The military campaigns of Tigranes the Great constituted offensives by Tigranes the Great, King of Armenia, against client kingdoms of the Roman and Parthian Empires. His conquests from 95 to 75 bce expanded his territory from the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean. He built a new capital Tigranocerta and populated it with people deported from Cappadocia. His initial invasions of Cappadocia drew the attention of the Roman Empire and after being defeated in two separate campaigns, Tigranes was allowed to keep Armenia as a client kingdom of Rome while paying an indemnity of 6,000 talents and relinquishing all his conquests.
In 120 bce, Tigranes was taken as hostage, following his uncle Artavasdes' defeat by Mithradates II, king of Parthia. [1] By 95 bce, Tigranes had inherited the kingdom of Armenia from his father and secured his freedom by surrendering seventy valleys to the Parthians. [1] In 91 bce, Mithradates II, king of Parthia, died and Gotarzes I, his son, took over as ruler. [1] During his reign, the Parthian Empire was divided by civil war, while Rome was preoccupied with the Social war, to which Tigranes expanded his territory by the conquering and annexing former client-kingdoms. [2]
Tigranes invaded Sophene around 95 bce, [3] either executing or leaving Artanes as its client-king. [4]
In 91-90 BCE, [lower-alpha 1] [lower-alpha 2] Tigranes was persuaded by his father-in-law, Mithridates VI Eupator, to attack the Roman client kingdom of Cappadocia. [6] Ariobarzanes, king of Cappadocia, fled to Rome ahead of Tigranes' army, [6] while a treaty between Mithridates and Tigran gave Cappadocian cities and lands to the former and its population and movable property(spoils) to the latter. [7] In response, Roman general Sulla occupied Cappadocia, forced out and killed many Armenians and disloyal Cappadocians, and re-installed Ariobarzanes as client-king of Cappadocia. [8] Despite Sulla's invasion, Tigranes was able to unite the eastern province of Cappadocia, Melitene, with Sophene. [9]
From 88 to 85 bce, Tigranes retook the seventy valleys, [lower-alpha 3] given to the Parthian Empire for his freedom, located in Atropatene. [10] He invaded and occupied Adiabene, Gordyene, [2] and Media-Atropatene, and according Nina Garsoïan his forces advanced as far as Ecbatana. [lower-alpha 4] [1] According to Manandian, Tigranes did, however, burn Adrapana, a fort 10 kilometers from Ecbatana. [12]
In 84-83 BCE, Tigranes annexed Cilicia Pedias, Mygdonia, Osroene, [lower-alpha 5] and Commagene. [1] Mithridates I Callinicus, king of Commagene, would continue to rule, although as a vassal. [14] Mithridates' son, Antiochus I, would inherit Commagene from his father and continue as a client-king until the Roman offensive of 69 bce. [14] Tigrane oversaw the resettlement of Arabs from southern Mesopotamia into Osroene, Edessa specifically. [9]
In Syria, the constant civil war between the Seleucids, and recent death of its ruler in 84 bce, [15] had prompted an appeal for Tigranes to accept the throne. [1] The conquest of Syria by the Tigranes was bloodless, and Aleppo maintained its independence as a city-state. [15] One of Tigran's generals, Magadates, was appointed governor of the newly constituted province of Syria that most likely included Cilicia. [1] The king's brother Guras was put in charge of the significant Mesopotamian city of Nisibis. [1]
According to some primary sources, Tigranes campaign advanced as far as Egypt, [lower-alpha 6] while secondary sources indicate his armies only reached northern Palestine. [16]
Acting on the news of Sulla's death, Tigranes invaded Cappadocia, again, this time deporting 300,000 of its people to his capital Tigranocerta. [13] This raised the population of Tigranocerta to 500,000 people. [13]
Tigranes' empire stretched from the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean Sea, [1] yet his conquests were short-lived. [17] After the Romans had defeated his father-in-law, Mithridates VI Eupator in 70 bce, Tigranes would be defeated in two separate campaigns. [17] This freed the kingdoms of Iberia, Albania and Media Atropatene from Armenian hegemony, while Adiabene and Mesopotamia were returned to their local rulers. [18] In 66 bce, the Roman general Pompey allowed Tigranes to become a client-king of Rome and keep Armenia, [19] after paying a war indemnity of 6,000 talents and relinquishing all provinces and kingdoms taken in his previous campaigns. [20]
Tigranes II, more commonly known as Tigranes the Great, was a king of Armenia. A member of the Artaxiad dynasty, he ruled from 95 BC to 55 BC. Under his reign, the Armenian kingdom expanded beyond its traditional boundaries and reached its peak, allowing Tigranes to claim the title Great King or King of Kings. His empire for a short time was the most powerful state to the east of the Roman Republic.
Antiochus I Theos Dikaios Epiphanes Philorhomaios Philhellen was king of the Greco-Iranian kingdom of Commagene and the most famous king of that kingdom.
Adiabene was an ancient kingdom in northern Mesopotamia, corresponding to the northwestern part of ancient Assyria. The size of the kingdom varied over time; initially encompassing an area between the Zab Rivers, it eventually gained control of Nineveh and starting at least with the rule of Monobazos I, Gordyene became an Adiabenian dependency. It reached its zenith under Izates II, who was granted the district of Nisibis by the Parthian king Artabanus II as a reward for helping him regain his throne. Adiabene's eastern borders stopped at the Zagros Mountains, adjacent to the region of Media. Arbela served as the capital of Adiabene.
