Loretta Ross | |
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 Ross in 2017 | |
| Born | Loretta June Ross August 16, 1953 Temple, Texas, U.S. |
| Education | Howard University Agnes Scott College (BA) Emory University |
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Loretta J. Ross (born August 16, 1953) is an American academic, feminist, and activist who advocates for reproductive justice, especially among women of color. As an activist, Ross has written on reproductive justice activism and the history of African American women. [1]
Ross was born in Temple, Texas on August 16, 1953, the sixth of eight children in a blended family. [1] Her father, who immigrated from Jamaica, [2] was an Army weapons specialist and drill sergeant. He retired from the military in 1963, worked for the Post Office, and held odd jobs to support his family. [1] Ross' mother worked as a domestic worker and owned a music store, but was a stay-at-home mother while Ross was growing up. [1] For her primary education, Ross attended integrated schools: Army schools through second grade, then public schools. She was double-promoted in elementary grades and was an honors student in high school. [1] Ross' grades were high and she received honors during her school years. [1] She was driven to excel in school so that she could have a good job and not have to do housework like her mother. [3]
In 1964, at age 11, Ross was raped by a stranger. Three years later, Ross was raped by her distant cousin. Abortion was not a legal option in 1969, and she got pregnant and gave birth to her son, Howard. [1] [3] Ross lost her scholarship from Radcliffe College of Harvard University when she decided to keep her son instead of placing for adoption. [1] At age 16, she got pregnant again from consensual sex with her first boyfriend. However, abortion was legal in D.C and she was able to have a safe abortion. [4]
In 1970, Ross attended Howard University for her tertiary education after being denied admission to Radcliffe after officials found out about her child. [3] During her undergraduate career at Howard, she became actively involved in black nationalist politics, [3] civil rights movements (feminism and antiracism), [5] and tenant organizing. [1] Ross joined a Marxist–Leninist discussion group called the D.C. Study Group, and the South Africa Support Project. [1]
In 1976, at age 23, Ross experienced sterilization abuse when she was rendered sterile with the Dalkon Shield, an intrauterine device that was marketed despite being found to be defective. The device caused major negative health threats to its users, [6] especially inflicting harm on African American and poor communities[ citation needed ]. Loretta Ross received the Dalkon Shield at Howard University from a health clinic free of charge. [4] This device caused her to develop a pelvic inflammatory disease which she endured for six months. During these six months, her concerns were brushed off. Clinic staff told her that her problem stemmed from a rare STD from having sex with GI soldiers that had come back from Vietnam. However, she did not know any GIs. After half a year of dealing with her disease brought on by Dalkon Shield, she developed a severe infection which resulted in a coma. Her life changed after waking up from the coma - the doctors had performed a total hysterectomy. [4] Ross says that her doctor visited her after she had her operation and wrongly assumed that she would be happy to no longer need the usage of birth controls or deal with menstruation. [7] Ross was among the first women of color to win the lawsuit against the manufacturer of Dalkon Shield, A.H. Robins [ citation needed ]. This incident has influenced Ross tremendously. She became convinced that her sterilization was a form of population control due to the birth control being given for free at a historically black college, and became extremely vocal around issues regarding reproductive rights. [4] Because of this experience, she found her passion advocating for reproductive justice and racial equality. [1] In November 1980, the murder of her close friend and political ally, Yulanda Ward, became a turning point in Ross' life as an activist. [2] Yolanda Ward was a cochairwoman of the District's City Wide Housing Coalition. Ward was mysteriously shot and killed in the midst of a street robbery. [8] Ross has referred to this murder as a political assassination. [1]
In 2007, Ross completed her bachelor's degree at Agnes Scott College. [2] Under the direction of professor Elizabeth Hackett, Ross wrote Just Choices: Women of Color, Reproductive Health and Human Rights, her capstone Women's Studies independent study project at Agnes Scott. [9] She is currently pursuing her PhD in Women's Studies at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. [10]
In 2018, she was hired by Arizona State University to teach a 400-level course on Reproductive Justice, a topic on which she has co-authored three books.
