Maurandya

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Maurandya
Maurandya barclayana.jpg
Maurandya barclayana
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Plantaginaceae
Tribe: Antirrhineae
Genus: Maurandya
Ortega [1]
Species

See text

Synonyms [2]
  • ReichardiaRoth 1800

Maurandya is a genus of flowering plants in the family Plantaginaceae, native to Mexico and the south west United States (from California to central Texas). They sprawl or climb by means of twining leaf stalks. One of the four species, Maurandya barclayana , is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant.

Contents

The generic name is often misspelt as Maurandia. Two of its species have at times been placed in the genera Epixiphium and Maurandella.

Description

The species of Maurandya are either herbaceous perennials with fibrous roots or, in the case of M. wislizeni , an annual with a tap root. All are sprawlers or climbers, climbing by means of twining leaf stalks (petioles). The leaves are shaped like broad or narrow arrowheads, more rarely heart-shaped. [2]

The flower stalks (peduncles) grow upwards and bear solitary flowers. The more-or-less triangular sepals are not joined together but jointly form an urn-shaped structure around the base of the flower. The petals (collectively the corolla) are joined at the base to form a tube with five free lobes at the tip. The lobes are differentiated into two upper ones, usually curving backwards, and three lower ones, usually pointing forwards. The corolla is whitish at the base with various colours further on: pink, red, violet, blue or combinations of these. In M. antirrhiniflora , the flowers have two "lips" partly enclosing the throat or tube of the flower; in the other species, the flower tube is open. [2]

There are four fertile stamens, two of one length and two of another, plus a rudimentary sterile stamen. The stamens and style are included in the flower. After fertilization, a two-valved capsule forms, of various shapes, containing dark brown seeds. [2]

Taxonomy

Maurandya scandens from The Botanist's Repository, 1797 Maurandya scandens - Bot.Rep. v.1 pl.63.jpg
Maurandya scandens from The Botanist's Repository, 1797

Maurandya scandens was the first species of the genus to be described for science, by Antonio José Cavanilles in 1793, based on plants being grown in Spain. He named the species Usteria scandens. However, the generic name Usteria had already been used in 1790, so was illegitimate. In 1797, Casimiro Gómez Ortega provided the legitimate generic name, Maurandya. A year later, Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin published the orthographic variant (i.e. misspelling) Maurandia. [3] The generic name Maurandya honours Catherina Pancratia Maurandy, the wife of a Spanish professor of botany, described by Ortega as the partner (socia) of his botanical labours. [4] [5] [Note 1]

The genus is placed in the tribe Antirrhineae; within this tribe, it is closely related to Lophospermum , Mabrya and Rhodochiton . [7] Both Lophospermum and Rhodochiton have been included in Maurandya as sections; [2] [8] [9] Mabrya was split off from Maurandya by Wayne J. Elisens. [2] Scientific names within these genera have been confused; for example, an image accepted by Tropicos as Lophospermum erubescens bears the caption Maurandya barclaiana (a variant spelling of Maurandya barclayana ). [10]

Phylogeny

A number of molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that subtribe Maurandyinae, defined by Elisen to consist of the five North American genera Holmgrenanthe, Lophospermum, Mabrya, Maurandya and Rhodochiton, forms a monophyletic group, which is related to the Old World genera Cymbalaria and Asarina . [7] [11] [12] Gehebrehiwet et al. suggested that the Maurandyinae could be expanded to include Cymbalaria and Asarina. [11] Vargas et al. presented the following cladogram in 2013: [12]

Antirrhineae
 

other clades

 
 
 
Cymbalaria lineage
 
 

Cymbalaria

 
 

Asarina

 
 
Maurandyinae sensu Elisens
 

Maurandya (including M. antirrhiniflora)

 
 
 

Rhodochiton

 
 
 

Lophospermum

 
 

Mabrya

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

other clades

 
 
 
Old World
New World

Vargas et al. concluded that the Antirrhineae evolved in the Old World and subsequently colonized North America more than once, probably in the Miocene epoch ( 23 to 5 million years ago ). One such colonization led to the evolution of the Maurandyinae (in Elisen's sense). [12]

Species

Maurandya antirrhiniflora, in cultivation Maurandya antirrhiniflora Starr-130313-2506.jpg
Maurandya antirrhiniflora, in cultivation
Maurandya wislizeni in its natural habitat Maurandya wislizeni 12May07 9239.jpg
Maurandya wislizeni in its natural habitat
Maurandya wislizeni Maurandya wislizeni 9Jun07 0040.jpg
Maurandya wislizeni

