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State terrorism refers to acts of terrorism which a state conducts against another state or against its own citizens.
Terrorism, in its broadest sense, is the use of intentional violence and fear to achieve political or ideological aims. The term is used in this regard primarily to refer to intentional violence during peacetime or in the context of war against non-combatants. There are various different definitions of terrorism, with no universal agreement about it.
Counterterrorism, also known as anti-terrorism, relates to the practices, military tactics, techniques, and strategies that governments, law enforcement, businesses, and intelligence agencies use to combat or eliminate terrorism.
Religious terrorism is a type of religious violence where terrorism is used as a strategy to achieve certain religious goals or which are influenced by religious beliefs and/or identity.
Female suicide bombers are women who intend to do suicide attack, wherein the bomber kills herself while simultaneously killing targeted people. Suicide bombers are normally viewed as male political radicals but since the 1960s female suicide attacks have been on the rise. Through 1985–2006, 15% of all suicide attacks were conducted by female suicide bombers. There are many organizations, such as Boko Haram, ISIS, and the Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigade, that recently started using women as tools in their attacks, since they are normally viewed as less of a threat than their male counterparts. This includes women having the element of surprise, a hesitancy to search females, increased publicity for female suicide bombing attacks, and the female stereotype as non-violent.
Islamic terrorism refers to terrorist acts with religious motivations carried out by fundamentalist militant Islamists and Islamic extremists.
Christian terrorism, a form of religious terrorism, comprises terrorist acts which are committed by groups or individuals who profess Christian motivations or goals. Christian terrorists justify their violent tactics through their interpretation of the Bible and Christianity, in accordance with their own objectives and worldview.
Criticism of the war on terror addresses the morals, ethics, efficiency, economics, as well as other issues surrounding the war on terror. It also touches upon criticism against the phrase itself, which was branded as a misnomer. The notion of a "war" against "terrorism" has proven highly contentious, with critics charging that participating governments exploited it to pursue long-standing policy/military objectives, reduce civil liberties, and infringe upon human rights. It is argued by critics that the term war is not appropriate in this context, since there is no identifiable enemy and that it is unlikely international terrorism can be brought to an end by military means.
Black Widow or Shahidka, is a term for Islamist Chechen female suicide bombers, willing to be a manifestation of violent jihad. They became known at the Moscow theater hostage crisis of October 2002. The commander Shamil Basayev referred to the shahidkas as a part of force of his suicide bombers called the Riyad-us Saliheen Brigade of Martyrs. Basayev also stated that he himself trained at least fifty of the Black Widows. The female suicide bombers have carried out over 65% of the 23 terrorist attacks linked to the Chechen movement since 2000. The Black Widows are associated with terrorist attacks in Chechnya between 1999 and 2005.
Wafa Idris, a Palestinian Red Crescent volunteer, was the first female suicide bomber in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. She killed herself while committing the Jaffa Street bombing. At the time of her suicide, Idris was a 28-year-old, divorcee, and lived in the Am'ari Refugee Camp in Ramallah.
Robert Anthony Pape Jr. is an American political scientist who studies national and international security affairs, with a focus on air power, American and international political violence, social media propaganda, and terrorism. He is currently a professor of political science at the University of Chicago and founder and director of the Chicago Project on Security and Threats (CPOST).
Mairéad Farrell was a member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA). She was shot and killed by the British Army in Gibraltar on 6 March 1988.
Sociology of terrorism is a field of sociology that seeks to understand terrorism as a social phenomenon. The field defines terrorism, studies why it occurs and evaluates its impacts on society. The sociology of terrorism draws from the fields of political science, history, economics and psychology. The sociology of terrorism differs from critical terrorism studies, emphasizing the social conditions that enable terrorism. It also studies how individuals as well as states respond to such events.
Terrorism in Russia has a long history starting from the time of the Russian Empire. Terrorism, in the modern sense, means violence against civilians to achieve political or ideological objectives by creating extreme fear.
Communist terrorism is terrorism perpetrated by individuals or groups which adhere to communism and ideologies related to it, such as Marxism–Leninism, Maoism, and Trotskyism. Historically, communist terrorism has sometimes taken the form of state-sponsored terrorism, supported by communist nations such as the Soviet Union, China, North Korea and Kampuchea. In addition, non-state actors such as the Red Brigades, the Front Line and the Red Army Faction have also engaged in communist terrorism. These groups hope to inspire the masses to rise up and start a revolution to overthrow existing political and economic systems. This form of terrorism can sometimes be called red terrorism or left-wing terrorism.
