Maquenque National Wildlife Refuge

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Maquenque National Wildlife Refuge
Refugio de Vida Silvestre Maquenque
Costa Rica relief location map.jpg
Red pog.svg
Location Costa Rica
Nearest city Puerto Viejo de Sarapiquí, Pital
Coordinates 10°42′N84°09′W / 10.70°N 84.15°W / 10.70; -84.15
Area518.61 km2 (200.24 sq mi) [1]
Established2005 [2]
Governing bodyNational System of Conservation Areas (SINAC)
Official nameHumedal Maquenque
Designated22 May 2010
Reference no.1918 [3]

Maquenque Wildlife Refuge (Spanish : Refugio de Vida Silvestre Maquenque), is a protected area in Costa Rica, managed under the Arenal Huetar Norte Conservation Area, it was created in 2005 by decree 32405-MINAE. [1] [4]

Contents

It connects Tortuguero National Park and La Selva Biological Station in the Cordillera Central in Costa Rica, with the Barra del Colorado Wildlife Refuge, the Indio-Maíz Biological Reserve, Punta Gorda Natural Reserve and the Cerro Silva Natural Reserve in Nicaragua, thereby allowing animals to move between the regions. This region is now known as the San Juan-La Selva Biological Corridor, located between the San Carlos River and the Sarapiquí River and other areas near the Nicaraguan border. [5] [6] [7]

The nearest towns and villages are Puerto Viejo de Sarapiquí and Pital. [8]

History

The refuge was created in 2005 from existing reserves such as El Jardín Hill Forest Reserve (Spanish : Reserva Forestal Cerro El Jardín), Cureña Forest Reserve (Spanish : Reserva Forestal Cureña), Laguna Maquenque Wetlands (Spanish : Humedal Laguna Maquenque) and the Tamborcito Lacustrine Wetlands (Spanish : Humedal Lacustrino Tamborcito), which were deprecated and assimilated into the current refuge.

In 1998 a number of ornithologists proposed creating a new national park in this area, in order to help link other existing neighbouring areas in Costa Rica and Nicaragua, and thus protect the great green macaw population. Instead, the Costa Rican government created a wildlife refuge in 2005.

The concept of this area as a biological corridor was already proposed in 1985 by the first revolutionary Sandinista government as the "Sistema Internacional de Areas Protegidas para la Paz" (SI-A-PAZ). [9] It became Ramsar Site 1918 in 2010. [3] The area is administratively part of the Arenal Huetar Norte Conservation Area.

Habitats

It features a very wet, non-seasonal, evergreen rainforest environment with a yearly precipitation of 3,000-3,600mm. 70.21% is primary forest, 6.17% is secondary forest or scrubland, and 20.13% is devoted to agriculture. There are many epiphytes, vines and climbing plants, and a dense understory. [10] [2]

The reserve included wetlands [11] and protected an example of the virgin tropical moist forest that once blanketed the territory alongside the San Juan River.

It also has a lake complex and palustrine ecosystems. [3] [8] The lake complex consists of at least four major lakes: Canacas, Colpachi, Maquenque and Tamborcito. [8] [12]

Species

Flora

The permanently inundated swamps are home to stands of the palm Raphia taedigera and are surrounded by thickets of species in the family Melastomataceae. Other plants associated with this habitat are the trees Vochysia ferruginea and Pentaclethra macroloba and the palm Socratea exorrhiza. Pachira aquatica grows in this habitat in more inland swamps. Zygia confusa borders lakes in dense stands. [8] Dry land contains large amounts of almendro trees ( Dipteryx oleifera ), a favoured food source of the great green macaw, which may grow to 60m high. [7] [10] Another emergent tree is Ceiba pentandra . [10] Other common trees here are Calophyllum brasiliense , Vochysia ferruginea, Pentaclethra macroloba and the palm Socratea exorrhiza . Intermediate succession lowland woodlands are home to the threatened taxa Carapa guianensis , Terminalia amazonica , Minquartia guianensis and Qualea paraensis . Non-native trees in secondary woodland are primarily Gmelina arborea , teak Tectona grandis and Terminalia ivorensis (locally known as acacia). [8] Endangered plants include the conifer Podocarpus guatemalensis and the trees Cedrela fissilis , Sclerolobium costarricense , Platymiscium pinnatum and Hymenolobium mesoamericanum . Rare endemic plants include Quararibea pumila , Trichilia adolfi and Vochysia allenii . Rare plants furthermore include Aspidosperma spruceanum , and threatened lowland trees Handroanthus guayacan , Ceiba pentandra, Sideroxylon capiri , Copaifera aromatica , Dalbergia glomerata , D. melanocardium, Prioria copaifera , Terminalia oblonga and the very uncommon Cynometra retusa . [12]