In 2019 she joined the faculty of Smith College as Visiting associate professor of the Study of Women & Gender. [11]
Ross has stated that she believes the feminist movement has predominately been led by white women. These women have primarily put their focus on issues such as reproductive choice and abortion rights. Their focused agenda also includes equal pay, birth control access, voting rights, and more. However, this does not include issues that disproportionately affect minorities and women of color. Ross emphasizes social issues such as pervasive poverty and the mass incarceration of reproductive-aged people. She is passionate that these examples of racism be highlighted and targeted just as much as the other issues at hand. She also feels as though the fact that these issues aren't addressed is an example of racism in this country itself and demonstrates how deeply embedded it is into our country and its beliefs. These bouts of racism, she believes, are shown in both very obvious and apparent ways while others reveal themselves as microaggressions. [4]
In 1977, Ross and a group of black and minority activists coined the term "women of color" at the National Women's Conference as a unifying term to address political and social issues. [12] Through this, Ross was able to ensure that all minority women were included in the conversation without insensitivity. For a very long time, the term "colored" was used, and that word's association with racism in America was extremely unsettling and dehumanizing. Adding the phrase "women of color" into the rhetoric allowed for minorities, especially black women, to be respectfully discussed in the manner of reproductive justice without sparking any discomfort. The coining of this term expresses Ross's inclusive stance.
Driven by her personal experience as a survivor of sexual assault, in 1979, Ross became the third executive director of the D.C. Rape Crisis Center, [13] the first rape crisis center that was primarily run by and geared toward providing resources for women of color. [1] The Rape Crisis Center is an organization that aims to prepare stakeholders in the situation of sexual assault. This is performed through proper training that centers compassion, dignity, and respect. [14] The Rape Crises Center is vocal about providing support no matter the demographic of the person seeking assistance, a principle that Ross has exhibited throughout her career.
In August 1980, Ross, accompanied by others from the DC Rape Crisis Center, organized the First National Conference on Third World Women and Violence in Washington, DC. [15] This was the first conference that brought together women from different racial backgrounds, unifying the participants towards achieving the goal of cultivating a new, holistic network for people of color, both women and men, to advocate for anti-violence activism. There were concerns that not much work would be done because of the mixing of numerous different backgrounds, but because of the work done by Ross and others, the event proved to be a great success that allowed for different experiences to be heard and understood by others from various perspectives.
In 1985, the National Organization for Women (NOW) hired Ross to be the director of the Women of Color Programs to both improve participation by women of color in NOW, create coalitions with organizations focused on issues affecting women of color, and to respond to criticism by women of color who felt mainstream feminist organizations were ignoring issues of race and class. [16] By hiring Ross, a strong voice in the reproductive justice community, they hoped to show their support of issues that are unique to women of color. This partnership allowed for the feminist movement to cross barriers that had not been acknowledged in the mainstream. Ross organized women of color delegations for the pro-choice marches NOW sponsored in 1986 and 1989, and organized the first national conference on Women of Color and Reproductive Rights in 1987. [1]
Ross organized delegations for black women in pro-choice marches that were sponsored by NOW in 1986 and 1989. In response to the Supreme Court's Webster decision in 1989, Ross co-coordinated production of the pathbreaking statement "We Remember: African American Women Are For Reproductive Freedom." [1] This popular brochure was successfully distributed over 250,000 copies. [17] The pamphlet emphasizes the right to reproductive choice, especially for black women in America. It connects the history of anti-black racism and misogyny with the right to bodily autonomy, highlighting moments like the Jim Crow era.
