Mimosoideae

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Mimosoideae
CalliandraEmarginata.JPG
Calliandra emarginata
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae
Clade: Mimosoid clade
DC.
Informal groups

See text

Mimosoideae distribution.svg
Distribution of the Mimosoideae
Synonyms
  • Acaciaceae E. Meyer
  • Mimosaceae R. Brown

The Mimosoideae are a traditional subfamily of trees, herbs, lianas, and shrubs in the pea family (Fabaceae) that mostly grow in tropical and subtropical climates. They are typically characterized by having radially symmetric flowers, with petals that are twice divided (valvate) in bud and with numerous showy, prominent stamens.

Contents

Recent work on phylogenetic relationships has found that the Mimosoideae form a clade nested with subfamily Caesalpinioideae and the most recent classification by The Legume Phylogeny Working Group refer to them as the Mimosoid clade within subfamily Caesalpinioideae. [1] The group includes about 40 genera and 2,500 species.

Taxonomy

Some classification systems, for example the Cronquist system, treat the Fabaceae in a narrow sense, raising the Mimisoideae to the rank of family as Mimosaceae. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group treats Fabaceae in the broad sense. The Mimosoideae were historically subdivided into four tribes (Acacieae, Ingeae, Mimoseae, and Mimozygantheae). However, modern molecular phylogenetics has shown that these groupings were artificial. Several informal subgroups have been proposed, but not yet described formally as tribes. [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Additionally, the genus Acacia was recently segregated into five genera (Acacia sensu stricto, Acaciella, Mariosousa, Senegalia, and Vachellia). [8] [9]

Basal Mimosoideae

Acacia clade

The lead tree, Leucaena leucocephala, is used for fiber and livestock fodder. Leucaena leucocephala.jpg
The lead tree, Leucaena leucocephala , is used for fiber and livestock fodder.

Fossils

The following fossil wood morphogenera have been described: [21] [22]

  • † AcacioxylonSchenk 1883
  • †AdenantheroxylonPrakash & Tripathi 1968
  • †AlbiziniumPrakash 1975
  • †AlbizzioxylonNikitin 1935
  • †AnadenantheroxylonBrea et al. 2001
  • †CathormionGros 1990
  • †DichrostachyoxylonMüller-Stoll & Mädel 1967
  • †EucacioxylonMüller-Stoll & Mädel 1967
  • †IngoxylonMüller-Stoll & Mädel 1967
  • †MenendoxylonLutz 1979
  • †MetacacioxylonGros 1981
  • †MicrolobiusxylonFranco & Brea 2010
  • †MimosoxylonMüller-Stoll & Mädel 1967
  • †MimosaceoxylonLakhanpal & Prakash1970
  • †ParaalbizioxylonGros 1992
  • †ParacacioxylonMüller-Stoll & Mädel 1967
  • †PiptadenioxylonSuguio & Mussa 1978
  • †ProsopisinoxylonMartínez
  • †TetrapleuroxylonMüller-Stoll & Mädel 1967

Systematics

Modern molecular phylogenetics suggests the following relationships: [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [18]

Diptychandra

Moldenhawera

Pachyelasma

Erythrophleum

Mimosoideae

Chidlowia

Adenanthera Group

Pentaclethra

Newtonia Group

Plathymenia

Entada Group

Cylicodiscus

Prosopis Group

Mimozyganthus Group

Neptunia

Leucaena Group

Dichrostachys Group

Acacia Clade [29]

Vachellia

Parkia Group

Piptadenia Group

Senegalia

Parasenegalia

Mariosousa

Abarema Group

Ingeae Grade

Pithecellobium Group

Paraserianthes [19]

Austroacacia [29]

Acacieae

Senegalia catechu Acacia catechu - Kohler-s Medizinal-Pflanzen-003.jpg
Senegalia catechu

Acacieae (Dumort., 1829 [30] ) is a wide-ranging, polyphyletic tribe of legumes in the Mimosoideae [31] that is native to the tropics, subtropics, and warm-temperate regions. It includes five or six genera and some 1,450 species.

