Whaling is the hunting of whales for their usable products such as meat and blubber,which can be turned into a type of oil that was important in the Industrial Revolution. Whaling was practiced as an organized industry as early as 875 AD. By the 16th century,it had become the principal industry in the Basque coastal regions of Spain and France. The whaling industry spread throughout the world and became very profitable in terms of trade and resources. Some regions of the world's oceans,along the animals' migration routes,had a particularly dense whale population and became targets for large concentrations of whaling ships,and the industry continued to grow well into the 20th century. The depletion of some whale species to near extinction led to the banning of whaling in many countries by 1969 and to an international cessation of whaling as an industry in the late 1980s.
The United States Fish and Wildlife Service is a U.S. federal government agency within the U.S. Department of the Interior which oversees the management of fish,wildlife,and natural habitats in the United States. The mission of the agency is "working with others to conserve,protect,and enhance fish,wildlife,plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people."
Aboriginal whaling or indigenous whaling is the hunting of whales by indigenous peoples recognised by either IWC or the hunting is considered as part of indigenous activity by the country. It is permitted under international regulation,but in some countries remains a contentious issue. It is usually considered part of the subsistence economy. In some places,whaling has been superseded by whale watching instead. This article deals with communities that continue to hunt;details about communities that have ended the practice may be found in History of whaling.
The Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs (OES) is a functional bureau within the United States Department of State. The Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs coordinates a suite of portfolios related to oceans,environmental,polar,scientific,fisheries,wildlife,conservation,and natural resource and health affairs that affect U.S. foreign policy interests. The Assistant Secretary reports to the Under Secretary of State for Economic Growth,Energy,and the Environment.
Ronald Alan Klain is an American attorney,political consultant,and former lobbyist who served as White House chief of staff under President Joe Biden from 2021 to 2023.
Marine conservation,also known as ocean conservation,is the protection and preservation of ecosystems in oceans and seas through planned management in order to prevent the over-exploitation of these marine resources. Marine conservation is informed by the study of marine plants and animal resources and ecosystem functions and is driven by response to the manifested negative effects seen in the environment such as species loss,habitat degradation and changes in ecosystem functions and focuses on limiting human-caused damage to marine ecosystems,restoring damaged marine ecosystems,and preserving vulnerable species and ecosystems of the marine life. Marine conservation is a relatively new discipline which has developed as a response to biological issues such as extinction and marine habitats change.
Patricia Lynn Scarlett is a US environmental policy executive and analyst. Until December 2021,she was the Chief External Affairs Officer at the Nature Conservancy. She is a frequent commentator on environmental issues. She was the Chief Operating Officer and Deputy Secretary of the Interior from 2005 to 2009,having previously served as the Assistant Secretary of Policy,Management and Budget from 2001 to 2005. Appointed by President George W. Bush,Scarlett was sworn in as Deputy Secretary of the Interior on November 22,2005. In 2006 she served as acting Secretary of the Interior between the administrations of Gale Norton and Dirk Kempthorne. While at DOI she chaired the federal Wildland Fire Leadership Council (2004–05). She also co-chaired the First Lady's Preserve America Initiative on historic preservation (2003–08). She also chaired DOI's Climate Change Task Force,which examined the effects of climate change on land,water,wildlife and infrastructure. Scarlett convened and chaired the Department's Cooperative Conservation Working Group,and also represented the Department on an interagency cooperative conservation task force that planned and convened the White House Conference on Cooperative Conservation in 2005. In her management capacities,Scarlett served on the President's Management Council and its executive steering committee.
Jane Lubchenco is an American environmental scientist and marine ecologist who teaches and conducts research at Oregon State University. Her research interests include interactions between the environment and human well-being,biodiversity,climate change,and sustainable use of oceans and the planet. From 2009 to 2013,she served as Administrator of NOAA and Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere. In February 2021,she was appointed by President Joe Biden to serve as Deputy Director for Climate and Environment in the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy.
The Australian Marine Conservation Society (AMCS) is an Australian environmental not-for-profit organisation. It was founded in 1965 as the Queensland Littoral Society before changing its name to the Australian Littoral Society and then finally in 1995 to its current title. It works on protecting the health and vitality of Australia's coasts and oceans.
Ocean Conservancy is a nonprofit environmental advocacy group based in Washington,D.C.,United States. The organization seeks to promote healthy and diverse ocean ecosystems,prevent marine pollution,climate change and advocates against practices that threaten oceanic and human life.
Marine conservation activism is the efforts of non-governmental organizations and individuals to bring about social and political change in the area of marine conservation. Marine conservation is properly conceived as a set of management strategies for the protection and preservation of ecosystems in oceans and seas. Activists raise public awareness and support for conservation,while pushing governments and corporations to practice sound ocean management,create conservation policy,and enforce existing laws and policy through effective regulation. There are many different kinds of organizations and agencies that work toward these common goals. They all are a part of the growing movement that is ocean conservation. These organizations fight for many causes including stopping pollution,overfishing,whaling and by-catching,and supporting marine protected areas.
The under secretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere,or USC(OA),is a high-ranking official in the United States Department of Commerce and the principal advisor to the United States secretary of commerce on the environmental and scientific activities of the department. The under secretary is dual hatted as the administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration within the Commerce Department.
The Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs is the head of the Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs in the United States Department of State. The Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs reports to the Under Secretary of State for Economic Growth,Energy,and the Environment. President Donald Trump appointed Andrew Lawler to the post as Acting Assistant Secretary and nominated him to the Senate-confirmed post on September 8,2020. His nomination was returned to the President by the United States Senate on January 3,2021. President Joe Biden nominated Monica Medina as Assistant Secretary on April 27,2021. Medina was confirmed by the Senate on September 28,2021,by a vote of 61–36.
The Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP) was established in 2002 to quantify the environmental impact of the United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) conservation program. The project focuses on how watersheds are affected. CEAP monitored 14 benchmark watershed sites. The CEAP's vision is to enhance "natural resources and healthier ecosystems through improved conservation effectiveness and better management of agricultural landscapes. The goal is "to improve efficacy of conservations practices and programs by quantifying conservation effects and providing the science and education base needed to enrich conservation planning,implementation,management decisions,and policy."
An endangered species is a species that is very likely to become extinct in the near future,either worldwide or in a particular political jurisdiction. Endangered species may be at risk due to factors such as habitat loss,poaching,and invasive species. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List lists the global conservation status of many species,and various other agencies assess the status of species within particular areas. Many nations have laws that protect conservation-reliant species which,for example,forbid hunting,restrict land development,or create protected areas. Some endangered species are the target of extensive conservation efforts such as captive breeding and habitat restoration.
Whale conservation refers to the conservation of whales.
The Marine Policy of the Barack Obama administration comprises several significant environmental policy decisions for the oceans made during his two terms in office from 2009 to 2017. By executive action,US President Barack Obama increased fourfold the amount of protected marine space in waters under United States control,setting a major precedent for global ocean conservation. Using the U.S. president's authority under the Antiquities Act of 1906,he expanded to 200 nautical miles the seaward limits of Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument in Hawaiʻi and the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument around the U.S. island possessions in the Central Pacific. In the Atlantic,Obama created the Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument,the first marine monument in the U.S. exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in the Atlantic.
Nancy Marie Foster was the director of the National Ocean Service. She is known for her work in protecting marine environments,linking conservation groups and fisherman,and expanding research in marine environments.
Anthony John Calio was an American physicist,businessman,senior executive of NASA and the fourth Administrator of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
United States Army 