Lake Canaca is surrounded by tall trees of Pentaclethra macroloba, Vochysia ferruginea and Dialum guianense , the bush Palicourea tomentosa, and smaller trees of Calophyllum brasiliense, Cespedesia macrophylla , Couma macrocarpa and Virola koschnyi . The palm Raphia taedigera is dominant, and the palms Socratea exorrhiza and Welfia regia grow here too. [12]

Lake Colpachi has the large trees Brosimum utile , Inga alba , Pentaclethra macroloba, Vochysia ferruginea and Pouteria durlandii surrounding it, interspersed with smaller trees of Alibertia atlantica , Byrsonima crispa , Casearia arborea , Cordia bicolor , Croton smithianus , C. schiedeanus, Ferdinandusa panamensis , Laetia procera , Stryphnodendron microstachyum , Vismia macrophylla and the pioneer tree species Simarouba amara , Tapirira guianensis and Jacaranda copaia in former clearings, and shrubs of Zygia confusa. Invasive species include Gmelina arborea. [12]

Lake Maquenque is fringed with shrubs of Zygia confusa, the large herbaceous Maranthes panamensis , the shrubs Miconia punctata and Mouriri gleasoniana , the walking palm (Socratea exorrhiza), the smallish trees Virola sebifera , Byrsonima crispa, Eschweilera costaricensis and E. panamensis, and large trees of Terminalia amazonica, Pentaclethra macroloba and Vochysia ferruginea. [12]

Lake Tamborcito has in its surroundings the tall trees Brosimum utile, Pentaclethra macroloba, Swartzia maquenqueana and Vochysia ferruginea, the smaller trees Eschweilera costaricensis, |E. panamensis, Ferdinandusa panamensis, Laetia procera, Licania affinis and L. belloi, the smallish pioneer tree species Jacaranda copaia, Simarouba amara and Tapirira guianensis, the palm Socratea exorrhiza, and the shrubs Hirtella media , Miconia punctata and Mouriri gleasoniana. Rare plants include Elaeoluma glabrescens and Vantanea barbourii . [12]

Fifty meters from the lakes the following plants have been recorded as food plants for the great green macaw: the palms Iriartea deltoidea , Raphia taedigera, Socratea exorrhiza and Welfia regia, the large shrub Solanum rugosum , the emergent trees Balizia elegans and Dipteryx oleifera, the trees Byrsonima crispa, Cespedesia macrophylla, Croton schiedeanus, Dialum guianense, Guarea rhopalocarpa , Laetia procera, Pentaclethra macroloba, Qualea paraensis, Sacoglottis tricogyna , Vantanea barbourii, Virola koschnyi, Virola sebifera and Vochysia ferruginea. [12]

Fauna

Fish

There have been 80 fish species registered as of 2008. [8] The bobo mullet ( Joturus pichardi ), Brachyrhaphis olomina , [12] knife livebearer fish ( Alfaro cultratus ) and the tetra ( Astyanax fasciatus ) are quite common. [8] The endangered tropical gar ( Atractosteus tropicus ), known locally as pez gaspar, occurs here. [3] The large bull shark ( Carcharhinus leucas ) and the sawfish Pristis pristis and P. pectinata can also occur. An endemic fish species is Priapichtys annectens , found at a range of altitudes here. Threatened fish species include Cynodonichthys isthmensis and Dajaus monticola . Other fish include the common snook ( Centropomus undecimalis ) [12] and the chiclids Parachromis dovii , Parachromis loisellei , Parachromis managuensis and Hypsophrys nicaraguensis . [8]

