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Azawad,or Azawagh,was a short-lived unrecognised state lasting from 2012 to 2013. Azawagh (Azawaɣ) is the generic Tuareg Berber name for all Tuareg Berber areas,especially the northern half of Mali and northern and western Niger. The Azawadi declaration of independence was declared unilaterally by the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) in 2012,after a Tuareg rebellion drove the Malian Armed Forces from the region.
Kidal is a town and commune in the desert region of northern Mali. The town lies 285 km (177 mi) northeast of Gao and is the capital of the Kidal Cercle and the Kidal Region. The commune has an area of about 9,910 km2 (3,830 sq mi) and includes the town of Kidal and 31 other settlements.
From 1990 to 1995,a rebellion by various Tuareg groups took place in Niger and Mali,with the aim of achieving autonomy or forming their own nation-state. The insurgency occurred in a period following the regional famine of the 1980s and subsequent refugee crisis,and a time of generalised political repression and crisis in both nations. The conflict is one in a series of Tuareg-based insurgencies in the colonial and post-colonial history of these nations. In Niger,it is also referred to as the Second or Third Tuareg Rebellion,a reference to the pre-independence rebellions of Ag Mohammed Wau Teguidda Kaocen of the Aïr Mountains in 1914 and the rising of Firhoun of Ikazkazan in 1911,who reappeared in Mali in 1916. In fact the nomadic Tuareg confederations have come into sporadic conflict with the sedentary communities of the region ever since they migrated from the Maghreb into the Sahel region between the 7th and 14th centuries CE. Some Tuareg wanted an independent Tuareg nation to be formed when French colonialism ended. This,combined with dissatisfaction over the new governments,led some Tuareg in Northern Mali to rebel in 1963.
Presidential elections were held in Mali on 28 July 2013,with a second round run-off held on 11 August. Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta defeated Soumaïla Cisséin the run-off to become the new President of Mali.
The 2012 Tuareg rebellion was the early phase of the Mali War;from January to April 2012,a war was waged against the Malian government by rebels with the goal of attaining independence for the northern region of Mali,known as Azawad. It was led by the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) and was part of a series of insurgencies by traditionally nomadic Tuaregs which date back at least to 1916. The MNLA was formed by former insurgents and a significant number of heavily armed Tuaregs who fought in the Libyan Civil War.
The National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad or the Azawad National Liberation Movement,formerly the National Movement of Azawad,is a political and military organization based in Azawad in northern Mali.
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The first battle of Menaka is an attack led on January 17,2012,by armed groups of the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) and marks the beginning of the Tuareg rebellion of 2012. This is the first in a series of battles aimed a capturing most of the north Mali from the army by the rebels.
The Imghad Tuareg Self-Defense Group and Allies is an armed group in Azawad,Mali. Most of its 500 to 1,000 fighters are Imghad Tuaregs,and the group supports the Malian government.
Mahmoud Dicko is a Malian Salafi imam from the Tombouctou Region who chaired the High Islamic Council of Mali from January 2008 to April 2019.
The Permanent Strategic Framework for Peace,Security,and Development (CSP-PSD),also known as the Platform of Autodefense Movements or just Platform,is a coalition of political and military movements in northern Mali,that was formed on May 6,2021. The CSP-PSD is an alliance between the Coordination of Azawad Movements (CMA) and Platform of June 14,2014 Algiers movements.
El Hadj Ag Gamou,born December 31,1964,in Tidermène,Mali,is an Imghad Tuareg Malian division general. Gamou is currently the governor of Kidal Region since November 22,2023,and has also been the head of his faction of Imghad Tuareg Self-Defense Group and Allies since the group's foundation. Prior to his governorship,Gamou served in the Malian army,commanding Malian troops against Ansar Dine and the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) in the early stages of the Mali War.
References
- 1 2 "Mahmoud Ag Aghaly "give us independence and it will be the end of AQIM in Mali"". North Africa United. 21 February 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
- ↑ Salima Tlemçani (7 April 2012) "Le mali dans la tourmente: AQMi brouille les cartes à l’Azawad", El Watan.
- ↑ "Azawad". World^s Leaders. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
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