Narasimhaswamy Temple, Namakkal

Last updated

Narasimhaswamy Temple
naamkklil ullll nrcimmr aalym.jpg
Image of the temple entrance with Namakkal Fort in the background
Religion
Affiliation Hinduism
District Namakkal
Deity Narasimhaswamy (Vishnu)
Namagiri Tayar (Lakshmi)
Location
Location Namakkal
State Tamil Nadu
Country India
India Tamil Nadu location map.svg
Om symbol.svg
Location in Tamil Nadu
Geographic coordinates 11°13′20″N78°09′51″E / 11.22222°N 78.16417°E / 11.22222; 78.16417
Architecture
Type Dravidian, rock-cut architecture

The Narasimhaswamy temple in Namakkal, a town in Namakkal district in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu, is dedicated to the Hindu god Narasimha (Acham theertha Piran in Tamil), an avatar of Vishnu. The temple is one of the 108 Abhimana Kshethrams of Vaishnavate tradition. Constructed in the Dravidian style of architecture and Rock-cut architecture, the temple is located in the Salem–Namakkal–Trichy Road. The legend of the temple is associated with Narasimha, an avatar of Hindu god Vishnu appearing for Lakshmi, his consort, and Hanuman. Based on the architectural features, historians believe that the temple was built during the 6th century by the Adiyamans [1] also called Satyaputras as evident from the inscription mentioning the temple as 'Adiyendra Vishnu Gruham' or 'The house of Vishnu of the Adiyaman kings'. [2] [3]

Contents

The temple has a pillared hall leading to the sanctum, which has rock-cut architecture. The sanctum sanctorum is rock-cut and square in shape with a black background. The sanctum has three sculpted cells, two pillars and a verandah in front of it. The central sanctum sanctorum niche houses the image of Narasimha in sitting posture, called Asana murti. The temple complex houses two other sanctums. These sanctums house Namagiri Tayar and Lakshmi Narayana. There is a separate shrine for the goddess Namagiri Lakshmi, who is also referred to as Namagiri Tayar.

The temple is open from 7:00 am – 1:00 pm and 4:30 - 8:00 pm. Four daily rituals and many yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which fifteen-day Panguni Uthiram festival celebrated during the Tamil month of Panguni (March - April) when the image of presiding deities are taken around the streets of the temple, being the most prominent. The annual car festival for the Narasimhaswamy temple is celebrated in March and April every year (The Tamil month of Panguni) as per the Vaikhanasa tradition.

The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the Government of Tamil Nadu.

View of the Mandapam and Kodi Marram in the temple Narasimhaswamy temple, Namakkal (5).jpg
View of the Mandapam and Kodi Marram in the temple

Legend

Replica of the Main Deity Worshiped by Shiva (left) and Brahma (right) Narasimhaswamy temple, Namakkal (1).jpg
Replica of the Main Deity Worshiped by Shiva (left) and Brahma (right)

As per Hindu legend, Hiranyakashipu, an asura king, was troubling the devas and devis (celestial deities) as he got a boon from Brahma that no human can kill him, neither could he be killed in morning, noon or night nor in air, water, or the ground. His son Prahalada was an ardent devotee of Vishnu, garnering the hate of his father. Hiranyakashipu tried to slay Prahalada at various times as he did not like Prahalada being more devoted to Vishnu than to him. But everytime he made attempts to kill his son Pralahada, he was somehow saved by the divine grace of Vishnu. During the last heated argument between the two, Hiranyakashipu was asking if Vishnu was present everywhere and went on to break a pillar with his weapon. Vishnu assumed the avatara of Narasimha and came out of the opening in the pillar. Narasimha was a half-human with a lion face and killed Hiranyakashipu during sunset (evening) time in a doorway, which was neither land nor air. And that is how Vishnu in the form of Narasimha killed Hiranyakashipu and saved Prahalad from being killed by his father Hiranyakasipu. [4] [5]