As of July 2014, four species are accepted: [2] [Note 2]

The partially closed flowers of M. antirrhiniflora compared to the open flowers of the other species have been a factor in some authorities putting it into a separate genus, Maurandella (or at least into a different section within Maurandya). Elisens does not consider the differences sufficient to warrant such a move. [2]

M. wislizeni is somewhat different from the other species; for example, it is the only annual growing from a tap root. Some authorities have put it into a separate genus, Epixiphium, or in a separate section within Maurandya. This has been rejected by Elisens in his monograph on the subtribe to which Maurandya belongs, on the grounds that the overall similarities "indicate a close relationship among the four species". He does however place this species in a separate subgenus, M. subgenus Epixiphium, with the other three species in M. subgenus Maurandya. [2]

Formerly placed here

A number of species formerly in Maurandya were put into a new genus, Mabrya , by Elisens and by David A. Sutton: [2] [13] [14]

Other species that have been placed in Maurandya include:

Distribution and habitat

Distribution of Maurandya species Maurandya Distribution.svg
Distribution of Maurandya species

Maurandya species are native to Mexico and the south west United States (from California through Arizona and New Mexico to central Texas). The most widespread, M. antirrhiniflora, occurs in a wide range of habitats, from sandy coastal soils to calcareous rocky areas and from sea level to 2,600 m (8,500 ft). The other three species are somewhat more restricted in habitat. M. wislizeni is an annual found in the Chihuahuan Desert. M. barclayana and M. scandens generally grow in mountainous regions of Mexico, from 1,500 to 2,400 m (4,900 to 7,900 ft). [22]

Some species of Maurandya have escaped cultivation and become naturalized, [2] including M. antirrhiniflora in Hawaii and Florida. [23]

Ecology

Maurandya antirrhiniflora and M. barclayana are known to be pollinated by long-tongued bees, defined as those with tongues more than 6 mm (0.2 in) long. Species pollinated in this way typically have white, blue or violet flowers with floral tubes around 13–35 mm (0.5–1.4 in) long. [24] The pollinator of M. wislizeni is unknown, but its flower colour and shape are similar, [2] suggesting it too is pollinated by long-tongued bees. M. scandens has flowers of a similar size and shape, but of a reddish-pink colour, normally associated with pollination by hummingbirds. It may have recently evolved from a bee-pollinated ancestor. [24]

Cultivation

Comparison of Maurandya barclayana with Lophospermum scandens: - Maurandya flower (1) is shorter with narrower sepals than Lophospermum flower (3) - Maurandya leaf (2) is smooth with entire (untoothed) margins; Lophospermum leaf (4) is somewhat hairy with toothed margins. Comparison of Lophospermum with Maurandya.jpg
Comparison of Maurandya barclayana with Lophospermum scandens:
– Maurandya flower (1) is shorter with narrower sepals than Lophospermum flower (3)
– Maurandya leaf (2) is smooth with entire (untoothed) margins; Lophospermum leaf (4) is somewhat hairy with toothed margins.

Maurandya barclayana has been cultivated as an ornamental climber since at least the 19th century. It was introduced into England in 1825 by Mr. Barclay, a London brewer. The Horticultural Society of London named it in honour of Dr. Maurandy, a botanical professor, at Carthegena, and Barclayana, in honour of the man who introduced it to England. [25] Joseph Paxton described its cultivation in 1836, saying that it was a "beautiful climber". [26] Elisens described it as "a particularly attractive hanging or climbing plant". [27] Maurandya scandens is also commonly cultivated and has escaped to grow in the wild. The two species can cross when grown together. [28]

As noted above, Maurandya and Lophospermum species have regularly been confused, particularly in cultivation. Cultivated species of Maurandya have shorter flowers than those of Lophospermum and leaves with entire rather than toothed margins. [2]

Plants may be grown from seed and treated as annuals. In frost-free climates, or where the roots can be protected from frost, plants may be perennial, regrowing from the base after dying back in the winter. [29] M. barclayana is said to be hardy to −5 °C (23 °F). [30]

Notes

  1. ↑ Elisens says that Catherine Maurandy was the Professor of Botany rather than her husband, [6] but this is incorrect, [4] as is also confirmed by Pennell. [5]
  2. ↑ Version 1.1 of The Plant List lists a further five species as "Accepted". However, in each case a synonym of the name is present in the database with the same status. For example, Maurandya acerifoliaPennell and Mabrya acerifolia(Pennell) Elisens are both said to be "Accepted". [Note 3]
  3. "Search for Maurandya", The Plant List, retrieved 2014-07-15

Related Research Articles

<i>Rhodochiton</i> Genus of flowering plants

Rhodochiton is a genus of flowering plants within the family Plantaginaceae, native to southern Mexico and neighbouring Guatemala. They climb by means of twining leaf stalks. One of the three species, Rhodochiton atrosanguineus, the purple bell vine, is grown as an ornamental plant. All three species are sometimes included in Lophospermum.