As Program Director (1989–90) for the National Black Women's Health Project (now known as the Black Women's Health Imperative), she coordinated the first national conference of African American women for reproductive rights. From 1980 to 1988, she was a member of the D.C. Commission on Women. From 1991 to 1995, Ross was National Program Research Director for the Center for Democratic Renewal (formerly the National Anti-Klan Network), where she directed projects on right-wing organizations in South Africa, Klan and neo-Nazi involvement in anti-abortion violence, and human rights education in the U.S. CDR is a non-profit clearinghouse that provides information on hate groups which include the Ku Klux Klan and neo-Nazi movement. Ross managed the research and program departments and was the director of specific projects. These projects include human rights education in the U.S., right wing organizations in South Africa, and Klan and neo-Nazi involvement in anti-abortion violence. In addition to her activism in CDR, she produced their quarterly newsletter, The Monitor, as well as monthly intelligence reports on far right activities,The Activist Update. [17] In 1996 she created the National Center for Human Rights Education, a training and resource center for grassroots activists aimed at applying a human rights analysis to injustices in the U.S. Active internationally, Ross is a founding member of the International Council of African Women and of the Network of East-West Women. She has been a regular participant in International Women and Health Meetings and helped organize the delegation of 1100 African American women to the International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo in 1984. She attended United Nations Women's Conferences in Copenhagen, Nairobi, and Beijing. [1]
In 1997, with Luz Rodriguez and 14 others, Ross co-founded SisterSong Women of Color Reproductive Justice Collective [18] which aims to build an effective network between individuals in advocating improvements within institutional policies that impact the reproductive lives of marginalized communities. Ross served as the National Coordinator for the SisterSong Women of Color Reproductive Justice Collective from 2005 until 2012. [1] Some notable contributions of SisterSong include linking Black Lives Matter and reproductive justice, a billboard campaign that included a film titled Maafa 21, and the collaboration of Planned Parenthood with reproductive justice. [18]
Ross was one of the African American women who first coined the term "reproductive justice," with the aim to frame the pursuit of reproductive justice using the social justice framework. [3]
Ross acted as National Co-director for women of color [1] of Washington, D.C.'s March for Women's Lives on April 25, 2004. [19] She was the Founder and executive director of Atlanta, Georgia's National Center for Human Rights Education (NCHRE), the USA Partner of the Peoples' Decade of Human Rights Education from 1996 to 2004. [19] NCHRE is a training center for activists and is based in Atlanta, Georgia. [17] This organization prioritizes the education of grassroots organizations on topics such as human rights and legislation. [20] Through this, the NCHRE aims to highlight the knowledge and resources that are available so they can be used and applied effectively. The organization's goal is to educate Americans about injustices that are often overlooked, promotes accountability, and addresses abuses of power and disenfranchisement. The NCHRE gives voices to those who may not have otherwise be heard, which is a goal of Ross' work.
Ross has testified on women's health and civil rights issues in many important settings including the UN, U.S. Congress, and the FDA. She has also made appearances on the talk shows: The Donahue Show, The Charlie Rose Show, and Good Morning America. [17]
In 2022, Ross was named a MacArthur Fellow for her work as an advocate of Reproductive Justice and Human Rights in "shaping a visionary paradigm linking social justice, human rights, and reproductive justice." [21]
Ross has published books on reproductive justice, as well as many articles on black women and abortion. In 2004, Ross co-authored Undivided Rights: Women of Color Organizing for Reproductive Justice, [22] a book that uncovers the unrevealed history of the activism of women of color in organizing for reproductive justice. Ross contributed her insights in a chapter entitled "The Color of Choice" in Color of Violence: The INCITE! Anthology, which was published in 2016. Currently, Ross is working on her soon-to-be published book entitled Black Abortion that will focus on reproductive rights issues. [3]
In 2014, Ross published an article on sterilization, tying it back to her own experience that had forced her own sterilization. Her article, Sterilization and Reproductive Oppression in Prisons, focuses on women prisoned in the state of California who are being illegally sterilized even forty years after sterilization abuse guidelines were put into place at both the federal and state level. Despite the illusion of the end of sterilization monstrosities, in 2006–2010 more than 116 females in California prisons were illegally sterilized via a form of birth control. They were forced to undergo tubal ligation during delivery and labor. Ross's article highlights over dozens of women from minority groups - prisoners of black, Latina, transgender, and indigent women who faced forced hysterectomies under abusive and illegal circumstances. [7]
Ross served as a visiting associate professor in the Women's Studies department at Hampshire College. [23] She taught a course "White Supremacy in the age of Trump" for the academic year 2017–2018. [1] Ross is a consultant for Smith College, where she is expanding the Sophia Smith Collection, which includes her personal archives. [24] She has served as a visiting professor at Smith and has organized two community-wide conferences on Calling In the Calling Out Culture. [1] She recently served as a Visiting Clinical Professor at Arizona State University in the School of Social Transformation teaching a 400-level course on Reproductive Justice. Ross is currently a professor at Smith College in the department of Women and Gender Studies, lecturing on White Supremacy in the Age of Trump and the power of Calling in to her students.
