flight then planned for 2022.[15]
After flight-clearance testing at the Armstrong Flight Research Center, an acoustic validation including air-to-air Schlieren imaging backlit by the Sun to confirm the shockwave pattern testing was slated to be done through September 2022.[5][needs update] NASA planned to conduct flight tests over U.S. cities to verify the safety and performance of the X-59's quiet supersonic technologies and evaluate community responses for regulators, which could enable commercial supersonic travel over land.[16][needs update]
As of 2018, community-response flight tests starting in 2023–2025 were planned to be used for ICAO's Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection meeting (CAEP13) establishing a sonic boom standard.[5] As of 2022, the results of the community overflights were slated to be delivered to the ICAO and the FAA in 2027, allowing for a decision to be made to revise the rules on commercial supersonic travel over land in 2028.[17]
NASA reported the installation of the General Electric F-414-GE-100 engine on the X-59, which took place at Lockheed Martin's Skunk Works in Palmdale, California early November 2022. The engine is 13 feet (4.0m) long and produces 22,000 pounds-force (98kN) of thrust.[18] As of December 2023 and early January 2024, the X-59's first flight is planned for 2024.[19][20]
Lockheed Martin released a video showing an assembled X-59 rolling out of a hangar on August 4, 2023.[21] On January 5, 2024, Lockheed Martin issued a press release about "unveiling" the X-59 within a week,[22][23] which was revealed on January 12, 2024.[24]
Design
X-59 characteristics
The Low-Boom X-plane is 99.7ft (30.4m) long with a 29.5ft (9.0m) wingspan for a maximum takeoff weight of 32,300lb (14,700kg). Propelled by a General Electric F414 engine, it should reach a maximum speed of Mach 1.5 or 990mph (1,590km/h), and cruise at Mach 1.42 or 940mph (1,510km/h) at 55,000ft (16,800m).[25] The cockpit, ejection seat and canopy come from a Northrop T-38 and the landing gear from an F-16.[5] With afterburner, its engine will provide 22,000lbf (98kN) of thrust.[26]
As of 2017, the ground noise was expected to be around 60dB(A), about 1/1000 as loud as current supersonic aircraft. This was to be achieved by using a long, narrow airframe and canards to keep the shock waves from coalescing.[4] A 2018 projection was that the aircraft would create a 75 EPNdB thump on ground, as loud as closing a car door, compared with 105-110 EPNdB for the Concorde.[5] The central engine has a top-mounted intake for low boom, but inlet flow distortion due to vortices is a concern.[11]
The flush cockpit means that the long and pointed nose-cone will obstruct all forward vision. The X-59 will use an enhanced flight vision system (EVS), consisting of a forward 4K camera with a 33° by 19° angle of view, which will compensate for the lack of forward visibility.[5][27]
In January 2019, United Technologies subsidiary Collins Aerospace was selected to supply its Pro Line Fusion Cockpit avionics, displaying[clarification needed] the boom on the ground, and EVS with long-wave infrared sensors.[28] The Collins EVS-3600 multispectral imaging system, beneath the nose, is used for landing, while the NASA external vision system (XVS), in front of the cockpit, gives a forward view.[11]
The Boeing 2707 was an American supersonic passenger airliner project during the 1960s. After winning a competition for a government-funded contract to build an American supersonic airliner, Boeing began development at its facilities in Seattle, Washington. The design emerged as a large aircraft with seating for 250 to 300 passengers and cruise speeds of approximately Mach 3. It was intended to be much larger and faster than competing supersonic transport (SST) designs such as Concorde.
A sonic boom is a sound associated with shock waves created when an object travels through the air faster than the speed of sound. Sonic booms generate enormous amounts of sound energy, sounding similar to an explosion or a thunderclap to the human ear.
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Supercruise is sustained supersonic flight of a supersonic aircraft without using afterburner. Many supersonic military aircraft are not capable of supercruise and can maintain Mach 1+ flight only in short bursts with afterburners. Aircraft such as the SR-71 Blackbird are designed to cruise at supersonic speed with afterburners enabled.
The Lockheed YF-12 was an American Mach 3+ capable, high-altitude interceptor prototype, developed and manufactured by American aerospace company Lockheed Corporation.
A supersonic aircraft is an aircraft capable of supersonic flight, that is, flying faster than the speed of sound. Supersonic aircraft were developed in the second half of the twentieth century. Supersonic aircraft have been used for research and military purposes, but only two supersonic aircraft, the Tupolev Tu-144 and the Concorde, ever entered service for civil use as airliners. Fighter jets are the most common example of supersonic aircraft.
The General Electric F414 is an American afterburning turbofan engine in the 22,000-pound thrust class produced by GE Aerospace. The F414 originated from GE's widely used F404 turbofan, enlarged and improved for use in the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. The engine was developed from the F412 non-afterburning turbofan planned for the A-12 Avenger II, before it was canceled.
The SAI Quiet Supersonic Transport (QSST) was a project by Supersonic Aerospace International (SAI) to develop a "virtually boomless" commercial supersonic business jet. The project was announced around the year 2000 and provided update announcements until 2010. After three years without any updates, the last update was in 2013. As of 2023, there have been no more updates, and the project appears to have been abandoned.
Quiet Spike was a collaborative program between Gulfstream Aerospace and NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center to investigate the suppression of sonic booms. The patent was published with the United States Patent and Trademark Office in 2004 and is owned by Gulfstream Aerospace.
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The Aerion AS2 was a proposed supersonic business jet that was being developed by Aerion Corporation. In May 2014, it was announced that the Aerion AS2 would be part of a larger Aerion SBJ redesign, which aimed for release after a seven-year developmental period. Aerion partnered with Airbus in September the same year. In December 2017, Airbus was replaced by Lockheed Martin. Its General Electric Affinity engine was unveiled in October 2018. In February 2019, Boeing replaced Lockheed Martin. Development stopped when Aerion ceased operations in May 2021.
Boom Technology, Inc. is an American company designing a supersonic airliner named the Boom Overture. The company is also developing a one-third-scale demonstrator: the Boom XB-1 Baby Boom.
The Boom XB-1 "Baby Boom" is a one-third-scale trijet supersonic demonstrator designed by Boom Technology as part of development of the Boom Overture supersonic transport airliner. Powered by three General Electric J85s, it is planned to maintain Mach 2.2, with over 1,000 nautical miles of range. The XB-1 began taxi tests in December 2022, and conducted its maiden flight on March 22, 2024.
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