The politics of the Republic of Peru takes place in a framework of a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic,whereby the President of Peru is both head of state and head of government,and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the President and the Government. Legislative power is vested in both the Government and the Congress. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Peru a "hybrid regime" in 2022. Traditionally weak political parties saw their support collapse further in Peru since 2000,paving the way for the rise of personalist leaderships. The political parties in the congress of Peru are,according to political scientist Lucía Dammert,"agglomerations of individual and group interests more than solid and representative parties".
The Peruvian Aprista Party is a Peruvian political party and a member of the Socialist International. The party was founded as the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance by Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre,who originally intended to create a network of anti-imperialist social and political movements in Latin America. Members are called "compañeros",based on the fraternity espoused by Haya de la Torre. Originally a centre-left to left-wing party with democratic socialist and nationalist elements,the party moved closer to the political centre under the leadership of Alan García starting in the 1980s,embracing social democracy and later some Third Way policies. In 2006,the party adopted a new platform as García's second presidency implemented a series of policies labelled as centre-right,embracing free-market capitalism,dialogue with other right-wing parties and organizations in the country,and closer ties with the Catholic Church and Evangelical churches.
Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre was a Peruvian politician,philosopher,and author who founded the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) political movement,the oldest currently existing political party in Peru by the name of the Peruvian Aprista Party (PAP).
Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez was a Peruvian politician who served as President of Peru for two non-consecutive terms from 1985 to 1990 and from 2006 to 2011. He was the second leader of the Peruvian Aprista Party and to date the only party member ever to have served as President. Mentored by the founder of the APRA,Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre,he served in the Constituent Assembly of 1978–1979. Elected to the Peruvian Congress in 1980,he rose to the position of General Secretary of the APRA in 1982,and was subsequently elected to the presidency in 1985 in a landslide victory at the age of 35 years.
The Christian People's Party is a centre-right and conservative political party based on the principles of Christian democracy. It was founded in 1966 by Christian Democratic Party dissidents,led by Luis Bedoya Reyes,at the time mayor of Lima.
Mercedes Cabanillas Bustamante is a Peruvian educator and politician. A prominent member of the Peruvian Aprista Party,she served as Minister of Education in the first presidency of Alan García,making her the first woman to assume a cabinet position in the history of Peru. Most recently,she briefly served as Minister of Interior in Alan García's second presidency,a position subject to scrutiny as she was signaled as responsible of the repression of natives in the 2009 Amazon crisis,in Bagua,which forced her to resign,and effectively ended her political career.
Ollanta Moisés Humala Tasso is a Peruvian politician and former military officer who served as President of Peru from 2011 to 2016. Originally a socialist and left-wing nationalist,he is considered to have shifted towards neoliberalism and the political centre during his presidency.
Armando Villanueva del Campo was a Peruvian politician who was the leader of the Peruvian American Popular Revolutionary Alliance. Born in Lima,his parents were Pedro Villanueva Urquijo,a gynecologist in the city,and Carmen Rosa Portal del Campo. His only legitimate sibling was his older brother Ing. Pedro Villanueva del Campo Portal.
Jorge Alfonso Alejandro del Castillo Gálvez is a Peruvian lawyer and politician. In his career,he has served in the now abolished Peruvian Chamber of Deputies between 1990 and 1992,in the unicameral Congress of the Republic for six non-consecutive terms,between 1995 and 2011 and again from 2016 to 2019,five of which are consecutive terms,and as Mayor of Lima and the District of Barranco during the 1980s.
National Solidarity Party,was a conservative Peruvian political party. Founded in 1998 for the 2000 general election to support the candidacy of Luis Castañeda Lossio,a former Lima City Council member from Popular Action. Following the end of Alberto Fujimori's regime,the party formed the National Unity coalition with the Christian People's Party and other minor parties. Led by Lourdes Flores,the coalition placed third at the 2001 and 2006 general elections,while at municipal level,it won the capital city of Lima with Castañeda as the mayoral nominee.
Luis Alberto Félix Sánchez Sánchez was a Peruvian lawyer,jurist,philosopher,historian,writer and politician. A historic member of the Peruvian Aprista Party,he became a Senator and member of two Constitutional Assemblies,in which the second one (1978–1980),he occupied the vice-presidency of the Assembly and the presidency of the Constitution Committee. During the presidency of Alan García (1985–1990),he was his Second Vice President and was appointed for a short period as Prime Minister of Peru. In Congress he served as President of the Senate two occasions. He is the oldest Vice President of Peru,taking office at the age of 84 years,289 days.
Luis Alberto Negreiros Criado is a Peruvian sociologist and politician. He was a former Congressman,representing Callao between 2001 and 2011 and belongs to the Peruvian Aprista Party.
Claude Maurice Mulder Bedoya,known as Mauricio Mulder,is a Peruvian politician,lawyer and former journalist. One of the most prominent and influential members of the Peruvian Aprista Party,he was Congressman from 2001 to 2019,representing Lima. From 2004 to 2010,he held the office of party Secretary General.
Javier Maximiliano Alfredo Hipólito Valle Riestra González Olaechea or simply known as Javier Valle Riestra,is a Peruvian lawyer and politician. Known member of the Peruvian Aprista Party,has held several public offices,among them the most controversial being is the President of the Council of Ministers during the presidency of Alberto Fujimori in 1998. This premiership is known for being the only one led by a politician from the opposition in Peruvian history during the Fujimori regime to date.
Yehude Simon Munaro is a Peruvian politician,who served as Governor of the Lambayeque Region between 2003 and 2008,Prime Minister between 2008 and 2009 and as a Congressman from Lambayeque between 2011 and 2016,elected under the Alliance for the Great Change. He ran for the presidency in 2016,then shortly announced his withdrawal.
Máximo Agustín Mantilla Campos was a Peruvian economist,sociologist and politician. Considered by analysts as one of the most powerful political figures in Alan García's first administration,he served as Deputy Minister and subsequently as Minister of the Interior during the most tense years of the Peruvian internal conflict between the Peruvian government and the terrorist organizations,the Shining Path and the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement.
Cesar Acuña Peralta is a Peruvian politician and entrepreneur in the field of education. A controversial figure in Peruvian politics,he is the founder and leader of the Alliance for Progress party,which has achieved recognition for being the first party of provincial origin to gain electoral popularity at national level since its foundation in 2001.
The Constituent Assembly was the tenth Constituent Assembly of Peru,convened by the government of General Francisco Morales Bermudez to facilitate the return of democracy following a decade of the self-styled Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces. It was settled on 28 July 1978 and was led by Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre,historical leader of the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance. Its main mission was to develop a new constitution replacing the old 1933 Constitution. This new Constitution was enacted and promulgated on 12 July 1979,and entered into force on 28 July 1980,on the opening of the constitutional government of the architect Fernando Belaúnde Terry. It was replaced 14 years later by the 1993 Constitution.
Carlos Roca Cáceres is a Peruvian politician. A prominent member of the Peruvian Aprista Party,he was signaled in his youth as one of Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre's main disciples,alongside future President of Peru,Alan García. In his political career,he served in the Constituent Assembly of 1978–1979,which drafted the Constitution of 1979,in the now-abolished Chamber of Deputies,and finally as Peruvian Ambassador to Italy,appointed in Alan García's second presidency.
The 1962 Peruvian coup d'état was promoted by the then Chief of the Joint Command of the Peruvian Armed Forces,General Ricardo Pérez Godoy,against the outgoing government of Manuel Prado Ugarteche for alleged irregularities in the electoral process of that year.
