Microhyla

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Microhyla
Mihyla achat 070403 3342 tdp.jpg
Microhyla achatina
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Microhylidae
Subfamily: Microhylinae
Genus: Microhyla
Tschudi, 1838
Type species
Microhyla achatina
Tschudi, 1838
Species

Over 40, see text.

Microhyla, commonly known as the rice frogs or narrow-mouthed frogs, is a genus of frogs in the family Microhylidae. It consists of 42 species of diminutive frogs. [1] Members of this genus are widespread from Ryukyu Is. in Japan, and throughout South-east Asia, (China, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Borneo, India and Sri Lanka). [2]

Contents

Taxonomy

In 2021, nine species of Microhyla were moved to Nanohyla on the basis of morphological and phylogenetic differences. [1] Microhyla pulverata was found to be a junior synonym of Nanohyla marmorata based on phylogenetic evidence. [3]

Diagnosis

According to Seshadri et al. (2016), [4] this genus can be diagnosed using the following set of criteria: Adult frogs are of small size; pupil circular; skin on dorsum smooth; lateral side of body with markings from back of eye to vent; supratympanic fold present in adults; paratoid glands are absent, fingers without webbing, finger tips may or may not be dilated; oval tongue, its margin is entire and free at the base; the diameter of eye is smaller than snout; a thin layer of skin hides the tympanum; tubercles on hand distinct; distinct oval shaped inner metatarsal tubercle and rounded outer metatarsal tubercle; webbing in feet, rudimentary.

Evolutionary relationships

The genus Microhyla is closely related to Glyphoglossus within the family Microhylidae. [2] [5] Members of the genus Microhyla began diversifying from the most common ancestor around 45 million years ago and this resulted in forming Metaphrynella and Microhyla. [5] However, ascertaining the phylogenetic relationship of frogs within Microhyla has been difficult as many species are not monophyletic. [6]

A 2021 study on the relationship between Microhyla and Glyphoglossus found that nine species within Microhyla actually belong to a separate lineage. They have been subsequently moved to the new genus, Nanohyla . [1]

Species

The following species are recognised in the genus Microhyla: [2] [4] [7]

