Malawian Defence Force

Last updated

Malawian Defence Force
Coat of arms of Malawi.svg
Coat of arms of Malawi
Service branchesMalawi Army
Maritime Force [1]
Malawi Air Force
HeadquartersKamazu Barracks, Lilongwe
Leadership
Commander-in-Chief
and Minister of Defence		 Lazarus Chakwera
Commander of the Defence Force Paul Valentino Phiri
Personnel
Military age18
Active personnel25,500
Expenditures
Budget$70 million (FY00/01)
Percent of GDP0.76% (FY00/01)
Industry
Foreign suppliers France
Russia
United Kingdom
United States
Related articles
History Mozambican Civil War
Operation Bwezani
M23 Rebellion
ADF Insurgency
Ranks Military ranks of Malawi

The Malawi Defence Force [2] is the state military organisation responsible for defending Malawi. It originated from elements of the British King's African Rifles, colonial units formed before independence in 1964.

Contents

The military is organized under the purview of the Ministry of Defence.

Malawi Army

Before independence, Malawi depended for its military supplies on the barracks in Rhodesia, as British colonial military logistics was usually organized on a continental basis, rather than at the level of individual colonies. [3] The Malawi Rifles were formed when the country gained its independence from the United Kingdom in 1964. Its first battalion was formed from the 1st Battalion, King's African Rifles. On independence the battalion became 1st Battalion, The Malawi Rifles (King's African Rifles). They were based at what became the headquarters of the Malawi Army at Cobbe Barracks, Zomba. Cobbe Barracks had been named in May 1958 for British General Alexander Cobbe VC, who had served with the King's African Rifles. The Rifles were reportedly at a strength of 2,000 men at independence. On 6 July 1966 Malawi became a republic and Kamuzu Banda became the first president. After the swearing in ceremony his first duty was to present the battalion with his own presidential colour and the new regimental colour. [4] It was under the leadership of Brigadier Paul Lewis, a British expatriate; [5] Welsh Colonel Dudley Thornton commanded 1965-67. In 1966, about 60% of the officers in the battalion were former non-commissioned officers. [6]

After the Cabinet Crisis of 1964, the Malawi Army destroyed Henry Chipembere's insurrection in Mangochi District and Machinga District in 1965. [5] Another of the ministers ousted during the Cabinet Crisis was Yatuta Chisiza. Chisiza fled to Tanzania, and founded the Socialist League of Malawi, the most radical Malawian opposition party. He also began to conduct guerilla operations against the Banda regime. In 1967 Chisiza and nine others entered Mwanza District from Tanzania. [7] In the following clash with the Army and Young Pioneers on 9 October 1967 he and two other members of insurgent forces were killed; five were captured; and the others fled. [8]

In 1970 the International Institute for Strategic Studies listed the Army as comprising one infantry battalion [1 MR at Zomba] and supporting services, having a strength of 1,150. [9]

Malawi was allied with Portugal during the Mozambican War of Independence (1964–74), and the Malawi Army consequently cooperated with the Portuguese Army to secure the Mozambican-Malawian border and arrest FRELIMO rebels. Following FRELIMO's victory and the independence of Mozambique, several Portuguese colonial secret police agents as well as FRELIMO deserters joined the Malawi Army. [10]

Gurkha officer John "Johnny" Clements was advanced to Acting Brigadier in May 1971, and commanded the Malawi Army until September 1972. [11] Thereupon the Army's first black commander, Brigadier Graciano Matewere was appointed. Hastings Banda promoted Matewere instantly to Major General after the resolution of the South African Airways hijacking in Blantyre in 1972. [12] Matewere was retired by Banda in 1980 and died in 2001. [13]

Declassified Defense Intelligence Agency reporting from 1985 states that "there is also a military college [likely the Kamuzu Military College, at Salima that is probably one of the finest, most efficiently organized, and operated military training schools in Sub-Saharan Africa. [It] conducts recruit training, numerous enlisted courses, officer cadet courses, [a] platoon leader course, company commanders course ( sic ), communications courses, NCO courses, a catering course, and will add a staff officers course in the future." [14] The same source listed the Army Commander as General Melvin Khanga, with the deputy commander, Lieutenant General Issac Yohane, and the Director of Training Major General Wilfred Mponela.