A suicide attack is a deliberate attack in which the perpetrators knowingly sacrifice their own lives as part of the attack. These attacks are often associated with terrorism or military conflicts and are considered a form of murder–suicide. Suicide attacks involving explosives are commonly referred to as suicide bombings. In the context of terrorism, they are also commonly referred to as suicide terrorism. While generally not explicitly regulated under international law, many suicide attacks violate international laws of war, such as prohibitions against perfidy or targeting civilians. In 2019, there were 149 suicide bombings in 24 countries, carried out by 236 individuals. These attacks resulted in 1,850 deaths and 3,660 injuries.
Critical terrorism studies (CTS) applies a critical theory approach rooted in counter-hegemonic and politically progressive critical theory to the study of terrorism. With links to the Frankfurt School of critical theory and the Aberystwyth School of critical security studies, CTS seeks to understand terrorism as a social construction, or a label, that is applied to certain violent acts through a range of political, legal and academic processes. It also seeks to understand and critique dominant forms of counter-terrorism.
Tamar Meisels is a Professor of Government and Policy in the Department of Political Science at Tel Aviv University, and a political theorist.
The economics of terrorism is a branch of economics dedicated to the study of terrorism. It involves using the tools of economic analysis to analyse issues related to terrorism, such as the link between education, poverty and terrorism, the effect of macroeconomic conditions on the frequency and quality of terrorism, the economic costs of terrorism, and the economics of counter-terrorism. The field also extends to the political economy of terrorism, which seeks to answer questions on the effect of terrorism on voter preferences and party politics.
References
- 1 2 "Mia Bloom". Georgia State University. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
- ↑ "Mia Bloom". The Huffington Post. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
- 1 2 McCarthy, Rebecca (Winter 2008). "UGA's Terrorism Maven". UGA Research Magazine. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
- ↑ Goldman, Samantha (2012). "Leading terrorism expert discusses mobilization of women into terrorist networks". National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism . University of Maryland.
- ↑ Bloom, Mia (Summer 2017). "Islamic State Messaging On Telegram". CREST Security Review . No. 5. pp. 14–15.
- ↑ "Bloom, Mia 1968-". Encyclopedia.com. Cengage. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
- ↑ "Mia Bloom". Family Online Safety Institute. Retrieved 2017-02-01.
- ↑ Cook, David (2007). "Review of Mia Bloom's Dying to Kill: The Allure of Suicide Terror". The Historian: 512–513. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6563.2007.00189_1.x. hdl:1911/70543. S2CID 144132633.
- ↑ Kaplan, Jeffrey (2006). "A Review of: "Mia Bloom. Dying to Kill: The Allure of Suicide Terrorism"". Terrorism and Political Violence. 18 (4): 605–608. doi:10.1080/09546550601000314. S2CID 145361920.
- ↑ McCann, Joseph T. (2005). "Bloom, Mia: Dying to Kill: The Allure of Suicide Terror". The Journal of Conflict Studies. 25 (2).
- ↑ Sánchez-Cuenca, Ignacio (2006). "Dying To Kill: The Allure of Suicide Terror by Mia Bloom". Political Science Quarterly. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 121 (1): 151–152. doi:10.1002/j.1538-165X.2006.tb01463.x.
- ↑ "Bombshell: The Many Faces of Women Terrorists". Times Higher Education . October 20, 2011.
- ↑ Mark, Wesley (January 28, 2011). "The sisterhood of death". The Globe and Mail .
- ↑ "Bombshell: Women and Terrorism". Nonfiction Book Review. Publishers Weekly . August 29, 2011.
- ↑ Gentry, Caron E. (March 2012). "Mia Bloom.Bombshell: The Many Faces of Women Terrorists". International Feminist Journal of Politics. 14 (1): 170–172. doi:10.1080/14616742.2011.631432. S2CID 143806826.
- ↑ Schweitzer, Yoram (March 2012). "Bombshell: The Many Faces of Women Terrorists". Bustan: The Middle East Book Review. 3 (1): 80–83. doi:10.1163/187853012x633562. JSTOR 10.1163/187853012x633562.
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