Amphibians

The following amphibians, all considered threatened in Costa Rica, occur here (as of 2001): the caecilians Dermophis parviceps and Gymnopis multiplicata , the toad Bufo melanochloris , the low elevation glass frogs Sachatamia ilex , Teratohyla spinosa and Centrolenella magna , the endemic glass frog Hyalinobatrachium vireovittatum restricted to higher elevations, the low elevation poison dart frogs Dendrobates auratus , D. pumilio and Phyllobates lugubris , the salamanders Bolitoglossa alvaradoi and B. arborescandens both endemics found only in the higher elevations and B. colonnea in the canopy at all elevations, and the salamanders Oedipina alfaroi (endemic), O. carablanca (endemic), O. collaris and O. cyclocauda at low elevations. Threatened tree frogs include the high elevation Hyla colymba , H. miliaria, H. rufioculis (endemic) and the endangered Agalychnis annae , the low elevation A. calcarifer and A. saltator and those tree frogs with no particular elevation preferences: A. lemur, Hyla microcephala and the spiny-headed tree frog ( Anotheca spinosa ). There are particularly many rare species of rain frogs including Eleutherodactylus altae with low to mid elevation preferences, E. andi (mid elevations), the endemic E. angelicus of mid to higher elevations, the low elevation E. biporcatus, E. fleischmanni from mid to very high elevations, E. gollmeri from low to mid elevations, the low elevation E. mimus, E. noblei from low to mid elevations, E. podiciferus from mid to high elevations and E. rugosus with no particular elevation preferences. [12]

Reptiles

Crocodilians are represented by the endangered American crocodile ( Crocodylus acutus ) and in reduced numbers the caiman Caiman crocodilus . Turtles include the Central American mud turtle ( Kinosternon angustipons ) and the locally endangered common snapping turtle ( Chelydra serpentina ). Snakes include Boa constrictor , the endemic Sibon argus , the endemic earth snake Geophis ruthveni and the pit viper-eating mussurana ( Clelia clelia ). Other boas are the small Ungaliophis panamensis , and the larger Corallus annulatus ssp. annulatus and rainbow boa ( Epicrates cenchria ). Tropical ground snakes include Trimetopon gracile , T. pliolepis, T. simile and T. viquezi, all endemics to Costa Rica. Lizards include the green iguana ( Iguana iguana ), the endemic Yautepec tropical night lizard ( Lepidophyma reticulatum ), the gecko Thecadactylus rapicauda , Ptychoglossus plicatus , Celestus hylaeus (endemic) and the anoles Polychrus gutturosus , Norops carpenteri , N. fungosus, N. lemurinus, N. pentaprion, N. sericeus, Dactyloa frenata and D. insignis. [12]

Birds

Endangered birds include the great green macaw, the stork Jabiru mycteria , sungrebe (Heliornis fulica), the motmot Electron carinatum [8] and the scarlet macaw which is reasonably common here. [10] Other parrots considered locally threatened which occur are Amazona autumnalis and A. farinosa. An uncommon bird is the rufous-vented ground cuckoo (Neomorphus geoffroyi ssp. salvini). [12] Other birds include dusky antbird ( Cercomacroides tyrannina ), rufescent tiger-Heron ( Tigrisoma lineatum ), keel-billed toucan ( Ramphastos sulfuratus ), Psittacara finschi parakeets, [10] scaled pigeon (Patagioenas speciosa), the doves Geotrygon violacea and G. veraguensis, the hummingbird Lophornis helenae , the threatened South American bittern ( Botaurus pinnatus ) and least bittern ( Ixobrychus exilis ), the vulnerable agami heron ( Agamia agami ), sunbittern (Eurypyga helias), Muscovy duck ( Cairina moschata ), masked duck ( Nomonyx dominicus ), the trogon Trogon clathratus , the quetzal Pharomachrus mocinno at higher altitudes, the green-and-rufous kingfisher (Chloroceryle inda) and the great jacamar (Jacamerops aureus) at the lowest altitudes, the motmot Hylomanes momotula , the locally threatened green ibis ( Mesembrinibis cayennensis ) and roseate spoonbill ( Platalea ajaja ), and the locally threatened tinamous Tinamus major and Crypturellus boucardi ssp. costaricensis. The only bird endemic to Costa Rica found here is the hummingbird Orcha cupreiceps . [12]

Locally endangered birds of prey include the solitary eagle ( Buteogallus solitarius ), the harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja), the eagle Morphnus guianensis , the hawk-eagle Spizastur melanoleucus , red-throated caracara (Ibycter americanus) and the falcon Falco deiroleucus . Locally threatened birds of prey include the falcons F. peregrinus and Micrastur mirandollei , the king vulture (Sarcoramphus papa), crested owl (Lophostrix cristata), hook-billed kite (Chondrohierax uncinatus), snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis), fishing hawk Busarellus nigricollis , tiny hawk (Accipiter superciliosus), semiplumbeous hawk (Leucopternis semiplumbeus), great black hawk (Buteogallus urubitinga), crane hawk (Geranospiza caerulescens) and the hawk-eagles Spizaetus ornatus and S. tyrannus. [12]