<i>Lophospermum</i> Genus of flowering plants

Lophospermum is a genus of herbaceous perennial climbers or scramblers, native to mountainous regions of Mexico and Guatemala. Those that climb use twining leaf stalks. Their flowers are tubular, in shades of red, violet and purple, the larger flowers being pollinated by hummingbirds. Now placed in the greatly expanded family Plantaginaceae, the genus was traditionally placed in the Scrophulariaceae. The close relationship with some other genera, particularly Maurandya and Rhodochiton, has led to confusion over the names of some species.

<i>Asarina</i> Genus of flowering plants

Asarina is a flowering plant genus of only one species, Asarina procumbens, the trailing snapdragon, which is native to southern Europe. Originally placed in the Scrophulariaceae, the genus has more recently been moved to the Plantaginaceae. Species from North America formerly placed in the genus Asarina are now placed in Holmgrenanthe, Lophospermum, Mabrya and Maurandya, as well as Neogaerrhinum. Asarina is now regarded as exclusively an Old World genus.

<i>Maurandella</i> Genus of flowering plants

Maurandella is an obsolete genus of flowering plants in the plantain family, Plantaginaceae. Species formerly placed in Maurandella are placed in Maurandya and Holmgrenanthe.

<i>Holmgrenanthe</i> Genus of flowering plants

Holmgrenanthe petrophila is a rare perennial desert plant in the plantain family (Plantaginaceae), and the sole species of the genus Holmgrenanthe. It forms low mats of branched stems growing from a woody base. The leaves have small spines along their edges. The solitary yellow flowers are tubular with five free lobes at the end, the upper two pointing backwards, the lower three projecting forwards. The species is known only from about ten locations, most in the Titus Canyon and the adjacent Fall Canyon, all within the Californian section of Death Valley National Park. It grows in limestone crevices on the canyon walls, often on the north face.

<i>Lophospermum erubescens</i> Species of flowering plant

Lophospermum erubescens, known as Mexican twist or creeping gloxinia, is a climbing or sprawling herbaceous perennial plant, native to the Sierra Madre Oriental mountains of Mexico, where it is found along forest margins or canyon walls. It climbs by means of twining leaf stalks. Wild plants have pink and white tubular flowers, although other colours are found in cultivation. It has been cultivated as an ornamental plant since at least 1830. Although not frost-hardy, it will survive if its base and roots are protected from freezing in the winter. It has escaped from cultivation and become naturalized in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, including Hawaii and eastern Australia.

<i>Lophospermum scandens</i> Species of flowering plant

Lophospermum scandens is a scambling or climbing herbaceous perennial native to south central Mexico, with red-violet and white tubular flowers and toothed heart-shaped leaves. It grows at elevations between 1,400 and 2,400 m in dry habitats, including deciduous oak forests and recent lava flows. The long-tubed flowers are pollinated by hummingbirds. It has been used in gardens as an ornamental plant since the mid-19th century. Its roots require protection from frost in regions where this occurs in the winter. Hybrids of L. scandens are also grown.

<i>Mabrya</i> Genus of flowering plants

Mabrya is a genus of flowering plants in the plantain family, Plantaginaceae. It consists of herbaceous perennials with brittle upright or drooping stems, found in dry areas of Mexico and the southern United States.

Antirrhineae Tribe of flowering plants

The Antirrhineae are one of the 12 tribes of the family Plantaginaceae. It contains the toadflax relatives, such as snapdragons. They are probably most closely related to the turtlehead tribe (Cheloneae) and/or a large and badly resolved core group of their family including plants as diverse as water-starworts (Callitriche), foxgloves (Digitalis), and speedwell (Veronica). The Antirrhineae include about 30 genera with roughly 320 species, of which 150 are in genus Linaria. The type genus is AntirrhinumL.

