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Organisms can live at high altitude, either on land, in water, or while flying. Decreased oxygen availability and decreased temperature make life at such altitudes challenging, though many species have been successfully adapted via considerable physiological changes. As opposed to short-term acclimatisation, high-altitude adaptation means irreversible, evolved physiological responses to high-altitude environments, associated with heritable behavioural and genetic changes. Among vertebrates, only few mammals and certain birds are known to have completely adapted to high-altitude environments.
References
- ↑ Shesely E, Hu C, Alhenc-Gelas F, Meneton P, Carretero O (2006). "A second expressed kininogen gene in mice". Physiol Genomics. 26 (2): 152–7. doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00244.2005. PMID 16837654.
- ↑ Semba U, Umeda Y, Shibuya Y, Okabe H, Tanase S, Yamamoto T (2004). "Primary structures of guinea pig high- and low-molecular-weight kininogens". Int Immunopharmacol. 4 (10–11): 1391–400. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2004.06.003. PMID 15313436.
- ↑ Semba U, Shibuya Y, Okabe H, Hayashi I, Yamamoto T (2000). "Whale high-molecular-weight and low-molecular-weight kininogens". Thromb Res. 97 (6): 481–90. doi:10.1016/S0049-3848(99)00199-1. PMID 10704658.
- ↑ Stefan Offermanns; Walter Rosenthal (2008). Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology. Springer. pp. 673–. ISBN 978-3-540-38916-3 . Retrieved 11 December 2010.