Galliformes include the vulnerable great curassow (Crax rubra), the threatened crested guan (Penelope purpurascens) and the quails Odontophorus melanotis and Rhynchortyx cinctus . [12]

Passerine birds which occur here and are rare for Costa Rica are the yellow-tailed oriole (Icterus mesomelas), tawny-chested flycatcher (Aphanotriccus capitalis), lovely cotinga (Cotinga amabilis), strong-billed woodcreeper (Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus); the mid-elevation brown-billed scythebill (Campylorhamphus pusillus) and long-tailed woodcreeper (Deconychura longicauda); the speckled mourner (Laniocera rufescens), Piprites griseiceps , Carpodectes nitidus and Lanio leucothorax at lower altitudes; and the three-wattled bellbird (Procnias tricarunculatus) and bare-necked umbrellabird (Cephalopterus glabricollis) usually found at higher altitudes. [12]

Mammals

As of 1997 mammals included endangered manatees, [2] [3] the paca Cuniculus paca , [8] the agouti Dasyprocta punctata , the squirrel Sciurus deppei , the nationally uncommon opossum Metachirus nudicaudatus , the locally endangered giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), silky anteater ( Cyclopes didactylus ), the locally reduced Hoffmann's two-toed sloth ( Choloepus hoffmanni ), brown-throated sloth ( Bradypus variegatus ), the locally threatened armadillo ( Cabassous centralis ), [12] jaguar ( Panthera onca ), [3] puma ( Puma concolor ), [8] jaguarundi ( Herpailurus yagouaroundi ), margay ( Leopardus wiedii ), ocelot ( Leopardus pardalis ), cacomistle ( Bassariscus sumichrasti ), olingo ( Bassaricyon gabbii ), grison ( Galictis vittata ), [12] the locally endangered otter Lontra longicaudis , tapir ( Tapirus bairdii ), the deer Mazama americana [8] and Odocoileus virginianus , [12] and both the locally endangered white-lipped peccary and the collared peccary. Monkeys included the locally endangered howler monkey Alouatta palliata , the spider monkey Ateles geoffroyi [8] and the locally uncommon Cebus imitator , White-nosed coati, Bats included the vampire bat Vampyrum spectrum , and only at low elevations the rare Cyttarops alecto , the rare disk-winged bat Thyroptera discifera , the very rare Micronycteris daviesi and the uncommon Caribbean white tent-making bat ( Ectophylla alba ). [12]

Socioeconomic activities

The nearby town of Boca Tapada in Pital, has an abundance of ecolodges,. [13]

Land surrounding the area is either wooded or used for agriculture. Cattle ranching is important, as are hundreds of pineapple and sugar cane plantations. Other crops are bananas, heart of palm, plantains and cassava. Due to the wildlife refuge status, development is restricted for the residents. [11] [13]

Related Research Articles

La Selva Biological Station is a protected area encompassing 1,536 ha of low-land tropical rain forest in northeastern Costa Rica. It is owned and operated by the Organization for Tropical Studies, a consortium of universities and research institutions from the United States, Costa Rica, and Puerto Rico. Recognized internationally as one of the most productive field stations in the world for tropical forest research and peer-reviewed publications, La Selva hosts approximately 300 scientists and 100 university courses every year. The primary goal of La Selva Biological Station is to preserve and protect an intact forest, as well as providing laboratory facilities for tropical research and education. The research potential of the area is not only vital to tropical ecology, but it is also an important location in the effort to study relations between local communities and protected areas. In addition, its high diversity and ease of access to the Puerto Viejo-Horquetas highway makes La Selva an important ecotourism destination and environmental education center for tourists and the local community.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wildlife of Costa Rica</span> Wildlife in Costa Rica

The wildlife of Costa Rica comprises all naturally occurring animals, fungi and plants that reside in this Central American country. Costa Rica supports an enormous variety of wildlife, due in large part to its geographic position between North and South America, its neotropical climate, and its wide variety of habitats. Costa Rica is home to more than 500,000 species, which represent nearly 5% of the species estimated worldwide, making Costa Rica one of the 20 countries with the highest biodiversity in the world. Of these 500,000 species, a little more than 300,000 are insects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Great green macaw</span> Species of bird

The great green macaw, also known as Buffon's macaw or the great military macaw, is a critically endangered Central and South America parrot found in Nicaragua, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia and Ecuador. Two allopatric subspecies are recognized; the nominate subspecies, Ara ambiguus ssp. ambiguus, occurs from Honduras to Colombia, while Ara ambiguus ssp. guayaquilensis appears to be endemic to remnants of dry forests on the southern Pacific coast of Ecuador. The nominate subspecies lives in the canopy of wet tropical forests and in Costa Rica is usually associated with the almendro tree, Dipteryx oleifera.