Relationships

In Bentham's 1842 circumscription of the subfamily Mimosoideae, Acacieae was one of its three constituent tribes, the others being Ingeae Benth. & Hook.f. and Mimoseae Bornn. [32] His Acacieae tribe of 1842 included many genera that were subsequently assigned to tribe Ingeae Benth. In 1875, however, Bentham narrowed his definition of Acacieae so as to include only Acacia Mill. [33]

The only morphological character of Acacieae used to distinguish it from the Ingeae is the presence of free stamens (as in tribe Mimoseae). [32] In the Ingeae they are fused in the form of a tube, whereas in the Acacieae only a few species have the stamens fused at the base. Several characters of the foliage, seeds, seed pods, pollen, and stipules are shared by the two tribes. [32] The flower morphology of Acacia s.l. has characteristics in common with the genera Leucaena , Piptadenia , and Mimosa (tribe Mimoseae) and Enterolobium and Lysiloma (tribe Ingeae). [34]

The tribal position of monotypic genus Faidherbia A. Chevalier is equivocal. [31] It was included in the Acacieae by Vassal (1981) and Maslin et al. (2003), but Lewis & Rico Arce placed it in tribe Ingeae following Polhill (1994) and Luckow et al. (2003). [31] [35] In the latter case, tribe Acacieae may conform to genus Acacia s.l. , pending the latter's relationship to other mimosoid genera. Faidherbia is troublesome as its stamens are shortly united at their base and its pollen is similar to some taxa in the Ingeae. [33]

Description

They are trees, shrubs or lianas, which may be armed or unarmed. [36] Where they have spines, these are modified stipules. In some, prickles arise from the stem's cortex and epidermis. [37] The leaves are bipinnate or are modified to vertically oriented phyllodes. A few have cladodes rather than leaves. [38] Extrafloral nectaries may be present on the petiole and rachis, and the pinnule tips may carry protein-lipid Beltian bodies. [37] The leaflets are usually opposite, and are carried on shortly stalks or are sessile. The heartwood is typically red and hard, [39] and the sap of various species hardens into gum. [38]

The inflorescences are dense pedunculate heads or spikes borne in axillary clusters, or are aggregated in terminal panicles. [36] The tetra- or pentamerous flowers are uniformly bisexual, or male and bisexual. Sepals are connate (i.e. fused) and valvate (i.e. not overlapping). The reduced petals are valvate, or rarely absent. The flowers have numerous exserted (i.e. protruding) stamens (>2× as many as the corolla lobes), [34] and their filaments are sometimes connate at their base (forming a short stemonozone). Male flowers of some Neotropical species have a reduced staminal tube (cf. A. albicorticata , A. hindsii , A. farnesiana , and S. picachensis ). [34] Flowers are usually yellow or cream-coloured, but may be white, red, or purple. [38]

The ovary is sessile or stipitate (i.e. supported by a stipe), with many ovules or ovules arranged in two rows. The ovary is attached by a filiform style to a small, capitate stigma. The legume's endocarp is attached to the exocarp, but is otherwise very variable, and may be dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds are usually elliptic to oblong and flattened to varying degrees. Seeds have a hard black-brown testa (i.e. seed coat) with a pleurogram, visible as a closed or almost closed O-shaped line. Some phyllodinous species have a colourful aril or elaiosome on the seed. [36]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fabaceae</span> Family of legume flowering plants

The Fabaceae or Leguminosae, commonly known as the legume, pea, or bean family, are a large and agriculturally important family of flowering plants. It includes trees, shrubs, and perennial or annual herbaceous plants, which are easily recognized by their fruit (legume) and their compound, stipulate leaves. The family is widely distributed, and is the third-largest land plant family in number of species, behind only the Orchidaceae and Asteraceae, with about 765 genera and nearly 20,000 known species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caesalpinioideae</span> Subfamily of legumes

Caesalpinioideae is a botanical name at the rank of subfamily, placed in the large family Fabaceae or Leguminosae. Its name is formed from the generic name Caesalpinia. It is known also as the peacock flower subfamily. The Caesalpinioideae are mainly trees distributed in the moist tropics, but include such temperate species as the honeylocust and Kentucky coffeetree. It has the following clade-based definition:

The most inclusive crown clade containing Arcoa gonavensisUrb. and Mimosa pudicaL., but not Bobgunnia fistuloides(Harms) J. H. Kirkbr. & Wiersema, Duparquetia orchidaceaBaill., or Poeppigia proceraC.Presl

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Detarioideae</span> Subfamily of legumes

The subfamily Detarioideae is one of the subdivisions of the plant family Fabaceae (legumes). This subfamily includes many tropical trees, some of which are used for timber or have ecological importance. The subfamily consists of 84 genera, most of which are native to Africa and Asia. Pride of Burma and tamarind are two of the most notable species in Detarioideae. It has the following clade-based definition:

The most inclusive crown clade containing Goniorrhachis marginataTaub. and Aphanocalyx cynometroidesOliv., but not Cercis canadensisL., Duparquetia orchidaceaBaill., or Bobgunnia fistuloides(Harms) J. H. Kirkbr. & Wiersema.