Transition to democracy

In 1992-93, the army played a vital role in dismantling the dictatorship of Kamuzu Banda. [15]

After the 8 March 1992 pastoral letter:

There were public demonstrations in support of the bishops - notably at the University in Blantyre and Zomba, where soldiers indicated their support for the students and deterred violent police action against the protesters. This was the first sign of the army's future political role. In May 1992 student protesters were joined by striking workers in Blantyre. In two days of riots dozens of protesters were killed by armed police and Young Pioneers. [16] [17]

In December 1992:

..the army intervened to disarm the MYP forcibly. A bar-room argument in ..Mzuzu ended with Young Pioneers shooting two soldiers dead. The middle-ranking and junior officers effectively mutinied against the army commander, General Isaac Yohane, attacking the Ministry of Youth and other MYP installations in Lilongwe, as well as looting the MCP headquarters. The army then moved into MYP bases throughout the country. [16]

The operation was called "Bwezani" which means "taking back" or "returning". This event was vital in the history of the Malawi Army. [15]

Twenty-first century

State Department International Military Education and Training documentation from Fiscal Year 2003 indicates the United States trained army personnel from the 2nd Battalion, Malawi Rifles, probably at Kamuzu Barracks, Lilongwe, 3rd Battalion, Malawi Rifles (Moyale Barracks, Mzuzu), the Parachute Battalion, and the Combat Support Battalion (Mvera). [18]

In July 2004 General Joseph Chimbayo was succeeded by Marko Chiziko. In 2011 General Chiziko was succeeded by Henry Odillo as MDF Commander.[ citation needed ]

On 5 April 2012 when President Bingu wa Mutharika died, there were rumours of an attempted constitutional coup intended to prevent vice-president Joyce Banda from becoming president as outlined by the constitution. [19] The military, under General Henry Odillo, stepped in and vowed to support and uphold the constitution of Malawi. They reportedly stationed security members at Banda's residence during the news of Mutharika's death. [20] These acts had a direct impact on the transition of power. [19]

Malawi has signed the initial agreements joining the SADC Standby Brigade, the southern African component of the African Standby Force.

A Malawian Fox armoured car at the MDF Museum in Zomba. FV721 Fox armoured reconnaissance vehicle, MDF Museum, Zomba.jpg
A Malawian Fox armoured car at the MDF Museum in Zomba.

The Force Intervention Brigade of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo was authorized by the United Nations Security Council on 28 March 2013 through Resolution 2098. [21] Its first 2,550 troops were drawn almost equally from Malawi, the Tanzania People's Defence Force, and the South African National Defence Force.

After Peter Mutharika became President in 2014, he replaced the Defence Force commander four times in six years. [22] On August 4, 2014, General Henry Odillo handed over to General Ignaious Maulana, the former Chief of Military Operations. [23] In July–August 2016, General Maulana was replaced by his former deputy Griffin Supuni-Phiri. [24] Another change occurred in 2019. [25] In March 2020, General Vincent Nundwe, who had won praise for the army's handling of six months of protests over Mutharika's election victory in the 2019 Malawian general elections, was dismissed and replaced by Major General Andrew Lapken Namathanga, the former Air Force commander. Six months later, the new President, Lazarus Chakwera, reinstated Nundwe. [26]

On 14 November 2018, during FIB Rotation VI, an officer, sergeant, corporal, and three soldiers of the MDF were killed in action in the Congo. [27]

Armoured fighting vehicles

NameOriginTypeVariantIn serviceNotes
Eland South Africa Armoured car Eland-90 30 [28]
Ferret United Kingdom Armoured car 8 [28]
FV721 Fox United Kingdom Armoured car 20 [28]
RAM MK3 Israel Armoured car 8 [28]
PUMA M26-15 South Africa MRAP 8 [28]
Marauder South Africa MRAP 9 [28]
Casspir South Africa MRAP 14 [28]

Artillery

NameOriginTypeVariantIn serviceNotes
L118 light gun United Kingdom Towed howitzer 9 [28]
L16 81mm mortar United Kingdom Mortar L16A1 82 [28]
ZPU Soviet Union Towed anti-aircraft gun ZPU-4 40 [28]

Air Force

The Malawi Air Force was established with German help in 1976 with the delivery of six single-engined Dornier Do 27s and eight Do 28 light twins in 1976-1980. Also in the same era the air force received an Alouette III, an AS 350 and an AS 355 Ecureuil, as well as three SA 330 H/L Puma Helicopters from France. A single BAe 125-800 was delivered in 1986. Four Dornier 228 light twin turbo props were acquired between 1986 and 1989 in part to allow disposal of the older Dornier products. In 1990 two Douglas C-47 with PT6A turboprops were delivered from the US.