Binomial Name and AuthorCommon Name
Microhyla achatina Tschudi, 1838Javan rice frog, Javan chorus frog, Javanese narrow-mouthed frog
Microhyla aurantiventris Nguyen, Poyarkov, Nguyen, Nguyen, Tran, Gorin, Murphy, and Nguyen, 2019Orange-bellied narrow-mouth frog
Microhyla beilunensis Zhang, Fei, Ye, Wang, Wang, and Jiang, 2018Beilun pygmy frog
Microhyla berdmorei (Blyth, 1856)Pegu rice frog, Berdmore's narrow-mouthed frog, Burmese microhylid frog, Berdmore's chorus frog
Microhyla borneensis Parker, 1928Borneo rice frog, Borneo narrow-mouthed frog, Bornean narrow-mouthed frog, Bornean chorus frog, long-snouted frog
Microhyla butleri Boulenger, 1900Butler's rice frog, Butler's ricefrog, Butler's narrow-mouthed Toad, Butler's pigmy frog, painted chorus frog, tubercled pygmy frog, noisy frog
Microhyla chakrapanii Pillai, 1977Mayabunder rice frog, Chakrapani's narrow-mouthed frog, bilateral banded frog
Microhyla darevskii [8] Darevsky's Narrow-Mouth Frog, Darevsky's Pigmy Narrow-Mouth Frog (original publication).
Microhyla darreli Garg et al'., 2018 "2019"Darrel's chorus frog
Microhyla eos Biju, Garg, Kamei, and Maheswaran, 2019Arunachal chorus frog
Microhyla fanjingshanensis Li, Zhang, Xu, Lv, and Jiang, 2019Fanjing Mountain pygmy frog
Microhyla fissipes Boulenger, 1884Ornamented pygmy frog, ornata microhylid frog, Malayan bullfrog, ornate narrow-mouthed frog, ornate narrowmouth frog, ornate pigmy frog, ornate chorus frog
Microhyla fodiens Poyarkov, Gorin, Zaw, Kretova, Gogoleva, Pawangkhanant, and Che, 2019Burrowing narrow-mouth frog
Microhyla fusca Andersson, 1942Brown rice frog, Dalat pigmy frog
Microhyla gadjahmadai Atmaja, Hamidy, Arisuryanti, Matsui, and Smith, 2018
Microhyla heymonsi Vogt, 1911Taiwan rice frog, Heymon's ricefrog, dark-sided chorus frog, arcuate-spotted pygmy frog, Heymon's narrow-mouthed frog, Heymon's narrow-mouthed toad, burrowing microhylid frog, black-sided narrow-mouthed frog, black-flanked pigmy frog
Microhyla irrawaddy Poyarkov, Gorin, Zaw, Kretova, Gogoleva, Pawangkhanant, and Che, 2019Irrawaddy narrowmouth frog
Microhyla karunaratnei Fernando & Siriwardhane, 1996
Microhyla kodial Kumar and Aravind, 2018 [9] Mangaluru narrow-mouthed frog
Microhyla kuramotoi Matsui & Tominaga, 2020
Microhyla laterite Seshadri et al., 2016 [4] Laterite narrow-mouthed frog
Microhyla maculifera Inger, 1989Sabah rice frog
Microhyla malang Matsui, 2011
Microhyla mantheyi Das, Yaakob, and Sukumaran, 2007
Microhyla mihintalei Wijayathilaka et al., 2016 [10] Sri Lanka red narrow-mouthed frog
Microhyla minuta [8] Tiny Narrow-Mouth Frog, Tiny Pigmy Narrow-Mouth Frog
Microhyla mixtura Liu & Hu in Hu, Zhao, & Liu, 1966Chinese rice frog, mixtured pigmy frog
Microhyla mukhlesuri Hasan et al. 2014
Microhyla mymensinghensis Hasan et al. 2014
Microhyla nilphamariensis Howlader et al. 2015
Microhyla okinavensis Stejneger, 1901Okinawa rice frog
Microhyla orientalis Matsui, Hamidy & Eto, 2013 [11]
Microhyla ornata (Duméril & Bibron, 1841)Ant frog, ornate narrow-mouthed frog, ornate narrowmouth frog, ornate rice frog, ornate ricefrog, black-throated frog
Microhyla palmipes Boulenger, 1897Pengalengan rice frog, palmated chorus frog, palmated narrow-mouthed frog
Microhyla picta Schenkel, 1901Painted rice frog
Microhyla pineticola [8] Pine Narrow-Mouth Frog, Pine Pigmy Narrow-Mouth Frog
Microhyla pulchra (Hallowell, 1861)Guangdong rice frog, marbled pigmy frog, yellow-legged pigmy frog, beautiful pygmy frog, painted frog, yellow-legged narrow-mouthed frog
Microhyla rubra (Jerdon, 1854)Guangdong rice frog, red narrow-mouthed frog, densely spotted microhylid frog
Microhyla sholigari Dutta & Ray, 2000
Microhyla superciliaris Parker, 1928Batu Cave rice frog
Microhyla taraiensis Khatiwada, 2017
Microhyla zeylanica Parker & Osman-Hill, 1949Sri Lanka rice frog

In central Vietnam, several new species of Microhyla have been described in the 2000s:

Several new species of Microhyla have been described since 2018.

Phylogeny

The following phylogeny of the genus Microhyla is from Khatiwada, et al. (2017). [12] 27 species are listed, including various newly described species from South Asia. (Note: the chart below includes some species that have since been moved to Nanohyla including N. annectens and N. perparva.)

Microhyla 

Microhyla achatina

Microhyla nanapollexa

Microhyla petrigena

Microhyla marmorata

Microhyla annectens

Microhyla pulchra

Microhyla berdmorei

Microhyla fowleri

Microhyla mymenshinghensis

Microhyla fissipes

Microhyla mukhlesuri

Microhyla okinavensis

Microhyla mixtura

Microhyla heymonsi

Microhyla mantheyi

Microhyla malang

Microhyla perparva

Microhyla borneensis

Microhyla sholigari

Microhyla laterite

Microhyla superciliaris

Microhyla palmipes

Microhyla butleri

Microhyla rubra

Microhyla taraiensis

Microhyla ornata

Microhyla nilphamariensis

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Microhylidae</span> Family of amphibians

The Microhylidae, commonly known as narrow-mouthed frogs, are a geographically widespread family of frogs. The 683 species are in 57 genera and 11 subfamilies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern spadefoot toad</span> Genus of amphibians

Eastern spadefoot toads comprise a genus of the family Megophryidae in the order Anura, and are found in southern China, northeast India, southeast Asia, and islands of the Sunda Shelf as well as the Philippines. They are characterized by a stocky body with slender, short hindlimbs. In identifying species, iris colour is a valuable diagnostic morphological characteristic ; the iris has uniform colour in some species, whereas in other species the upper half is coloured and the lower half is dark.