Güeppi-Sekime National Park is a protected area located in the Peruvian region of Loreto, on the border with Ecuador. The park encompasses 203,628.51 hectares (2,036 km2) of forests in a landscape that features hills and seasonally flooded lowlands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tambopata National Reserve</span> Peruvian nature reserve

Tambopata National Reserve is a Peruvian nature reserve located in the southeastern region of Madre de Dios. It was established on September 4, 2000, by decree of President Alberto Fujimori. The reserve protects several ecosystems of the tropical rainforest for the preservation of such forest and the sustainable use of forest resources by the peoples around the reserve.

<i>Astrocaryum alatum</i> Species of palm

Astrocaryum alatum is a species of palm with edible nuts, a flowering plant in the family Arecaceae. It is a common species found many types of rainforests and swamps in Honduras, Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Panama.

<i>Socratea</i> Genus of palms

Socratea is a genus of five species of palms found in tropical Central America and South America.

The Ichigkat Muja – Cordillera del Condor National Park is a protected area in Peru located in the region of Amazonas. It protects part of the Eastern Andes forests at the Cordillera del Condor mountain range.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tortuguero National Park</span>

Tortuguero National Park is a national park in the Limón Province of Costa Rica. It is situated within the Tortuguero Conservation Area of the northeastern part of the country. Despite its remote location, reachable only by airplane or boat, it is the third-most visited park in Costa Rica. The park has a large variety of biological diversity due to the existence within the reserve of eleven different habitats, including rainforest, mangrove forests, swamps, beaches, and lagoons. Located in a tropical climate, it is very humid, and receives up to 250 inches (6,400 mm) of rain a year.

<i>Pentaclethra macroloba</i> Species of legume

Pentaclethra macroloba is a large and common leguminous tree in the genus Pentaclethra native to the wet tropical areas of the northern Neotropics, which can form monocultural stands in some seasonally flooded habitats. It has giant, bipinnate leaves shaped like feathers. It uses seed dispersal by water to establish itself in new areas, having floating seeds that are left behind after the waters recede after floods or tides. It has hard timber which is not very resistant to rot in the tropics, but it can be treated, has a pretty pink-red colour when dry, and has a number of uses. Oil used in cosmetics is extracted from the large seeds. In the northern Amazon region the bark is used in herbal medicine as an antivenom, and in the Guianas the bark has been used as a fish poison. Despite their toxicity, the seeds are eaten by variegated squirrels, parrots and macaws, and serve as the nurseries of the larvae of the moth Carmenta surinamensis.

<i>Lecythis ampla</i> Species of tree

Lecythis ampla is a species of woody plant in the family Lecythidaceae, which also includes the Brazil nut. Common names include coco, olla de mono, jicaro and salero. It is found in Central and South America. It has been considered an endangered species in Costa Rica.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Negro–Branco moist forests</span> Tropical broadleaf forest covering portions of Venezuela, Colombia, and Brazil

The Negro–Branco moist forests (NT0143) is an ecoregion of tropical moist broadleaf forest to the east of the Andes in southern Venezuela, eastern Colombia and northern Brazil, in the Amazon biome. It lies on the watershed between the Orinoco and Rio Negro basins. It includes both blackwater and whitewater rivers, creating different types of seasonally flooded forest. The vegetation is more typical of the Guiana region than the Amazon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marajó várzea</span>

The Marajó várzea (NT0138) is an ecoregion of seasonally and tidally flooded várzea forest in the Amazon biome. It covers a region of sedimentary islands and floodplains at the mouth of the Amazon that is flooded twice daily as the ocean tides push the river waters onto the land. The flooded forests provide food for a wide variety of fruit-eating fish, aquatic mammals, birds and other fauna. It has no protected areas and is threatened by cattle and water-buffalo ranching, logging and fruit plantations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monte Alegre várzea</span> Ecoregion in Brazil

The Monte Alegre várzea (NT0141) is an ecoregion of seasonally flooded várzea forest along the Amazon River in the Amazon biome.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solimões–Japurá moist forests</span> Ecoregion in the Amazon biome

The Solimões-Japurá moist forests (NT0163) is an ecoregion in northwest Brazil and eastern Peru and Colombia in the Amazon biome. It has a hot climate with high rainfall throughout the year, and holds one of the most diverse collections of fauna and flora in the world. The ecoregion is relatively intact.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Juruá–Purus moist forests</span> Ecoregion in the Amazon biome