<i>Piptadenia</i> Genus of legumes

Piptadenia is a genus of tropical shrubs and trees of the family Fabaceae. It includes 28 species native to the tropical Americas, ranging from central Mexico to southern Brazil and northwestern Argentina.

Hydrochorea is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. It includes 11 species native to Central and South America and west and west-central Africa. It belongs to the mimosoid clade of the subfamily Caesalpinioideae.

<i>Leucochloron</i> Genus of legumes

Leucochloron is a genus of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae. It includes four species native to Brazil. It belongs to the mimosoid clade of the subfamily Caesalpinioideae.

<i>Macrosamanea</i> Genus of legumes

Macrosamanea is a genus of flowering plant in the legume family, Fabaceae. It includes 11 species of trees and shrubs native to northern South America. The genus is most diverse and numerous in the Amazon Basin, extending into the Orinoco basin and the Guianas. Typical habitat is tropical rain forest, mostly riparian and seasonally-flooded. Two species are native to seasonally-inundated wooded grassland (savanna) on sandy soils. The genus belongs to the mimosoid clade of the subfamily Caesalpinioideae.

<i>Zygia</i> Genus of legumes

Zygia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. It includes 60 species of tres and shrubs native to the tropical Americas, from Southern Mexico and Cuba to northern Argentina. Typical habitats are tropical forest and coastal zones, generally below 900 meters elevation with a few species extending up to 2800 meters. It belongs to the mimosoid clade of the subfamily Caesalpinioideae.

<i>Paraserianthes</i> Species of legume

Paraserianthes lophantha, the Cape Leeuwin wattle, Bicol wattle, Cape wattle, crested wattle or plume albizia, is a fast-growing tree with creamy-yellow, bottlebrush like flowers. It is the sole species in genus Paraserianthes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cercidoideae</span> Subfamily of legumes

Cercidoideae is a subfamily in the pea family, Fabaceae. Well-known members include Cercis (redbuds), including species widely cultivated as ornamental trees in the United States and Europe, Bauhinia, widely cultivated as an ornamental tree in tropical Asia, and Tylosema, a semi-woody genus of Africa. The subfamily occupies a basal position within the Fabaceae and is supported as monophyletic in many molecular phylogenies. At the 6th International Legume Conference, the Legume Phylogeny Working Group proposed elevating the tribe Cercidae to the level of subfamily within the Leguminosae (Fabaceae). The consensus agreed to the change, which was fully implemented in 2017. It has the following clade-based definition:

The most inclusive crown clade containing Cercis canadensisL. and Bauhinia divaricataL. but not Poeppigia proceraC.Presl, Duparquetia orchidaceaBaill., or Bobgunnia fistuloides(Harms) J.H.Kirkbr. & Wiersema.

Blanchetiodendron is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. It belongs to the mimosoid clade of the subfamily Caesalpinioideae. It contains a single species, Blanchetiodendron blanchetii, a shrub endemic to eastern Brazil. It ranges from Bahia to northeastern Minas Gerais states.

<i>Falcataria</i> Genus of legumes

Falcataria is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. It belongs to the monophyletic Mimosoid clade in the subfamily Caesalpinioideae. The genus has three species previously classified in the Falcataria section of the genus Paraserianthes by I.C. Neilsen. The distribution of these closely related species within the genus Falcataria links the wet tropics of north-east Australia to New Guinea, the Moluccas, Bismarck Archipelago, and the Solomon Islands east of Wallace's line similar to other plant taxa from the region.