Current aircraft

A Malawian Dornier 228 2010-10-23 11-13-59 Malawi - Chileka.jpg
A Malawian Dornier 228
AircraftOriginTypeVariantIn serviceNotes
Transport
Xian MA600 China transport1 [29]
Dornier 228


Germany transport3 [29]
Helicopters
Eurocopter AS350 France light utility2 [29]
Eurocopter AS355 Franceutility1 [29]
Eurocopter AS532 Francetransport1 [29]
Aérospatiale Gazelle France scout / anti-armor SA341 2 [29]
Aérospatiale SA330 Franceutility2 [29]

Retired aircraft

Previous aircraft that have been placed in storage or removed from service include the Basler BT-67, the Dornier Do27-A, the British Aerospace 125, the King Air 90, AS365 Dauphin, and the Alouette III. [30] [31]

As a landlocked country, Malawi has a very small Navy with no sizeable military craft. Malawi's naval force only operates on Lake Malawi and is based at Monkey Bay. The Malawi Navy was organized in the early 1970s, with the help of the Navy of Portugal that ceded part of its boats of the Nyassa Flotilla operating from the then Portuguese province of Mozambique. [32] In some cases, the gunboats of the Malawian Navy were initially crewed by Portuguese. [10] In 2007, the navy had 220 personnel, [32] and operated the following vessels:

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Wongane Chiuta (17 March 2020). "Exit Nundwe at Malawi Army, Namathanga Now Commander".
  2. ↑ "2011 budget document" (PDF). Sdnp.org.mw. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  3. ↑ J.M. Lee (1969). African Armies and Civil Order. Studies in International Security. Institute for Strategic Studies. p. 58.
  4. ↑ "Trooping the Colours - Malawi African Rifles 1966". Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
  5. 1 2 Kings M. Phiri (Chancellor College) (March 2000). "A Case of Revolutionary Change in Contemporary Malawi: The Malawi Army and the Disarming of the Malawi Young Pioneers". Journal of Peace, Conflict and Military Studies. 1 (1). ISSN   1563-4019. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  6. ↑ Lee 1969, 109.
  7. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  8. ↑ "Operation Bwezani". Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
  9. ↑ "The Armed Forces of African States," IISS Adelphi Paper, Part IV: Eastern and Southern Africa, p19.
  10. 1 2 Finnegan (1992), p. 141.
  11. ↑ 2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkhas, accessed May 2021.
  12. ↑ E.I. Mandiza, “Civil-military relations in Malawi: An historical perspective,” in Ourselves to Know: Civil-Military Relations and Defence Transformation in Southern Africa, Pretoria, SA, Institute for Security Studies, 2002.
  13. ↑ Malawi's first black army commander dies after a short illness, Associated Press, 2001; see also John Gray (2010). Climbing the Army Ladder. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN   9781450078962.
  14. ↑ Defense Intelligence Agency (March 1989). "Military Intelligence Summary, Volume IV, Part I, Africa South of the Sahara (Southern and Central Africa)". p. 44/191.
  15. 1 2 Reuben Chirambo (2004). ""Operation Bwezani": The Army, Political Change, and Dr. Banda's Hegemony in Malawi" (PDF) (13:2 ed.). University of Malawi, Malawi: Nordic Journal of African Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  16. 1 2 Carver 1994.
  17. ↑ Carver citing Amnesty International, "Malawi March–July 1992: mass arrests of suspected government opponents", (AI Index: AFR 36/37/92), September 1992.
  18. ↑ "Africa Region, Angola, DoD Regional Centers for Strategic Studies, FY 03" (PDF). State.gov. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  19. 1 2 "President Banda has her work cut out". Malawi Nyasa Times - Malawi breaking news in Malawi. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  20. ↑ "Potential crisis looms in Malawi amid reports of president's death - CNN.com". CNN. 7 April 2012. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012.
  21. ↑ "United Nations Security Council - Resolution 2098" (pdf). un.org. New York: United Nations. 28 March 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
  22. ↑ "Malawi president sacks celebrated army chief - The Citizen". 29 October 2020.
  23. ↑ https://www.nyasatimes.com/odillo-handover-to-maulana-tips-malawi-soldiers-against-facebook/ , August 2014.
  24. ↑ https://www.nyasatimes.com/exclusive-dausi-manufactures-coup-plot-implicates-malawi-army-officers/, August 2016.
  25. ↑ "Mutharika changes Malawi army leadership: Nundwe new commander, General Supuni reassigned - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi". 21 June 2019.
  26. ↑ https://www.voanews.com/africa/malawi-president-reinstates-fired-army-commander , 1 September 2020.
  27. ↑ Kaminjolo (16 November 2018). "6 MDF soldiers killed in DRC". The Nation (Malawi). The names are listed at the National War Memorial Tower, Lilongwe.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 International Institute for Strategic Studies (2021). The Military Balance. p. 475. ISBN   9781032012278.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "World Air Forces 2023" . Flightglobal Insight. 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  30. ↑ "World Air Forces 1987 pg. 68". flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  31. ↑ l "World Air Forces 2000 pg. 75". flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2015.{{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wertheim, Eric (2007). The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft, and Systems. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. pp. 452–453. ISBN   9781591149552. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malawi</span> Country in Southeastern Africa