Ages passed by, when Lakshmi, the consort of Vishnu was angry and performing penance because Narasimha did not forgive Hiranyakashpu. Hanuman (locally called Anjaneyar) was carrying an image made of shaligramas came here and requested Lakshmi (who was in disguise), Hanuman entrusted the shaligrama to her and requested her to hold it until he returns. Lakshmi could not bear the weight and placed the image at this place, which grew into a mount before Hanuman could return. Narasimha appeared before both of them and set his abode at this place in this stone statue. [5] This the place where Mahalakshmi got back into the chest of Vishnu and can be seen even today in the main deity's chest. Narasimha is worshiped by Shiva and Brahma who is in the form of eternal truth and the Supreme god as mentioned in the Yajur Veda. [6]

Though saints have not glorified this temple, Sri Purandarasa (1500 CE), a Kannada Haridasa, known as the Pithamaha (grandfather) of Carnatic music had visited this place and glorified the God by composing a Kannada song. In front of Namagiri Narashimhar, he composed his famous song "Simha Rupanada Sri Hari, Namagirishane" to this Perumal. [7]

History

View of Namagiri Thayar Vimanam Narasimhaswamy temple, Namakkal (8).jpg
View of Namagiri Thayar Vimanam
Namakkal Narasimhaswamy temple 1.JPG
Namakkal Narasimhaswamy temple 2.JPG
Sculptural niches on the walls

The temple has a huge history and doesn't have enough inscriptions in the temple, The temple is believed to be built during the 6th century CE by the Pandya or Satyaputra kings in rock-cut architecture with the inscriptions found in the Ranganatha temple excavated in the same Namakkal hill. [8] Historian Soundara Rajan places the date to a pre-Varagunan I (800–830 CE) era on the 8th century. [9] Based on the palaeography and rock-cut architecture, P.R. Srinivasan has placed it at 6th century. Most of the historians have compared the temples with similar architectural elements found in Badami Caves (6th century) and a possible influence. There are few inscriptions in the temple, especially an undated inscription in Grantha Charecters of Sanskrit at the Ranganatha temple which are similar to the inscriptions in the Ganesha Ratha in Mahabalipuram, which is on the another cave in the upper part of the hill. There are totally four main inscriptions in this Ranganatha temple, the first main inscription mentions it as Adiyanatha Vishnu Grham by Gunasila King and Adiyendra Vishnu Gruham, which evidently shows that the cave was excavated by the Satyaputra Kings, the recently discovered inscription not only confirms this but also mentions the king's name as Gunasila (Dated 500 CE). Historians believe it is possible that both the temples were built during the same period. [10] Some historians have argued that the Alvars during the Bhakti tradition have discarded Rock-cut images and hence no mention is found in the Nalayira Divya Prabandham about this temple. But the argument is disproved by other historians who have quoted rock-cut temples like Thirumeyyam in Pudukottai district and Ninra Narayana Perumal temple in Virudhunagar district finding mention in the canon. [2] The records of the details of the inscriptions are found in the Annual report of Epigraphy -1961.

Architecture

The Cave temple is considered as an Architectural Marvell in Rock-cut Architecture, Dr S Vasanthi states that the sculpture of "Ugra Narasimha" in the cave was unknown even to the Pallavas and Chalukyas and is a very rare sculpture among the other sculptures in the Cave. [11] The temple is located along Namakkal-Salem road in Namakkal town, Namakkal district in Tamil Nadu. [12] The temple carved out of an imposing hill, is located in the downhill of the Namakkal Fort, on the western flank of the hill. [8] The temple has a flat gateway tower and a second entrance, also with a flat gateway leading to the pillared halls. The main sanctum sanctorum houses the image of Lord Narasimha in sitting posture, called Asanamurthi with Sanaka, Sanata, Surya, Chandra, Shiva and Brahma worshiping him. [13] The sanctum is rock-cut and square in shape with a black background. [2] The sanctum has three sculpted cells, two pillars and a verandah in front of it. The image of Narasimhar is treated as a Yogasana image, with the images under his feet seen to be the Sun and the Moon. It is not called a Bhogasana as the consorts on either side of him are absent. He has Shiva and Brahma on his either sides and he is sported with two hands holding the conch and the chakra. There is a panel depicting the narrative of Vamana, who takes water from Mahabali and later grows big as Trivikrama to submerge Bali under his feet as per the Skanda Purana . Historians consider this as a deviation from the monoscenic sculptures in temples of Kanchipuram and Mahabalipuram. [14]