<i>Acaciella</i> Genus of legumes

Acaciella is a Neotropical genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae, and its subfamily Mimosoideae. Its centre of diversity is along the Mexican Pacific coast. They are unarmed, have no extrafloral nectaries and the polyads of their pollen are 8-celled. Though its numerous free stamens is typical of Acacia s.l., it has several characteristics in common with genus Piptadenia. Its pollen and free amino acids resemble that of Senegalia. Molecular studies place it sister to a monophyletic clade comprising elements of genus Acacia, and the tribe Ingeae. A nectary ring is present between the stamens and ovary, in common with Acacia subg. Aculeiferum.

<i>Mariosousa</i> Genus of legumes

Mariosousa is a genus of 13 species of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. It belongs to the mimosoid clade of the subfamily Caesalpinioideae. Members of this genus were formerly considered to belong to the genus Acacia.

<i>Senegalia</i> Genus of plants in the Fabaceae family, almost worldwide

Senegalia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. It belongs to the Mimosoid clade. Until 2005, its species were considered members of Acacia. The genus was considered polyphyletic and required further division, with the genera Parasenegalia and Pseudosenegalia accepted soon after.

<i>Vachellia</i> Genus of legumes

Vachellia is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae, commonly known as thorn trees or acacias. It belongs to the subfamily Mimosoideae. Its species were considered members of genus Acacia until 2009. Vachellia can be distinguished from other acacias by its capitate inflorescences and spinescent stipules. Before discovery of the New World, Europeans in the Mediterranean region were familiar with several species of Vachellia, which they knew as sources of medicine, and had names for them that they inherited from the Greeks and Romans.

Pityrocarpa is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. It includes seven species of shrubs and small trees native to the tropical Americas, including western and southeastern Mexico, Guatemala and El Salvador, Venezuela and Guyana, Bolivia, and eastern Brazil. Native habitats include tropical coastal rain forest, gallery forest, secondary forest, woodland, wooded grassland (Cerrado), and thorn scrub (Caatinga). It belongs to the mimosoid clade of the subfamily Caesalpinioideae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dialioideae</span> Subfamily of legumes

The subfamily Dialioideae is one of the subdivisions of the plant family Fabaceae (legumes). This subfamily includes many tropical trees and shrubs. The subfamily consists of 17 genera, which are widespread throughout the tropics. It has the following clade-based definition:

The most inclusive crown clade containing Poeppigia proceraC.Presland Dialium guianense(Aubl.) Sandwith, but not Cercis canadensisL., Duparquetia orchidaceaBaill., or Bobgunnia fistuloides(Harms) J. H. Kirkbr. & Wiersema

Parasenegalia is a small genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Mimosoideae. It is found in tropical areas of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America.