Armenia, also the Kingdom of Greater Armenia, or simply Greater Armenia or Armenia Major sometimes referred to as the Armenian Empire, was a kingdom in the Ancient Near East which existed from 331 BC to 428 AD. Its history is divided into the successive reigns of three royal dynasties: Orontid, Artaxiad and Arsacid (52–428).
Vologases I was the King of Kings of the Parthian Empire from 51 to 78. He was the son and successor of Vonones II. He was succeeded by his younger son Pacorus II, who continued his policies.
Phraates III, was King of Kings of the Parthian Empire from 69 BC to 57 BC. He was the son and successor of Sinatruces.
Artavasdes II was king of Armenia from 55 BC to 34 BC. A member of the Artaxiad dynasty, he was the son and successor of Tigranes the Great, who ascended the throne of a still powerful and independent state. His mother was Cleopatra of Pontus, thus making his maternal grandfather the prominent Pontus king Mithridates VI Eupator. Like his father, Artavasdes continued using the title of King of Kings, as seen from his coins.
Sophene was a province of the ancient kingdom of Armenia, located in the south-west of the kingdom, and of the Roman Empire. The region lies in what is now southeastern Turkey.
The Arsacid dynasty, called the Arshakuni in Armenian, ruled the Kingdom of Armenia, with some interruptions, from 12 to 428. The dynasty was a branch of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia. Arsacid kings reigned intermittently throughout the chaotic years following the fall of the Artaxiad dynasty until 62, when Tiridates I, brother of Parthian King Vologases I, secured Arsacid rule in Armenia as a client king of Rome. However, he did not succeed in establishing his line on the throne, and various princes of different Arsacid lineages ruled until the accession of Vologases II, who succeeded in establishing his own line on the Armenian throne, which ruled the kingdom until its abolishment by the Sasanian Empire in 428.
The Artaxiad dynasty ruled the Kingdom of Armenia from 189 BC until their overthrow by the Romans in 12 AD. Their realm included Greater Armenia, Sophene and intermittently Lesser Armenia and parts of Mesopotamia. Their main enemies were the Romans, the Seleucids and the Parthians, against whom the Armenians conducted multiple wars.
The Orontid dynasty, also known as the Eruandids or Eruandunis, ruled the Satrapy of Armenia until 330 BC and the Kingdom of Armenia from 321 BC to 200 BC. The Orontids ruled first as client kings or satraps of the Achaemenid Empire and after the collapse of the Achaemenid Empire established an independent kingdom. Later, a branch of the Orontids ruled as kings of Sophene and Commagene. They are the first of the three royal dynasties that successively ruled the antiquity-era Kingdom of Armenia.
Sames I, was the Orontid king of Sophene and Commagene, ruling around 260 BC.
Xerxes was king of Sophene and Commagene from 228 BC to 212 BC. He was the son and successor of Arsames I.
Pontus was a Hellenistic kingdom centered in the historical region of Pontus in modern-day Turkey, and ruled by the Mithridatic dynasty of Persian origin, which possibly may have been directly related to Darius the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty. The kingdom was proclaimed by Mithridates I in 281 BC and lasted until its conquest by the Roman Republic in 63 BC. The Kingdom of Pontus reached its largest extent under Mithridates VI the Great, who conquered Colchis, Cappadocia, Bithynia, the Greek colonies of the Tauric Chersonesos, and for a brief time the Roman province of Asia. After a long struggle with Rome in the Mithridatic Wars, Pontus was defeated. The western part of it was incorporated into the Roman Republic as the province Bithynia et Pontus; the eastern half survived as a client kingdom until 62 AD.
Ptolemaeus was initially the satrap of Commagene, later becoming its first king in 163 BC. He belonged to the Orontid dynasty, founded by Orontes I. Ptolemaeus' father was King Orontes IV of Armenia, son of Arsames I.
Mithridates III Antiochus Epiphanes was a prince who served as a King of Commagene.
Antiochus III Epiphanes was the ruler of the Kingdom of Commagene from 12 BC to 17 AD. He was the son and successor of King Mithridates III of Commagene and Iotapa, and of mixed Iranian, Armenian, Greek and Median descent – the last through his mother. His parents were first cousins.
The Kingdom of Sophene, was a Hellenistic-era political entity situated between ancient Armenia and Syria. Ruled by the Orontid dynasty, the kingdom was culturally mixed with Greek, Armenian, Iranian, Syrian, Anatolian and Roman influences. Founded around the 3rd century BCE, the kingdom maintained independence until c. 95 BCE when the Artaxiad king Tigranes the Great conquered the territories as part of his empire. Sophene laid near medieval Kharput, which is present day Elazığ.
Cappadocia was a province of the Roman Empire in Anatolia, with its capital at Caesarea. It was established in 17 AD by the Emperor Tiberius, following the death of Cappadocia's last king, Archelaus.
Tigranes the Younger was an Artaxiad prince, who briefly ruled the Kingdom of Sophene in 65 BC.