<i>Maurandya wislizeni</i> Species of flowering plant

Maurandya wislizeni is a scrambling or climbing herbaceous annual native to Mexico and the south western United States where it grows in sand dunes. It has tubular flowers in shades of blue to violet and white and more-or-less triangular untoothed leaves. It has been placed in a separate genus as Epixiphium wislizeni.

<i>Lophospermum purpusii</i> Species of flowering plant

Lophospermum purpusii is a scambling or climbing herbaceous perennial native to Mexico. It has tubular flowers, white at the base and red to violet elsewhere.

Rhodochiton hintonii is a climbing or sprawling herbaceous perennial native to the state of Guerrero in Mexico. It has dangling flowers, with a bell-shaped calyx and dark purple petals forming a tube. Unlike the better known Rhodochiton atrosanguineus, the petal tube is asymmetrical with two "lips".

Rhodochiton nubicola is a climbing or sprawling herbaceous perennial native to the state of Chiapas in Mexico and to Guatemala, where it grows in cloud forests at between 1,300 and 3,000 m. It has dangling flowers, with a bell-shaped calyx and dark purple petals forming a tube. Unlike the better known Rhodochiton atrosanguineus, the petal tube is asymmetrical with two "lips".

Lophospermum turneri is a climbing or scrambling herbaceous perennial native to Guatemala and the state of Chiapas in Mexico, where it was first collected. It has tubular flowers, lavender to violet in colour. It was first described by Wayne J. Elisens in 1985. The epithet turneri commemorates Billie L. Turner, described as "mentor of many students of the Latin American flora".

<i>Mabrya acerifolia</i> Species of flowering plant

Mabrya acerifolia, or brittlestem, is a mat-forming herbaceous perennial native to south-central Arizona. It has pale yellow tubular flowers. It was first described by Francis W. Pennell in 1924 in the genus Maurandya and transferred to Mabrya by Wayne J. Elisens in 1985. The epithet acerifolia refers to the somewhat maple-like shape of its leaves.

Mabrya geniculata is a mat-forming herbaceous perennial native to the Mexican states of Sonora and Chihuahua. It has pale yellow tubular flowers. It was first described in 1894 by Benjamin L. Robinson and Merritt L. Fernald in the genus Maurandya and transferred to Mabrya by Wayne J. Elisens in 1985.

Mabrya flaviflora is a mat-forming herbaceous perennial native to a small area in Baja California Norte, Mexico. It has pale yellow tubular flowers. It was first described by Ivan M. Johnston in 1924 in the genus Maurandya and transferred to Mabrya by Wayne J. Elisens in 1985 as Mabrya geniculata subsp. flaviflora. It was restored to a full species within Mabrya by David A. Sutton in 1988. The epithet flaviflora means yellow-flowered.

Mabrya coccinea is a mat-forming herbaceous perennial native to the Mexican state of Coahuila. It has red tubular flowers. It was first described by Ivan M. Johnston in 1950 in the genus Maurandya and transferred to Mabrya by Wayne J. Elisens in 1985. The epithet coccinea means red.

Mabrya rosei is a mat-forming herbaceous perennial native to the Mexican states of Jalisco and Zacatecas. It has tubular flowers, whitish at the base and red to red-violet at the apex. It was first described by Philip A. Munz in 1926 in the genus Maurandya and transferred to Mabrya by Wayne J. Elisens in 1985. Munz did not explain the origin of the epithet rosei but listed the collector of the type specimen as Joseph Nelson Rose.

Mabrya erecta is an upright herbaceous perennial native to Mexico – the states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León and possibly México. Unlike other members of the genus Mabrya, it does not form mats. It has tubular flowers, whitish at the base and pink to red-violet at the apex. It was first described by William B. Hemsley in 1882 in the genus Maurandya and transferred to Mabrya by Wayne J. Elisens in 1985. The epithet erecta means erect or upright.