Malawi, officially the Republic of Malawi and formerly known as Nyasaland, is a landlocked country in Southeastern Africa. It is bordered by Zambia to the west, Tanzania to the north and northeast, and Mozambique to the east, south and southwest. Malawi spans over 118,484 km2 (45,747 sq mi) and has an estimated population of 19,431,566. Malawi's capital and largest city is Lilongwe. Its second-largest is Blantyre, its third-largest is Mzuzu and its fourth-largest is its former capital, Zomba. It was the first capital city of Malawi before being changed to Lilongwe.

The History of Malawi covers the area of present-day Malawi. The region was once part of the Maravi Empire. In colonial times, the territory was ruled by the British, under whose control it was known first as British Central Africa and later Nyasaland. It becomes part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. The country achieved full independence, as Malawi, in 1964. After independence, Malawi was ruled as a one-party state under Hastings Banda until 1994.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of Malawi</span> Political system of Malawi

Politics of Malawi takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Malawi is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly. There is a cabinet of Malawi that is appointed by the President of Malawi. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hastings Banda</span> First president of Malawi

Hastings Kamuzu Banda was the leader of Malawi from 1964 to 1994. He served as Prime Minister from independence in 1964 to 1966, when Malawi was a Dominion / Commonwealth realm). In 1966, the country became a republic and he became the first president as a result, ruling until his defeat in 1994.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bingu wa Mutharika</span> President of Malawi from 2004 to 2012

Bingu wa Mutharika was a Malawian politician and economist who was President of Malawi from May 2004 until his death in April 2012. He was also President of the Democratic Progressive Party, which he founded in February 2005; it obtained a majority in Malawi's parliament in the 2009 general election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Tembo</span> Malawian politician (1932–2023)

John Zenus Ungapake Tembo was a Malawian politician who served for years as President of the Malawi Congress Party (MCP). Tembo comes from the Dedza District in central Malawi, and he was a teacher by profession. Beginning in the 1960s he was an important politician in Malawi, and he was a key figure in the regime of Hastings Banda (1964–1994). He has been variously described as "physically slight, ascetic, fastidious" and "cunning". He was replaced as President of the MCP in August 2013.

Yatuta Chisiza was a Malawi minister of home affairs who led a brief guerrilla incursion into the country in October 1967. He is considered one of the most important figures in pre and post colonial politics in Malawi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kamuzu Stadium</span>

The Kamuzu Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Blantyre, Malawi. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 65,000 people. This can be limited for safety reasons. Big Bullets and Be Forward Wanderers are tenants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joyce Banda</span> President of Malawi from 2012 to 2014

Joyce Hilda Banda is a Malawian politician, who served as President of Malawi, from 7 April 2012 to 31 May 2014. Banda took office as President following the sudden death of President Bingu wa Mutharika. She is the founder and leader of the People's Party, created in 2011. An educator and grassroots women's rights activist, she was the Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2006 to 2009 and the Vice-President of Malawi from May 2009 to April 2012. She has served in various roles as a member of Parliament and as Minister of Gender and Child Welfare before she became the President of the Republic of Malawi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malawi–South Africa relations</span> Bilateral relations

Malawian-South African relations refers to the bilateral relationship between Malawi and South Africa. South Africa's first formal relationship with an independent African country was established with Malawi, beginning in 1967.