Aerial view of the temple and Anjaneyar facing the temple Namakkal Fort (8).jpg
Aerial view of the temple and Anjaneyar facing the temple

The temple has other sculptural relief on the walls of the temple depicting Trivikrama, Narasimha slaying Hiranyakashipu and Ananta sayana Vishnu. [8] The temple tank, Kamalalayam, is located outside the temple. [15] There are similar rock-cut images in the temple halfway up the Namakkal Fort. [8]

The temple complex houses two other sanctums. These sanctums house Namagiri Tayar and Lakshmi Narayana.

There are number of sacred bathing places or tirthams in hollows in the sides of the rock and the largest of them is called "Kamalalayam" which is sacred to Lakshmi.

Influence on People

Sri Purandaradasa

Sri Purandarasa (1500 CE), a Kannada Hari dasa, known as "Pithamaha of Carnatic music" and is considered as incarnation of Narada. [16] [17] This great saint had visited this Kshethram and Worshiped Narasimha and Lakshmi, he also composed a Kannada song on spot by seeing the beauty of Namagiri Narashimhar and Namagiri Thayar, he composed his famous song "Simha Rupanada Sri Hari, Namagirishane" to this Perumal and Thayar. [18]

Srinivasa Ramanujan

The great Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan credited his mathematical findings to Namagiri Tayar, his family's goddess. According to Ramanujan, she appeared to him in visions, proposing mathematical formulas that he would then have to verify. One such event was described by him as follows: "While asleep, I had an unusual experience. There was a red screen formed by flowing blood, as it were. I was observing it. Suddenly a hand began to write on the screen. I became all attention. That hand wrote a number of elliptic integrals. They stuck to my mind. As soon as I woke up, I committed them to writing." [19] Furthermore, Ramanujan's mother received permission from Namagiri Tayar for Ramanujan to go to England in a dream. [20]

Mantra chanted by Ramanujan

Sri Vidya Mantra Ratna Prakatitha Vibhavaa
Sri Subalaapoorna Kaama, sarveshaprathidhaa
Sakala suranuthaa Sarvasaamraajyathaathri
Lakshmi Sri Veda Garba Vidhurathu Madhiyaa
Viswa kalyana bhooma ,Vishwa Kshemaatham Yoga
Vimala Gunavathi Vishnu Vakshathalasya [21]

Chakravarti Rajagopalachari

Chakravarti Rajagopalachari BR (10 December 1878 – 25 December 1972), popularly known as Rajaji, C.R., or Mootharignar Rajaji, [22] was an Indian statesman, writer, lawyer, and independence activist. [23] Namagiri Thayar was the Family goddess for Rajaji and he had immense devotion towards her, He was so devoted to her that he named his daughter Namagiri Ammal. [24]

Festival and religious practices

Sculpted pillared halls leading to the cave sanctum Narasimhaswamy temple, Namakkal (7).jpg
Sculpted pillared halls leading to the cave sanctum

The temple priests perform the pooja (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. The temple rituals are performed four times a day: Kalasandhi at 7:00 a.m., Uchikala poojai at 12:30 p.m., Sayarakshai at 4:30 p.m., and Arthajama Pooja at 7:45 p.m.Each ritual has three steps: alangaram (decoration), neivethanam (food offering) and deepa aradanai (waving of lamps) for the presiding deities. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple. The temple is open from 7:00 am – 1:00 pm and 4:30 - 8:00 pm and The Great Hanuman Temple is open Morning 6.30 am to 1.00 pm. and Evening 4.30 pm to 9.00 pm. on all days except during festive occasions when it has extended timings. [25] The major festivals of the temple is the fifteen day Panguni Uthiram festival celebrated during the Tamil month of Panguni (March - April) when the image of presiding deities are taken around the streets of the temple in a temple chariot. The sacred marriage of the presiding deity is also performed during the function. [26] Other festivals of the temple include Chittirai Tamil New year, Vaigasi Visagam, Telugu New Year, Avani Pavitrotsavam, Narasimhar Jayanthi, Vaikuntha Ekadashi and Thai Pongal during various months of the year. [5] [27] In modern times, the Namakkal district administration has identified the temple as one of the prominent tourist attractions in the district. [28] The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the Government of Tamil Nadu. [5]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Namakkal</span> City in Tamil Nadu, India