References

  1. ↑ "Genus: Maurandya Ortega". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2006-04-20. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Elisens, Wayne J. (1985), "Monograph of the Maurandyinae (Scrophulariaceae-Antirrhineae)", Systematic Botany Monographs, 5: 1–97, doi:10.2307/25027602, JSTOR   25027602
  3. ↑ Elisens 1985, p. 4
  4. 1 2 Ortega, Casimiro Gómez de (1797), Novarum, aut Rariorum Plantarum Horti Reg. Botan. Matrit. Descriptionum Decades (Decas prima, secunda, tertia, et quarta), p. 21, retrieved 2014-07-18
  5. 1 2 Pennell, Francis Whittier (1935), The Scrophulariaceae of Eastern Temperate North America, Philadelphia: Academy of Natural Sciences, p. 314, ISBN   978-1-4223-1790-7 , retrieved 2014-07-18
  6. ↑ Elisens 1985, p. 39
  7. 1 2 Vargas, P; Rosselló, J.A.; Oyama, R. & Güemes, J. (2004), "Molecular evidence for naturalness of genera in the tribe Antirrhineae (Scrophulariaceae) and three independent evolutionary lineages from the New World and the Old", Plant Systematics and Evolution, 249 (3–4): 151–172, doi:10.1007/s00606-004-0216-1, S2CID   20328396
  8. ↑ "Lophospermum D.Don", Tropicos.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, retrieved 2014-07-12
  9. ↑ "Rhodochiton Zucc. ex Otto & A. Dietr.", Tropicos.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, retrieved 2014-07-12
  10. ↑ "Image – Lophospermum erubescens", Tropicos.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, retrieved 2014-07-12
  11. 1 2 Ghebrehiwet, Medhanie; Bremer, Birgitta & Thulin, Mats Thulin (2000), "Phylogeny of the tribe Antirrhineae (Scrophulariaceae) based on morphological and ndhF sequence data", Plant Systematics and Evolution, 220 (3–4): 223–239, doi:10.1007/bf00985047, S2CID   36061550
  12. 1 2 3 Vargas, Pablo; Valente, Luis M.; Blanco-Pastor, José Luis; Liberal, Isabel; Guzmán, Beatriz; Cano, Emilio; Forrest, Alan & Fernández-Mazuecos, Mario (2013), "Testing the biogeographical congruence of palaeofloras using molecular phylogenetics: snapdragons and the Madrean–Tethyan flora", Journal of Biogeography, 41 (5): 932–943, doi:10.1111/jbi.12253
  13. ↑ Sutton, David A. (1988), A Revision of the Tribe Antirrhineae, London; New York: The Natural History Museum; Oxford University Press, ISBN   978-0-19-858520-6 , cited in "Mabrya flaviflora (I.M. Johnst.) D.A. Sutton", Tropicos.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, retrieved 2014-07-15
  14. ↑ "Search for Mabrya", The Plant List, retrieved 2014-07-15
  15. ↑ "Maurandya atrosanguinea (Zucc.) G.Nicholson", The Plant List, retrieved 2016-09-27
  16. ↑ "Maurandya erubescens (D.Don) A.Gray", The Plant List, retrieved 2014-07-15
  17. ↑ "Maurandya juncea Benth.", The Plant List, retrieved 2014-07-15
  18. ↑ "Maurandya petrophila Coville & C.V.Morton", The Plant List, retrieved 2016-09-27
  19. ↑ "Holmgrenanthe petrophila (Coville & C.V. Morton) Elisens", Tropicos, retrieved 2014-07-15
  20. ↑ "Maurandya purpusii Brandegee", The Plant List, retrieved 2014-07-15
  21. ↑ Elisens 1985, pp. 42, 44, 48
  22. ↑ Elisens 1985, pp. 23–24
  23. ↑ "Plants Profile for Maurandella antirrhiniflora (roving sailor)", The PLANTS Database, USDA, NRCS, retrieved 2011-08-14
  24. 1 2 Elisens, Wayne J. & Freeman, C. Edward (1988), "Floral Nectar Sugar Composition and Pollinator Type Among New World Genera in Tribe Antirrhineae (Scrophulariaceae)", American Journal of Botany, 75 (7): 971–978, doi:10.2307/2443763, JSTOR   2443763
  25. ↑ "Trove". The Hobart Town Courier. 26 December 1834. p. 3. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  26. ↑ Paxton, J. (1836), "Select List of Ornamental Creepers", Paxton's Magazine of Botany, and Register of Flowering Plants, 2: 33–37, retrieved 2014-07-13
  27. ↑ Elisens 1985, p. 45
  28. ↑ Elisens 1985, pp. 40–41
  29. ↑ Sanders, T.W. & Hellyer, A.G.L. (1966), Sanders' Encyclopaedia of Gardening (22nd ed.), London: Collingridge, OCLC   123581294 – entries under Maurandia, pp. 303–304
  30. ↑ Phillips, R. & Rix, M. (1997), Conservatory and Indoor Plants, 2, London: Pan, p. 175, ISBN   978-0-330-37376-0
  31. "Search for Maurandya", The Plant List, retrieved 2014-07-15
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