Alongside Rickie Solinger, Ross co-authored Reproductive Justice: An Introduction, which details the field of reproductive justice, particularly in regards to experiences involving women of color and through a human rights analytical lens. [25] Her most recent book, Radical Reproductive Justice was published by Feminist Press in 2017 and co-edited by Lynn Roberts, Erika Derkas, Whitney Peoples, and Pamela Bridgewater-Toure, discusses over two decades of works of SisterSong. [26]
Recently Ross has spoken out against "call-out culture" [27] and is working on a new book entitled Calling In the Calling Out Culture.. [28] The book is due to be published in 2022 by Simon & Schuster. [29] In addition to her book, she has also published an article about finding cancel culture toxic. This article is titled I'm a Black Feminist. I Think Call-Out Culture Is Toxic. In her article, she touches on her own experiences with call-outs. She reveals that when she started in 1970, she found herself criticizing white women who did not understand black women. She points out the mistakes she made in expecting them to simply comprehend the experiences of women of color. Ross points out that call-outs can invoke fear of being targeted which tends to make people avoid conversations that could have been educational. [30]
Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Loretta J. Ross has provided online classes on her website, including "White Supremacy in the Age of Trump" and "Calling in the Calling Out Culture".[ citation needed ] The "Calling in the Calling Out Culture," course challenges the Call Out culture in our society to build a more united and effective human rights movement. Students develop an understanding of: 1) What Calling Out is, 2) How to Call In people to welcome them into dialogue despite disagreements, and 3) How to build a Calling In Culture in our organizations and relationships. "White Supremacy in the Age of Trump" offers a rethinking of how to challenge bigotry in our society by examining: 1) The difference between white supremacy as an ideology and whiteness as an identity: 2) The components of white supremacy ideology; 3) Effective responses including understanding Appropriate Whiteness and Identity Politics.
Ross has appeared on the following North American television series and networks: NPR, CNN, BET, "Lead Story," Good Morning America, The Phil Donahue Show, Democracy Now!, "The Laura Flanders Show," [31] and "The Charlie Rose Show", Oprah Winfrey Radio, The New York Times, and the Los Angeles Times. [32]
Ross was featured in the book "The Persuaders: At the Front Lines of the Fight for Hearts, Minds and Democracy" by Anand Giridharadas. [33]
Second-wave feminism was a period of feminist activity that began in the early 1960s and lasted roughly two decades, ending with the feminist sex wars in the early 1980s and being replaced by third-wave feminism in the early 1990s. It occurred throughout the Western world and aimed to increase women's equality by building on the feminist gains of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Reproductive rights are legal rights and freedoms relating to reproduction and reproductive health that vary amongst countries around the world. The World Health Organization defines reproductive rights as follows:
Reproductive rights rest on the recognition of the basic right of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing and timing of their children and to have the information and means to do so, and the right to attain the highest standard of sexual and reproductive health. They also include the right of all to make decisions concerning reproduction free of discrimination, coercion and violence.
Barbara Smith is an American lesbian feminist and socialist who has played a significant role in Black feminism in the United States. Since the early 1970s, she has been active as a scholar, activist, critic, lecturer, author, and publisher of Black feminist thought. She has also taught at numerous colleges and universities for 25 years. Smith's essays, reviews, articles, short stories and literary criticism have appeared in a range of publications, including The New York Times Book Review, The Black Scholar, Ms., Gay Community News, The Guardian, The Village Voice, Conditions and The Nation. She has a twin sister, Beverly Smith, who is also a lesbian feminist activist and writer.
Byllye Yvonne Avery is an American health care activist. A proponent of reproductive justice, Avery has worked to develop healthcare services and education that address black women's mental and physical health stressors. She is best known as the founder of the National Black Women's Health Project, the first national organization to specialize in Black women's reproductive health issues. For her work with the NBWHP, she has received the MacArthur Foundation's Fellowship for Social Contribution and the Gustav O. Lienhard Award for the Advancement of Health Care from the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, among other awards.
The Chicago Women's Liberation Union (CWLU) was an American feminist organization founded in 1969 at a conference in Palatine, Illinois.
"Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female" is a 1969 feminist pamphlet written by Frances M. Beal that critiques capitalism, reproductive rights, as well as social politicalization and its effects on the black women identity and community. Beal's essay talks about the misconceptions and troubles that occur when trying to analyze the role of a black woman in society. The pamphlet covers many different aspects of life and the levels of oppression placed upon black women in the areas of capitalism, race, and gender. Additionally, the pamphlet includes principles outlined by the Third World Women's Alliance (TWWA).