<i>Microhyla sholigari</i> Species of amphibian

Microhyla sholigari is a species of microhylid frog endemic to southern India. It was described from the Biligirirangan Hills in Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka and is named after the Soliga tribal people living in the forests in and around these hills. The frog was thought to be endemic to the Western Ghats and known only from the type locality and another location in Kerala and was listed as an Endangered species. A recent study reported the species from 15 localities in the central Western Ghats with individuals sighted near the Bannerghatta National Park, Bangalore, Karnataka. The study supplemented the original species description with color photographs, call recordings and provided a re-assessment of the threat status as per the IUCN Red List and suggest the status as Least-concern species because the criteria for classifying it as an endangered species are no longer fulfilled.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Microhylinae</span> Subfamily of amphibians

The Microhylinae are a subfamily of microhylid frogs. It contains 9 genera. Phylogenetic studies have estimated the family Microhylidae to be about 52 million years old.

<i>Theloderma</i> Genus of amphibians

Theloderma, the bug-eyed frogs, mossy frogs or warty frogs, is a genus of frogs in the family Rhacophoridae, subfamily Rhacophorinae. They are found from northeastern India and southern China, through Southeast Asia, to the Greater Sunda Islands; the highest species richness is in Indochina. Some species, especially T. corticale, are sometimes kept in captivity.

<i>Kalophrynus</i> Genus of amphibians

Kalophrynus is a genus of microhylid frogs. It is the only genus in the subfamily Kalophryninae. The species in this genus are found in southern China, in Southeast Asia to Java and Philippines, and in Assam, India.

<i>Kaloula</i> Genus of amphibians

Kaloula is a genus of microhylid frogs found in southern and eastern Asia. They are sometimes known as the Asian narrowmouth toads.

<i>Glyphoglossus</i> Genus of amphibians

Glyphoglossus is a genus of frogs in the family Microhylidae. The genus occurs in Southeastern Asia. Common name balloon frogs has been coined for it, whereas the common name squat frogs refers to the Calluella species that are now included in this genus. They are fossorial frogs that spend only limited time on the soil surface and are typically known from only few specimens.

<i>Nanohyla annamensis</i> Species of amphibian

Nanohyla annamensis, commonly known as the Annam chorus frog, Annam narrow-mouthed frog, Vietnam rice frog or minute narrow-mouthed frog, is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is found in Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, swamps, and intermittent freshwater marshes. It is listed as vulnerable by the IUCN Red List due to habitat loss and degradation.

Nanohyla annectens, the Larut Hills rice frog, is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is found in Peninsular Malaysia; records from Thailand and elsewhere probably refer to other species. Its natural habitats are evergreen submontane and montane rainforests. It lives on the forest floor and in puddles and breeds in temporary pools. It is locally threatened by habitat loss.

<i>Micryletta erythropoda</i> Species of frog

Micryletta erythropoda, commonly known as the Mada paddy frog, is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is known from Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are swamps, freshwater marshes, and intermittent freshwater marshes. While formerly classified in the genus Microhyla, a 2018 study found it to belong to the genus Micryletta instead. A study performed in 2019 found that several Micryletta populations in southern Myanmar and Thailand that were formerly assigned to M. inornata actually belong to M. erythropoda; prior to this, M. erythropoda was considered endemic to Vietnam.

Nanohyla marmorata is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is found in Laos and Vietnam. It is not considered threatened by the IUCN.

Nanohyla nanapollexa is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is also known as the no-thumb pigmy frog and three-fingered pigmy narrow-mouth frog. It is endemic to Vietnam and is known from Quang Nam and Phu Yen Provinces.

<i>Nanohyla perparva</i> Species of amphibian

Nanohyla perparva is a diminutive species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to Borneo and found in Kalimantan (Indonesia), Brunei, and Sabah and Sarawak (Malaysia). The nominal species includes distinct lineages that likely represent different species. Common names least narrow-mouthed frog and Labang forest rice frog have been proposed for this species.

Microphyla taraiensis is a species of narrow-mouthed frog from eastern Nepal. It is currently known only from its type locality in Jamun Khadi, Jhapa District, eastern Nepal. The specific name taraiensis is derived from the noun "Tarai". It is referring to the flat southern plains of Nepal, the area of the type locality. Common name Tarai narrow-mouthed frog has been suggested for it.

<i>Microhyla kodial</i> Species of amphibian

Microhyla kodial, the Mangaluru narrow-mouthed frog, is a frog species belongs to family Microhylidae. It is likely endemic to a small portion of India, and was discovered in the urban part of Mangalore. This new discovery was published at international journal Zootaxa on Tuesday May 16, 2018.

Microhyla mihintalei is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to Sri Lanka.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dendropsophini</span> Subfamily of amphibians

Dendropsophini is a tribe of small neotropical tree frogs in the subfamily Hylinae. They are distributed from southern Mexico, throughout Central America, and down South America to northern Argentina and Uruguay. Removed from the synonymy of Hylinae in 2016, this taxon was formerly considered its own subfamily before being reclassified as a tribe. As defined by Favovich et al. in 2005, the tribe Dendrosophini contains the members of three former subfamilies within the Hylidae prior to taxonomic rearrangement: Dendropsophinae, Pseudinae, and Scinaxinae.

