| Metisa plana | |
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| eggs, larva, pupa and adult of Metisa plana | |
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| Species: | M. plana |
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| Metisa plana Walker, 1883 | |
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Metisa plana (or "bagworm") is a moth of the family Psychidae (the bagworms) first described by Francis Walker in 1883. [1] It is found in Sumatra, Malaysia and Sri Lanka. [2] It is a major pest on Elaeis guineensis , the African oil palm.
The moth completes a mean life time of 90 days. After the female lays 200–300 yellowish eggs, a single egg mass can become about 140–210 neonates. The larva has a portable case which it carries around as it feeds. The first instar is about 1 millimetre (5⁄128 in) long. About an hour after emergence from the case, the larva starts to construct a small case around the posterior of their body using oil palm leaves. This constructed case is cone shaped. The case enlarges with each instar. At the fourth instar, the case is covered with loosely-attached large round or rectangular leaf pieces. At the sixth instar, the case surface is smooth and without loose leaf pieces. The larva turns whitish gray. It takes a mean of 71.5 days to reach the sixth instar. [3]
Early instar stages are brownish. Dark patches are found all over the head and thorax. The body is completely covered by sensory setae. Convex shaped stemmata are well differentiated and cover the sides of the head laterally. Thorax is immediately behind the head and comprised three true leg pairs with hooks. Abdomen comprised five pairs of prolegs. Fully grown pupa is 6.1 millimetres (31⁄128 in) long. Male and female pupal cases are different in color. Male pupa has a big blackish head, whereas female with creamy yellowish head. Generally females pupate away from the host. [3]
Adults show strong sexual dimorphism. The adult female is wingless and legless. [4] Head dark brown. Body yellowish brown. Average size is 5.5 millimetres (7⁄32 in). The male has a wingspan of 10–12 millimetres (13⁄32–15⁄32 in). Wings smoky brown and body is hairy black. Head chubby. Antennae feathery bipectinate (comb like on both sides). During mating, the male cuts the distal end (lower end) of the case of the female. After laying a large clutch of eggs in her case, the female leaves the case and dies a few hours later. The adult male may live 3 to 4 days. [3]
It is an important pest of oil palms. [5] [ failed verification ] Larval outbreaks have been observed from Malaysian oil palm plantations from late 1950s to early 1960s. [6]
Applying chemical insecticides is the fastest and most effective method to control the pest, even though that causes environmental problems. A knapsack sprayer is used to spray insecticides from the ground. [7] Chemicals such as trichlorfon and chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin can be applied as soil drenches. Chlorantraniliprole and indoxacarb are highly effective. [8]
Biological predators such as Brachymeria carinata , Buysmania oxymora , Goryphus bunoh , Eupelmus cotoxanthae , Dolichogenidea metesae , Pediobius anomalus , Pediobius imbreus [9] and Bacillus thuringiensis are known to be effective. [6] Use of Apanteles metesae , Cosmelestes picticeps are also effective measures. Entomopathogenic fungi such as Paecilomyces fumosoroseus and Metarhizium anisopliae show effective results under laboratory conditions, but field observations should be carried out. [7]
M. plana outbreaks in Malaysian plantations are highly correlated with relative humidity. [10] Relative humidity estimates based on satellite remote sensing data were fed into both regression models and neural networks. [10] The predictions of both were found to be closely correlated with actual M. plana appearance on plantations, with the NN producing the best results. [10]
The evergreen bagworm, commonly known as bagworm, eastern bagworm, common bagworm, common basket worm, or North American bagworm, is a moth that spins its cocoon in its larval life, decorating it with bits of plant material from the trees on which it feeds.
The Psychidae are a family of the Lepidoptera. The bagworm family is fairly small, with about 1,350 species described. Bagworm species are found globally, with some, such as the snailcase bagworm, in modern times settling continents where they are not native.
The pine processionary is a moth of the subfamily Thaumetopoeinae in the family Notodontidae, known for the irritating hairs of its caterpillars, their processions, and the economic damage they cause in coniferous forests. The species was first described scientifically by Michael Denis and Ignaz Schiffermüller in 1775, though it was known to the ancients, with remedies described by Theophrastus, Dioscorides and Pliny the Elder. Its processionary behaviour was described in 1916 by the French entomologist Jean-Henri Fabre. It is one of the most destructive species to pines and cedars in Central Asia, North Africa and southern Europe.