Namakkal is a city and the headquarters of Namakkal district, Tamil Nadu. It is the first ISO 14001-2004 certified municipality in Asia for environmental management, specifically the provision and maintenance of water supply, solid waste and sewage management, town planning, lighting and other social services. Namakkal is known as the Egg City due to its large egg production and Transport city.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Namakkal district</span> District in Tamil Nadu, India

Namakkal District is one of the 38 districts in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. The district was bifurcated from Salem District with Namakkal town as headquarters on 25 July 1996 and started to function independently from 1 January 1997. The district has eight taluks (subdivisions): Tiruchengode, Namakkal, Rasipuram, Paramathi Velur, Sendamangalam, Kumarapalayam, Kolli Hills and Mohanur. It has two revenue divisions: Tiruchengode and Namakkal. As of 2011 census, Namakkal district had a population of 1,726,601 with a sex-ratio of 986 females for every 1,000 males and Tiruchengode is the largest city in terms of population. Namakkal district is geographically affiliated to Kongu Nadu region. The district is famous for its large poultry industry, egg production and lorry bodybuilding industry, for which it is often referred to as "Egg City" and "Transport Hub of South India".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thirukadalmallai</span> Vishnu temple of Kanchipuram

Sthalasayana Perumal Temple is at Mahabalipuram. Constructed in the Dravidian style of architecture, the temple is glorified in the Naalayira Divya Prabandham, the early medieval Tamil canon of the Alvar saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 Divya Desam dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Sthalasayana Perumal and his consort Lakshmi as Nilamangai Thayar. The temple is believed to have been built by the Pallavas, with later contributions from the Medieval Cholas, Vijayanagara kings, and Madurai Nayaks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thirukkadigai</span> Vishnu temple in Vellore

Thirukkadigai or Sholingapuram in Sholinghur, a village in Vellore district of the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu, is dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu. Constructed in the Dravidian style of architecture, the temple is glorified in the Naalayira Divya Prabandham, the early medieval Tamil canon of the Alvar saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 Divya Desams dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Lakshmi Narasimhar, and his consort Lakshmi as Thirumamagal. There are three separate shrines in the form of Narasimha, Bhaktavatsala Perumal and Hanuman (Anjaneya). They are situated on the larger hill, at the base of the larger hill and on the smaller hill respectively.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pundarikakshan Perumal Temple</span> 1st century Hindu temple near Tiruchirappalli, India

The Pundarikakshan Perumal Temple or Thiruvellarai Temple in Thiruvellarai, a village in the outskirts of Tiruchirappalli in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu, is dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu. Constructed in the Dravidian style of architecture, the temple is glorified in the Naalayira Divya Prabandham, the early medieval Tamil canon of the Alvar saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 Divya Desams dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Pundarikakshan and his consort Lakshmi as Pankajavalli.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sundararaja Perumal temple</span> Vishnu temple in Tiruchirapalli

Thiru Anbil, or Sundararaja Perumal Temple, in Anbil, a village in the outskirts of Tiruchirappalli in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu, is dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu. Constructed in the Dravidian style of architecture, the temple is glorified in the Naalayira Divya Prabandham, the early medieval Tamil canon of the Alvar saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 Divya Desams dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Sundararajan and his consort Lakshmi as Sundaravalli.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nachiyar Koil</span> Hindu temple in Thanjavur, India

Nachiyar Kovil or Thirunarayur Nambi Temple is a Hindu temple in Thirunarayur, a village in the outskirts of Kumbakonam in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu, is dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu and his wife Lakshmi. It is the sub urban region of business city of Kumbakonam.