Billy Abner Mayaya is a Malawian human rights activist, artist, poet and theologian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peter Mutharika</span> President of Malawi from 2014 to 2020

Arthur Peter Mutharika is a Malawian politician and lawyer who was President of Malawi from May 2014 to June 2020. Mutharika has worked in the field of international justice, specialising in international economic law, international law and comparative constitutional law. He informally served as an adviser to his older brother, President Bingu wa Mutharika, on issues of foreign and domestic policy from the onset of his election campaign until the President's death on 5 April 2012.

The Malawi Young Pioneers (MYP) were the paramilitary wing of the Malawi Congress Party. Their Commander-in-Chief was President Hastings Kamuzu Banda. They originally were supposed to function as a national youth service program with a development agenda. However over time, they strayed away from this agenda and became an intricate network of espionage and terror. The Young Pioneers were a major instrument for the operationalisation of Dr Banda's one-party totalitarian dictatorship and domestic terrorism. Pioneers bore arms, conducted espionage and intelligence operations, and were Banda's most trusted bodyguards around Hastings Kamuzu Banda. Both the Malawi Army and Police resented the Pioneers for usurping their roles as security agents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Etta Banda</span> Malawian politician

Eta Elizabeth Banda is a former Malawian politician who was the country's Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2009 to 2011. Prior to entering politics, she worked as a health professional and university administrator.

The 2011 Malawi protests were protests aimed at winning political and economic reforms or concessions from the government of Malawi. On 20 July, Malawian organisations protested against perceived poor economic management and poor governance by President Bingu wa Mutharika and his Democratic Progressive Party. After the first two days of protests, 18 deaths, 98 serious injuries and 275 arrests had been reported. Further demonstrations were organised on 17 August and 21 September The first protest was later cancelled due to the intervention of a UN representative in initiating a dialogue; however, the talks broke down with more protests planned for Red Wednesday through a national vigil.

The 2012 Malawian constitutional crisis occurred from April 5, 2012 - April 7, 2012 after senior members of the Democratic Progressive Party-led cabinet failed to notify the public of the death of the sitting president, Bingu wa Mutharika on April 5. Instead, cabinet ministers held a series of meetings in Lilongwe, Malawi without vice-president Joyce Banda with the aim of undermining the constitution and Banda's succession to Presidency. News confirming his death had, however, quickly spread across the country through word of mouth, cellphone text messages, Malawian bloggers, Twitter, Facebook, and on listservs by the end of the day on April 5, 2012. Therefore, the failure to announce his death resulted in speculation over the real health of the president and over whether the succession procedures would be followed as outlined in the constitution. According to the constitution, the vice-president takes over but there had been no official word on a successor or communication with the vice-president. Amidst growing speculation, the Cabinet announced that the president's brother, Peter Mutharika, the foreign minister, was the new President of the party on April 6. The Cabinet only announced his death two days after his death, after which Banda became Malawi's first female President.

General Henry Odillo was Commander of the Malawian Defence Force. He was appointed as the commander General of Malawi defence force in July 2011 after the nationwide protests against Bingu wa Mutharika's presidency in which wa Mutharika accused the organizers of the protest of plotting a coup against him. He replaced General Marko Chiziko. Prior to this appointment he served as the military attache at the Malawi High Commission in London. General Odillo was dismissed by Malawi's new President Arthur Mutharika in June 2014. President Mutharika promoted Major-General Ignacio Maulana to the rank of General and appointed him the new Commander of the Army.

Marko Chiziko was the former Commander General of the Malawian Defence Force (MDF). He was born in Dowa at Chiziko Village, Chakhaza Traditional authority.

Kamuzu Barracks Football Club are a Malawian football (soccer) club based in Lilongwe and currently playing in the TNM Super League, the top division of Malawian football.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kamuzu Mausoleum</span> Mausoleum in Malawi

Kamuzu Mausoleum is a resting place of the first president of Malawi, Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda situated within Kamuzu Memorial Park. The monument holds historical significance and is dedicated to the late President Kamuzu Banda, who led Malawi to independence. Banda was born on 14 May 1898 and ruled from 1961 to 1994. He died on 25 November 1997 at the age of 99.

References

Further reading

Also relevant:

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.