References

  1. ↑ The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG) (2017). "A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny". Taxon. 66 (1): 44–77. doi:10.12705/661.3.
  2. ↑ Bouchenak-Khelladi Y; Maurin O; Hurter J; van der Bank M (2010). "The evolutionary history and biogeography of Mimosoideae (Leguminosae): An emphasis on African acacias". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 57 (2): 495–508. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.019. PMID   20696261.
  3. ↑ Brown GK (2008). "Systematics of the tribe Ingeae (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae) over the past 25 years" (PDF). Muelleria. 26 (1): 27–42. doi:10.5962/p.292491. S2CID   51898140. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-24. Retrieved 2017-02-06.
  4. ↑ Lewis GP; Elias TS (1981). "Mimoseae". In Polhill RM; Raven PH (eds.). Advances in Legume Systematics, Parts 1 and 2. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. pp. 155–168. ISBN   9780855212247.
  5. 1 2 3 Luckow M; White PJ; Bruneau A (2000). "Relationships among the basal genera of mimosoid legumes". In Herendeen PS; Bruneau A; Pollard PS (eds.). Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 9. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. pp. 165–180. ISBN   9781842460177.
  6. 1 2 3 Luckow M, Miller JT, Murphy DJ, Livshultz T (2003). "A phylogenetic analysis of the Mimosoideae (Leguminosae) based on chloroplast DNA sequence data" (PDF). In Klitgaard BB, Bruneau A (eds.). Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 10: Higher Level Systematics. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. pp. 197–220. ISBN   9781842460542.
  7. ↑ Hughes CE, Bailey CD, Krosnick S, Luckow MA (2003). "Relationships among genera of the informal Dichrostachys and Leucaena groups (Mimosoideae) inferred from ribosomal ITS sequences" (PDF). In Klitgaard BB, Bruneau A (eds.). Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 10: Higher Level Systematics. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. pp. 221–238. ISBN   9781842460542.
  8. ↑ Murphy DJ; Brown GK; Miller JT; Ladiges PY (2010). "Molecular phylogeny of Acacia Mill. (Mimosoideae: Leguminosae): Evidence for major clades and informal classification". Taxon . 59 (1): 7–19. doi:10.1002/tax.591002. JSTOR   27757046.
  9. ↑ Kyalangalilwa B; Boatwright JS; Daru BH; Maurin O; van der Bank M (2013). "Phylogenetic position and revised classification of Acacia s.l. (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) in Africa, including new combinations in Vachellia and Senegalia". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society . 172 (4): 500–523. doi: 10.1111/boj.12047 .
  10. 1 2 Cury de Barros T; Pádua Teixeira S (2016). "Revisited anatomy of anther glands in mimosoids (Leguminosae)". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 177 (1): 18–33. doi:10.1086/683844. S2CID   86054291.
  11. 1 2 3 Luckow M; Fortunato RH; Sede S; Livshultz T (2005). "The phylogenetic affinities of two mysterious monotypic mimosoids from southern South America". Syst Bot . 30 (3): 585–602. doi:10.1600/0363644054782206. S2CID   85970875.
  12. ↑ Jobson RW; Luckow M (2007). "Phylogenetic study of the genus Piptadenia (Mimosoideae: Leguminosae) using plastid trnL–F and trnK/matK sequence data". Syst Bot . 32 (3): 569–575. doi:10.1600/036364407782250544. S2CID   85754653.
  13. ↑ Simon MF; Pastore JFB; Souza AF; Borges LM; Scalon VR; Ribeiro PG; Santos-Silva J; Souza VC; de Queiroz LP (2016). "Molecular phylogeny of Stryphnodendron (Mimosoideae, Leguminosae) and generic delimitations in the Piptadenia Group". International Journal of Plant Sciences . 177 (1): 44–59. doi:10.1086/684077. S2CID   86335883.
  14. ↑ Simon MF; Grether R; de Queiroz LP; Skema C; Pennington RT; Hughes CE (2009). "Recent assembly of the Cerrado, a neotropical plant diversity hotspot, by in situ evolution of adaptations to fire". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 106 (48): 20359–20364. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10620359S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0903410106 . PMC   2787167 . PMID   19918050.
  15. ↑ Iganci JRV; Soares MV; Guerra E; Morim MP (2016). "A Preliminary Molecular Phylogeny of the Abarema Alliance (Leguminosae) and Implications for Taxonomic Rearrangement". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 177 (1): 34–43. doi:10.1086/684078. S2CID   85889311.
  16. 1 2 Brown GK; Murphy DJ; Miller JT; Ladiges PY (2008). "Acacia s.s. and its relationship among tropical legumes, tribe Ingeae (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae)". Syst Bot . 33 (4): 739–751. doi:10.1600/036364408786500136. S2CID   85910836.
  17. 1 2 de Souza ER; Lewis GP; Forest F; Schnadelbach AS; van den Berg C; de Queiroz LP (2013). "Phylogeny of Calliandra (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) based on nuclear and plastid molecular markers". Taxon . 62 (6): 1200–1219. doi:10.12705/626.2.
