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The history of the Kyrgyz people and the land now called Kyrgyzstan goes back more than 3,000 years. Although geographically isolated by its mountainous location,it had an important role as part of the historical Silk Road trade route. In between periods of self-government it was ruled by Göktürks,the Uyghur Empire,and the Khitan people,before being conquered by the Mongols in the 13th century;subsequently it regained independence but was invaded by Kalmyks,Manchus and Uzbeks. In 1876 it became part of the Russian Empire,remaining in the USSR as the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic after the Russian Revolution. Following Mikhael Gorbachev's democratic reforms in the USSR,in 1990 pro-independence candidate Askar Akayev was elected president of the SSR. On 31 August 1991,Kyrgyzstan declared independence from Moscow,and a democratic government was subsequently established.
The politics of Kyrgyzstan,officially known as the Kyrgyz Republic,takes place in the framework of a presidential system representative democratic republic,whereby the President is head of state and the Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers is head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Kyrgyzstan a "hybrid regime" in 2019.
The Tulip Revolution or First Kyrgyz Revolution led to President of Kyrgyzstan Askar Akayev's fall from power. The revolution began after parliamentary elections on February 27 and March 13,2005. The revolutionaries alleged corruption and authoritarianism by Akayev,his family and supporters. Akayev fled to Kazakhstan and then to Russia. On April 4,2005,at the Kyrgyz embassy in Moscow,Akayev signed his resignation statement in the presence of a Kyrgyz parliamentary delegation. The resignation was ratified by the Kyrgyz interim parliament on April 11,2005.
Roza Isakovna Otunbayeva is a Kyrgyz diplomat and politician who served as the President of Kyrgyzstan from 7 April 2010 until 1 December 2011,becoming the first female Central Asian head of state. She was sworn in on July 3,2010,after acting as interim leader following the 2010 April Revolution,which led to the ousting of President Kurmanbek Bakiyev. She previously served as Minister of Foreign Affairs and as head of the parliamentary caucus for the Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan.
Absamat Masaliyevich Masaliyev was the first Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kirghizia from November 1985 until Kyrgyz independence,and led the Party of Communists of Kyrgyzstan afterwards.
Edil Baisalov is a Kyrgyz politician,civil society activist who currently serves as the Kyrgyz Republic's Ambassador to the Court of St James's. He played prominent role in the Tulip Revolution of 2005 and following the 2010 Kyrgyzstani uprising on April 7,2010 briefly served as Chief of Staff of the interim government led by Roza Otunbayeva. In 1999-2007 Baisalov led the 'Coalition for Civil Society and Democracy',the largest Kyrgyz advocacy and election monitoring network.
Almazbek Sharshenovich Atambayev is a Kyrgyz politician who served as the President of Kyrgyzstan from 1 December 2011 to 24 November 2017. He was Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan from 17 December 2010 to 1 December 2011,and from 29 March 2007 to 28 November 2007. He served as Chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan (SDPK) from 30 July 1999 to 23 September 2011.
Jeti-Ögüz is a balneotherapic resort located at the Jeti-Ögüz Rocks near Issyk Kul in the Jeti-Ögüz District of Issyk-Kul Region of Kyrgyzstan,about 28 km west of Karakol,and near Jeti Ögüz village. Its population was 250 in 2009.
A constitutional referendum was held in Kyrgyzstan on 27 June 2010 to reduce presidential powers and strengthen democracy in the wake of the riots earlier in the year. Parliamentary elections followed on 10 October 2010.
Sooronbay Sharipovich Jeenbekov is a Kyrgyz politician who served as the 5th President of Kyrgyzstan from 2017 until his resignation in 2020,following a week of protests. Prior to that he served as the Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan from April 2016 to August 2017.
Bakyt Ergeshevich Torobayev is a Kyrgyz politician who has been the leader of the Onuguu-Progress party since 2013.
Myktybek Yusupovich Abdyldayev is a Kyrgyz politician,and current member of the Supreme Council of Kyrgyzstan as deputy for the Bir Bol party.
Nurbek Kaaryevich Alimbekov is a Kyrgyz politician,and current member of the Supreme Council of Kyrgyzstan.
Erkingul Bekbachaevna Imankozhoeva is an environmental activist and politician from Kyrgyzstan.
Raimbek Matraimov is a Kyrgyz politician. He was the deputy chair of the State Customs Service of Kyrgyzstan. After being fired in late 2017,Matraimov became a central figure in an ongoing large scale money-laundering case,one of the biggest scandals in the history of Kyrgyz politics.
Birimdik officially the Party of Democratic Socialism—Eurasian Choice "Birimdik" is a pro-Jeenbekov political party in Kyrgyzstan,founded in 2005 as the Birimdik Democratic Party. On May 8,2013 it was registered with the current name. The party includes many former officials and deputies.
Mekenim Kyrgyzstan is a centre-right political party in Kyrgyzstan which was founded in 2015. In August 2020,Ata-Zhurt announced it would be running on a joint list with the party for the upcoming elections. The party is viewed as supportive of Kyrgyz President Sooronbay Jeenbekov.
The 2020 Kyrgyzstani protests began on 5 October 2020 in response to the recent parliamentary election that was perceived by protestors as unfair,with allegations of vote rigging. The results of the election were annulled on 6 October 2020. On 12 October 2020,President Jeenbekov announced a state of emergency in the capital city of Bishkek,which was approved by Parliament the following day. Jeenbekov resigned on 15 October 2020.
Sadyr Nurgozhoevich Japarov is a Kyrgyz politician who has served as the president of Kyrgyzstan since 28 January 2021. He had previously served as the acting prime minister of Kyrgyzstan in the 2020 interim government following the resignation of Sooronbay Jeenbekov on 15 October 2020 amidst electoral protests. Japarov also became acting president of Kyrgyzstan after Jeenbekov's resignation but resigned himself on 14 November 2020. On 10 January 2021,Japarov was elected as President of Kyrgyzstan.
Snap parliamentary elections are scheduled to be held in Kyrgyzstan on 28 November 2021. They follow the annulment of the results of the October 2020 elections and the subsequent protests.
References
- 1 2 "АМАНКУЛОВ Марат Аскерович". CentrAsia. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Аманкулов Марат Аскерович". Supreme Council of Kyrgyzstan. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
- 1 2 3 "Kyrgyzstan: Party leader's anti-independence quip sparks election drama | Eurasianet". Eurasianet . 2020-09-27. Archived from the original on 2020-09-27. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
- ↑ "Kyrgyzstan: A Guide To The Parties Competing In The Parliamentary Elections". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2020-10-06.
- ↑ "Kyrgyzstan: Demonstrators condemn "anti-independence" remarks | Eurasianet". Eurasianet . 2020-09-27. Retrieved 2020-09-27.