Frances M. Beal, also known as Fran Beal, is a Black feminist and a peace and justice political activist. Her focus has predominantly been regarding women's rights, racial justice, anti-war and peace work, as well as international solidarity. Beal was a founding member of the SNCC Black Women's Liberation Committee, which later evolved into the Third World Women's Alliance. She is most widely known for her publication, “Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female", which theorizes the intersection of oppression between race, class, and gender. Beal currently lives in Oakland, California.
Feminist sexology is an offshoot of traditional studies of sexology that focuses on the intersectionality of sex and gender in relation to the sexual lives of women. Sexology has a basis in psychoanalysis, specifically Freudian theory, which played a big role in early sexology. This reactionary field of feminist sexology seeks to be inclusive of experiences of sexuality and break down the problematic ideas that have been expressed by sexology in the past. Feminist sexology shares many principles with the overarching field of sexology; in particular, it does not try to prescribe a certain path or "normality" for women's sexuality, but only observe and note the different and varied ways in which women express their sexuality. It is a young field, but one that is growing rapidly.
Jennifer Baumgardner is a writer, activist, filmmaker, and lecturer whose work explores abortion, sex, bisexuality, rape, single parenthood, and women's power. From 2013 to 2017, she served as the Executive Director/Publisher at The Feminist Press at the City University of New York (CUNY), a feminist institution founded by Florence Howe in 1970.
Reproductive justice is a critical feminist framework that was invented as a response to United States reproductive politics. The three core values of reproductive justice are the right to have a child, the right to not have a child, and the right to parent a child or children in safe and healthy environments. The framework moves women's reproductive rights past a legal and political debate to incorporate the economic, social, and health factors that impact women's reproductive choices and decision-making ability.
Beverly Smith in Cleveland, Ohio, is a Black feminist health advocate, writer, academic, theorist and activist who is also the twin sister of writer, publisher, activist and academic Barbara Smith. Beverly Smith is an instructor of Women's Health at the University of Massachusetts Boston.
The National Women's Conference of 1977 was a four-day event during November 18–21, 1977, as organized by the National Commission on the Observance of International Women's Year. The conference drew around 2,000 delegates along with 15,000-20,000 observers in Houston, Texas, United States. The United States Congress approved $5 million in public appropriations for both the state and national conferences as HR 9924, sponsored by Congresswoman Patsy Mink, which Ford signed into law. In 1977 at the start of his presidency, President Jimmy Carter chose a new Commission and appointed Congresswoman Bella Abzug to head it. Numerous events were held over the next two years, culminating in the National Women's Conference.
African Americans', or Black Americans', access and use of birth control are central to many social, political, cultural and economic issues in the United States. Birth control policies in place during American slavery and the Jim Crow era highly influenced Black attitudes toward reproductive management methods. Other factors include African-American attitudes towards family, sex and reproduction, religious views, social support structures, black culture, and movements towards bodily autonomy.
Monica Simpson is a queer Black activist, artist, and executive director of SisterSong Women of Color Reproductive Justice Collective, the United States' largest organization dedicated to reproductive justice for women of color.
The SisterSong Women of Color Reproductive Justice Collective, also known as SisterSong, is a national activist organization dedicated to reproductive justice for women of color.
Luz Rodriguez is a Puerto Rican reproductive rights advocate.
Latina Roundtable on Health and Reproductive Rights (LRHRR) was a Latina reproductive rights organization based in New York City.
Nkenge Touré is a leader in the Reproductive Justice, Anti-Racism, and Black women's health movements and a former member of the Black Panther Party.
Abortion under Apartheid: Nationalism, Sexuality, and Women's Reproductive Rights in South Africa is a 2015 monograph by historian, author, and academic Susanne M. Klausen. The book explores the politics of abortion in South Africa during the apartheid era (1948-1994), revealing the criminalization of abortion and the flourishing clandestine abortion industry. Klausen discusses the authoritarian government's attempt to regulate white women's reproductive sexuality to maintain white supremacy. The book highlights the 1960s-1970s battle for abortion rights, involving doctors and feminists calling for legal reform, and emphasizes the disproportionate, harmful impact on Black girls and women lacking access to safe abortions. The author portrays the resilience of women, both tragic and triumphant, in shaping their reproductive destinies amid societal opposition.
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