  18. 1 2 Seigler DS; Ebinger JE. (2017). "Parasenegalia and Pseudosenegalia (Fabaceae : Mimosoideae): New genera of the Mimosoideae". Novon . 25 (2): 180–205. doi:10.3417/2015050. S2CID   90369571.
  19. 1 2 Brown GK; Murphy DJ; Ladiges PY (2011). "Relationships of the Australo-Malesian genus Paraserianthes (Mimosoideae: Leguminosae) identifies the sister group of Acacia sensu stricto and two biogeographical tracks". Cladistics. 27 (4): 380–390. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00349.x. PMID   34875795. S2CID   85416700.
  20. ↑ de Souza ER; Krishnara MV; de Queiroz LP (2016). "Sanjappa, a new genus in the tribe Ingeae (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) from India" (PDF). Rheedea . 26 (1): 1–12.
  21. ↑ Franco, María Jimena; Brea, Mariana (2010). "Microlobiusxylon paranaensis gen. et sp. nov. (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) from the Pliocene-Pleistocene of Ituzaingó Formation, Paraná Basin, Argentina". Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia. 13 (2): 103–114. doi: 10.4072/rbp.2010.2.03 .
  22. ↑ Martínez, Leandro C.A. (2010). "Prosopisinoxylon anciborae nov. gen. et sp. (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae) from the Late Miocene Chiquimil Formation (Santa María Group), Catamarca, Argentina". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 158 (3–4): 262–271. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2009.09.006.
  23. ↑ Bruneau A; Forest F; Herendeen PS; Klitgaard BB; Lewis GP (2001). "Phylogenetic Relationships in the Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae) as Inferred from Chloroplast trnL Intron Sequences". Syst Bot . 26 (3): 487–514. doi:10.1043/0363-6445-26.3.487 (inactive 31 January 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
  24. ↑ Miller JT; Grimes JW; Murphy DJ; Bayer RJ; Ladiges PY (2003). "A phylogenetic analysis of the Acacieae and Ingeae (Mimosoideae: Fabaceae) based on trnK, matK, psbA–trnH, and trnL/trnF sequence data". Syst Bot . 28 (3): 558–566. doi:10.1043/02-48.1 (inactive 31 January 2024). JSTOR   25063895.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
  25. ↑ Bruneau A; Mercure M; Lewis GP; Herendeen PS (2008). "Phylogenetic patterns and diversification in the caesalpinioid legumes". Botany . 86 (7): 697–718. doi:10.1139/B08-058.
  26. ↑ Miller JT; Murphy DJ; Brown GK; Richardson DM; González-Orozco CE (2011). "The evolution and phylogenetic placement of invasive Australian Acacia species". Diversity and Distributions. 17 (5): 848–860. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00780.x. hdl:10019.1/117082. S2CID   86727446.
  27. ↑ Manzanilla V; Bruneau A (2012). "Phylogeny reconstruction in the Caesalpinieae grade (Leguminosae) based on duplicated copies of the sucrose synthase gene and plastid markers". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 65 (1): 149–162. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.05.035. PMID   22699157.
  28. ↑ LPWG [Legume Phylogeny Working Group] (2013). "Legume phylogeny and classification in the 21st century: Progress, prospects and lessons for other species-rich clades" (PDF). Taxon . 62 (2): 217–248. doi:10.12705/622.8. hdl:10566/3455.
  29. 1 2 3 Miller JT; Seigler D; Mishler BD (2014). "A phylogenetic solution to the Acacia problem". Taxon . 63 (3): 653–658. doi:10.12705/633.2.
  30. ↑ "Taxon: Tribe Acacieae Dumort. (1829) (plant)". The Taxonomicon. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  31. 1 2 3 4 Lewis, G.P. "Acacieae Dumort 1829". Kew. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  32. 1 2 3 Shinwari, Zabta K.; Jamil, Khansa; Zahra, Nadia Batool (2014). "Molecular systematics of selected genera of subfamily Mimosoideae-Fabaceae" (PDF). Pak. J. Bot. 46 (2): 591–598. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
  33. 1 2 Miller, Joseph T.; Bayer, Randall J. (April 2001). "Molecular phylogenetics of Acacia (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) based on the chloroplast MATK coding sequence and flanking TRNK intron spacer regions". Am. J. Bot. 88 (4): 697–705. doi:10.2307/2657071. JSTOR   2657071. PMID   11302857.
  34. 1 2 3 Rico Arce, M. de L.; Bachman, S. (2006-12-30). "A taxonomic revision of Acaciella (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae)". Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid. 63 (2): 189–244. doi: 10.3989/ajbm.2006.v63.i2.7 .
  35. ↑ "Taxon: Genus Faidherbia A. Chevalier, 1934 (plant)". The Taxonomicon. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  36. 1 2 3 吴德邻, Wu Delin; Nielsen, Ivan C. (2009). "Flora of China, 6. Tribe ACACIEAE" (PDF). Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  37. 1 2 Armstrong, W. P. "Botany 115 Vegetative Terminology, Modified Roots, Stems and Leaves". Waynes Word. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  38. 1 2 3 "Acacia, Thorntree". EOL. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
  39. ↑ Nicholson, Paul T.; Shaw, Ian, eds. (2000). Ancient Egyptian materials and technology (1. publ., repr. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 335. ISBN   9780521452571.
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