The geranium bronze or brun des pélargoniums in French, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae.
The cabbage looper is a medium-sized moth in the family Noctuidae, a family commonly referred to as owlet moths. Its common name comes from its preferred host plants and distinctive crawling behavior. Cruciferous vegetables, such as cabbage, bok choy, and broccoli, are its main host plant; hence, the reference to cabbage in its common name. The larva is called a looper because it arches its back into a loop when it crawls.
The wattle bagworm is a species of moth in the family Psychidae. In southern Africa it is a pest of the black wattle which is grown largely as a source of vegetable tannin. Kotochalia junodi is indigenous to Southern Africa, where it originally fed on indigenous relatives of the wattle.
Eumeta crameri is a bagworm moth of the family Psychidae. It was described by John O. Westwood in 1854 and has worldwide distribution in tropical and subtropical habitats, including India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, New Zealand and Puerto Rico.
The light brown apple moth is a leafroller moth belonging to the lepidopteran family Tortricidae.
The giant swallowtail is the largest butterfly in North America. It is abundant through many parts of eastern North America; populations from western North America and down into Panama are now considered to belong to a different species, Papilio rumiko. Though it is often valued in gardens for its striking appearance, its larval stage can be a serious pest to citrus farms, which has earned its caterpillars the names orange dog or orange puppy. The giant swallowtail caterpillars possess remarkable camouflage from predators by closely resembling bird droppings. They use this, along with their osmeteria, to defend against predators such as wasps, flies, and vertebrates.
The diamondback moth, sometimes called the cabbage moth, is a moth species of the family Plutellidae and genus Plutella. The small, grayish-brown moth sometimes has a cream-colored band that forms a diamond along its back. The species may have originated in Europe, South Africa, or the Mediterranean region, but it has now spread worldwide.
Chloridea virescens, commonly known as the tobacco budworm, is a moth of the family Noctuidae found throughout the eastern and southwestern United States along with parts of Central America and South America.
Tuta absoluta or Phthorimaea absoluta is a species of moth in family Gelechiidae known by the common names South American tomato pinworm, tomato leafminer, tomato pinworm and South American tomato moth. It is well known as a serious pest of tomato crops in Europe, Africa, western Asia and South and Central America, with larvae causing up to 100% loss if not effectively controlled.
Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, the rice leafroller, is a species of moth of the family Crambidae. It is found in south-east Asia, including Hong Kong, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and most of Australia.
Apterona helicoidella is a moth of the Psychidae family. It is widely distributed in Europe, from Portugal through most of central Europe and the Alpsup to the Ural. It is also found in the Balkan and Turkey. It was introduced in the United States by accident during the 1940s. It is now found in many mid-Atlantic states, including Pennsylvania, and has also been reported in the Pacific coastal states, Colorado, Michigan, Nevada, Utah and Idaho. It has also been collected in Ontario.
Elaeis guineensis is a species of palm commonly just called oil palm but also sometimes African oil palm or macaw-fat. It is the principal source of palm oil. It is native to west and southwest Africa, specifically the area between Angola and The Gambia; the species name, guineensis, refers to the name for the area called Guinea, and not the modern country Guinea now bearing that name. The species is also now naturalised in Madagascar, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia, Central America, Cambodia, the West Indies, and several islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The closely related American oil palm E. oleifera and a more distantly related palm, Attalea maripa, are also used to produce palm oil.
Eumeta variegata, commonly known as the paulownia bagworm or cotton bag worm, is a moth of the family Psychidae. The species was first described by Snellen in 1879. It is found in Japan, Papua New Guinea, India, the Solomon Islands and Sri Lanka.
Pteroma plagiophleps is a moth of the family Psychidae first described by George Hampson in 1892. It is found in India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia.
Diadegma semiclausum is a species of parasitic wasp in the family Ichneumonidae. Its larvae are parasites of the larvae of the diamondback moth and certain other moths.
Mahasena corbetti, the coconut case caterpillar, is a polyphagous species of bagworm. This species is classified as leaf-eating pest caterpillars that produce tough silk out of their bags from dried foliage. Currently, M. corbetti is considered a 'pest of quarantine importance' in multiple countries and is included on the list of dangerous pests in the Malaysian plant quarantine act.
Pteroma pendula, the oil palm bagworm or simply bagworm, is a species of bagworm moth found in East and Southeast Asia that infests oil palm plantations.
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