<i>Nanohyla</i> Genus of amphibians

Nanohyla is a genus of frogs in the family Microhylidae. Members of the genus are known as pygmy narrow-mouthed frogs. The members of the genus are found throughout Southeast Asia in the countries of Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia and the Philippines.

Nanohyla hongiaoensis is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is also known as the Hongiao narrow-mouth frog. It is only known from Bidoup Nui Ba National Park in Lam Dong Province, Vietnam. Little is known about the species or its distribution and so it is likely to be rated data deficient by the IUCN Red List.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Gorin VA, Scherz MD, Korost DB, Poyarkov NA (2021-12-01). "Consequences of parallel miniaturisation in Microhylinae (Anura, Microhylidae), with the description of a new genus of diminutive South East Asian frogs". Zoosystematics and Evolution. 97 (1): 21–54. doi: 10.3897/zse.97.57968 . ISSN   1435-1935.
  2. 1 2 3 Frost, Darrel R. 2016. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 (Date of access). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA.
  3. ↑ Gorin VA, Solovyeva EN, Hasan M, Okamiya H, Karunarathna DM, Pawangkhanant P, et al. (2020-07-03). "A little frog leaps a long way: compounded colonizations of the Indian Subcontinent discovered in the tiny Oriental frog genus Microhyla (Amphibia: Microhylidae)". PeerJ. 8: e9411. doi: 10.7717/peerj.9411 . PMC   7337035 . PMID   32685285.
  4. 1 2 3 Seshadri KS, Singal R, Priti H, Ravikanth G, Vidisha MK, Saurabh S, et al. (2016). "Microhyla laterite sp. nov., A New Species of Microhyla Tschudi, 1838 (Amphibia: Anura: Microhylidae) from a Laterite Rock Formation in South West India". PLOS ONE. 11 (3): e0149727. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1149727S. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149727 . PMC   4784882 . PMID   26960208.
  5. 1 2 Roelants K, Gower DJ, Wilkinson M, Loader SP, Biju SD, Guillaume K, et al. (January 2007). "Global patterns of diversification in the history of modern amphibians". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (3): 887–92. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104..887R. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0608378104 . PMC   1783409 . PMID   17213318.
  6. ↑ Peloso PL, Frost DR, Richards SJ, Rodrigues MT, Donnellan S, Matsui M, et al. (2015). "The impact of anchored phylogenomics and taxon sampling on phylogenetic inference in narrow‐mouthed frogs (Anura, Microhylidae)". Cladistics. 32 (2): 1–28. doi: 10.1111/cla.12118 . S2CID   84925667.
  7. ↑ Matsui M, Tominaga A (2020-08-28). "Distinct Species Status of a Microhyla from the Yaeyama Group of the Southern Ryukyus, Japan (Amphibia, Anura, Microhylidae)". Current Herpetology. 39 (2): 120. doi: 10.5358/hsj.39.120 . ISSN   1345-5834.
  8. 1 2 3 Poyarkov Jr NA, Vassilieva AB, Orlov NL, Galoyan EA, Dao TT, Le DT, et al. (2014). "Taxonomy and distribution of narrow-mouth frogs of the genus Microhyla Tschudi, 1838 (Anura: Microhylidae) from Vietnam with descriptions of five new species". Russian Journal of Herpetology. 21: 89–148.
  9. ↑ Perinchery A (2018-05-16). "Newest frog for India from Karnataka". The Hindu. ISSN   0971-751X . Retrieved 2018-05-18.
  10. ↑ Wijayathilaka N, Garg S, Senevirathne G, Karunarathna N, Biju SD, Meegaskumbura M (January 2016). "A new species of Microhyla (Anura: Microhylidae) from Sri Lanka: an integrative taxonomic approach". Zootaxa. 4066 (3): 331–42. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4066.3.9. PMID   27395556.
  11. ↑ Matsui M, Hamidy A, Eto K (2013). "Description of a new species of Microhyla from Bali, Indonesia (Amphibia, Anura)". Zootaxa. 3670 (4): 579–90. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3670.4.9. PMID   26438961.
  12. ↑ Khatiwada JR, Shu GC, Wang SH, Thapa A, Wang B, Jiang J (April 2017). "A new species of the genus Microhyla (Anura: Microhylidae) from Eastern Nepal". Zootaxa. 4254 (2): 221–239. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4254.2.4. PMID   28609972.
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