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Vitamin B6 is one of the B vitamins, and thus an essential nutrient. The term refers to a group of six chemically similar compounds, i.e., "vitamers", which can be interconverted in biological systems. Its active form, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, serves as a coenzyme in more than 140 enzyme reactions in amino acid, glucose, and lipid metabolism.
Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates, as well as the synthetic analogues of these hormones. Two main classes of corticosteroids, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including stress response, immune response, and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism, protein catabolism, blood electrolyte levels, and behavior.
Stimulants is an overarching term that covers many drugs including those that increase the activity of the central nervous system and the body, drugs that are pleasurable and invigorating, or drugs that have sympathomimetic effects. Stimulants are widely used throughout the world as prescription medicines as well as without a prescription as performance-enhancing or recreational drugs. Among narcotics, stimulants produce a noticeable crash or comedown at the end of their effects. The most frequently prescribed stimulants as of 2013 were lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse), methylphenidate (Ritalin), and amphetamine (Adderall). It was estimated in 2015 that the percentage of the world population that had used cocaine during a year was 0.4%. For the category "amphetamines and prescription stimulants" the value was 0.7%, and for MDMA 0.4%.
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A monoamine releasing agent (MRA), or simply monoamine releaser, is a drug that induces the release of a monoamine neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron into the synapse, leading to an increase in the extracellular concentrations of the neurotransmitter. Many drugs induce their effects in the body and/or brain via the release of monoamine neurotransmitters, e.g., trace amines, many substituted amphetamines, and related compounds.
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Relatively speaking, the brain consumes an immense amount of energy in comparison to the rest of the body. The mechanisms involved in the transfer of energy from foods to neurons are likely to be fundamental to the control of brain function. Human bodily processes, including the brain, all require both macronutrients, as well as micronutrients.
Oat β-glucans are water-soluble β-glucans derived from the endosperm of oat kernels known for their dietary contribution as components of soluble fiber. Due to their property to lower serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and potentially reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, oat β-glucans have been assigned a qualified health claim by the European Food Safety Authority and the US Food and Drug Administration.
References
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- ↑ Barbuto JE (July 2006). "Mental energy: Assessing the motivation dimension". Nutr Rev. 64 (7 Pt 2): S14–6. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2006.tb00253.x . PMID 16910217.
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- 1 2 3 4 5 6 O'Connor PJ, Kennedy DO, Stahl S (November 2021). "Mental energy: plausible neurological mechanisms and emerging research on the effects of natural dietary compounds". Nutr Neurosci. 24 (11): 850–864. doi:10.1080/1028415X.2019.1684688. PMID 31665988. S2CID 204968005.
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- ↑ Jager A, Sleijfer S, van der Rijt CC (January 2008). "The pathogenesis of cancer related fatigue: could increased activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines be the common denominator?". Eur J Cancer. 44 (2): 175–81. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2007.11.023. PMID 18162394.
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- ↑ Tops M, van Peer JM, Wijers AA, Korf J (November 2006). "Acute cortisol administration reduces subjective fatigue in healthy women". Psychophysiology. 43 (6): 653–6. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00458.x. PMID 17076823.
- ↑ Bruno RL, Creange SJ, Frick NM (September 1998). "Parallels between post-polio fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome: a common pathophysiology?". Am J Med. 105 (3A): 66S–73S. doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(98)00161-2. PMID 9790485.
- ↑ Fernstrom JD (January 2001). "Diet, neurochemicals, and mental energy". Nutr Rev. 59 (1 Pt 2): S22–4. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2001.tb01889.x . PMID 11255799.