The Juruá–Purus moist forests (NT0133) is an ecoregion in northwest Brazil in the Amazon biome. The terrain is very flat and soils are poor. The rivers flood annually. There are no roads in the region, and the dense rainforest is relatively intact, although plans to extend the Trans-Amazonian Highway through the region would presumably cause widespread damage to the habitat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guianan moist forests</span>

The Guianan moist forests (NT0125) is an ecoregion in the east of Venezuela, north of Brazil and the Guyanas. It is in the Amazon biome. The climate is hot and humid, with two rainy seasons each year. As of 1996 the tropical rainforest habitat was relatively intact, although there were mounting threats from illegal logging and gold mining.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern Panamanian montane forests</span>

The Eastern Panamanian montane forests (NT0122) is an ecoregion in the east of Panama and the extreme northwest of Colombia. It contains diverse flora and fauna, with considerable endemism. The ecoregion is largely intact due to its inaccessibility, although the opening of an extension of the Pan-American Highway has introduced threats from human activity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Santa Marta montane forests</span>

The Santa Marta montane forests (NT0159) is an ecoregion in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, a massif on the Caribbean coast of northern Colombia. The ecoregion covers altitudes from near sea level up to around 3,300 metres (10,827 ft), where it gives way to Santa Marta páramo. The isolation of the massif and the range of elevations and climates has resulted in a wide variety of species including many endemics. The lower levels contained tropical rainforest, which has largely been cleared. Higher up, this gives way to cloud forest. Much of this has also been cleared for coffee plantations, pasture for sheep and cattle, and farming.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Western Ecuador moist forests</span>

The Western Ecuador Moist Forests (NT0178), also known as the Pacific Forest of Ecuador, is an ecoregion in the plains and western foothills of the Andes of southern Colombia and Ecuador. At one time this region contained dense forests with highly diverse flora and fauna, and many endemic species. Most of the original habitat has now been destroyed, and the ecoregion is one of the most threatened in the world.

References

  1. 1 2 "Refugio de Vida Silvestre Maquenque Map". SINAC. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  2. 1 2 3 Chassot, Olivier; Monge Arias, Guisselle; Powell, George (2007). "Biología de la Conservación de Ara ambiguus en Costa Rica, 1994-2006". Mesoamericana (in Spanish). 11 (2): 43–49. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Humedal Maquenque". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  4. ↑ "Refugio de Vida Silvestre Maquenque". Protected Planet. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  5. ↑ Chassot, Olivier; Monge Arias, Guisselle (1 March 2012). "CONNECTIVITY CONSERVATION OF THE GREAT GREEN MACAW'S LANDSCAPE IN COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA (1994-2012)" (PDF). PARKS. 18 (1). doi:10.2305/IUCN.CH.2012.PARKS-18-1.OC.en (inactive 31 January 2024). Retrieved 18 August 2019.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
  6. ↑ "Green Macaw". Centro Científico Tropical. 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  7. 1 2 Arias, Guisselle Monge; Chassott, Olivier (November 2002). "Great Green Macaw: Flagship Species of Costa Rica" (PDF). PsittaScene (53). Retrieved 2013-01-30.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Mauricio Salas Varga (July 2008). Humedales de Ramsar (FIR) – Versión 2006-2008 (PDF) (Report) (in Spanish). Centro Científico Tropical. pp. 1–34. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
  9. ↑ "Salvemos la Reserva Indio Maíz, pulmón de Centroamérica". Salvemos la Reserva Indio Maíz. 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Chassot, Olivier; Monge Arias, Guisselle; Alemán Zelaya, Indalecio; González Téllez, Adolfo (November 2011). "Primer reporte de un árbol con nidos activos de guacamayo rojo (Ara macao) y guacamayo verde mayor (Ara ambiguus) en bosque muy húmedo tropical de Centroamérica". Zeledonia (in Spanish). 15 (1–2): 72–79. ISSN   1659-0732 . Retrieved 26 August 2019.
  11. 1 2 Andrea (2019). "Boca Tapada, Northern Lowlands - Costa Rica 2019 Travel Guide". Anywhere. Anywhere, Inc. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Humedales de Ramsar (FIR) – Anexo #2 Biodiversidad 2009 (PDF) (Report) (in Spanish). Centro Científico Tropical. 2009. pp. 2–12. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
  13. 1 2 "Boca Tapada, Costa Rica". Enter Costa Rica. Pacific Trade Winds. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
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