Sri Prasanna Venkata Narasimha Perumal is a Hindu temple in Saidapet, Chennai, in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is dedicated to Venkateswara, an incarnation of the Hindu deity Vishnu. It was constructed during the 12th century, but, according to historical records and inscriptions found within the temple, may consist of elements dating back more than 1000 years. The temple was constructed during the era when the South India was under the rule of the Vijayanagara Empire.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pavalavannam temple</span> Hindu temple in Kanchipuram

Tirupavalavannam or Pavalavanam temple located in Kanchipuram in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu, is dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu. Constructed in the Dravidian style of architecture, the temple is glorified in the Nalayira Divya Prabandham, the early medieval Tamil canon of the Alvar saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 Divya Desams dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Pavalavannar Perumal and his consort Lakshmi as Pavalavalli.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Tirukoyilur</span> Vishnu temple in Tirukoilur

Ulagalantha Perumal Temple or Trivikrama Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Vishnu located in Tirukkoyilur, Tamil Nadu, India. Constructed in the Dravidian style of architecture, the temple is glorified in the Naalayira Divya Prabandham, the early medieval Tamil canon of the Alvar saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 Divya Desams dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Ulagalantha Perumal and his consort Lakshmi as Poongothai. The temple is believed to have been built by the Medieval Cholas, with later contributions from Vijayanagara kings and Madurai Nayaks. The temple covers an area of 5 acres (20,000 m2) and has a temple tower that is the third tallest in Tamil Nadu, measuring 192 ft (59 m) in height.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thiruneermalai (temple complex)</span> Hindu temple in Chennai

The Thiruneermalai temple complex consists of two temples, the Ranganatha Temple and the Thiruneermalai Neervanna Perumal Temple. Both are Hindu temples in Thiruneermalai, a suburb of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ninra Narayana Perumal temple</span> Vishnu temple in Virudhunagar

Ninra Narayana Perumal Temple or Thiruthankaal in Thiruthangal, a town in the outskirts of Sivakasi in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu, is dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu. Constructed in the Dravidian style of architecture, the temple is glorified in the Divya Prabandha, the early medieval Tamil canon of the Alvar saints from the 6th–9th centuries AD. It is one of the 108 Divya Desam dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Ninra Narayana and his consort Lakshmi as Arunakamala Mahadevi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adikesava Perumal temple, Sriperumpudur</span> Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu

Adi Kesava Temple is dedicated to Hindu god Vishnu located in Sriperumbudur, Kanchipuram district, in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Constructed in the Dravidian style of architecture, Vishnu, who is worshipped as Adi Kesava, and his consort Lakshmi as Ethiraja Nadhavalli. The temple is believed to be the birthplace of Ramanuja, the exponent of Vishishtadvaita philosophy. The gold plated shrine in front of the hall of Ramanuja was built by the Maharaja of Mysore. It is considered one among the 108 Abhimana Kshethram of Vaishnavate tradition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Padalathri Narasimhar Temple</span> Hindu temple

Padalathri Narasimhar Temple or Narasimhar Temple is dedicated to Hindu god Vishnu (Narasimha) located in Singaperumal Koil, near Chennai City, in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Constructed as rock-cut architecture, dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Narasimhar, and his consort Lakshmi as Ahobilavalli, the temple was built by the Pallavas during the 8th century. Earlier in Kanchipuram district, it is now under Chengalpattu district. The temple is Classified one among the 108 Abhimana Kshethram of Vaishnavate tradition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vedarajan temple, Thirunagari</span> Vishnu temple

Vedarajan Temple in Thirunagari, a village in Mayiladuthurai district in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu, is dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu. Constructed in the Dravidian style of architecture, the temple is glorified in the Naalayira Divya Prabandham, the early medieval Tamil canon of the Alvar saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 Divya Desams dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Vedarajan and his consort Lakshmi as Amruthavalli. The temple is believed to be the birthplace of Thirumangai Alvar, one of the twelve Alvar saints.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Namakkal Anjaneyar Temple</span> Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India

Namakkal Anjaneyar temple is located in Namakkal, a town in Namakkal district in Tamil Nadu, India and is dedicated to the Hindu god Hanuman. It is constructed in the Tamil style of architecture. The legend of the temple is associated with Narasimha, an avatar of Hindu god Vishnu appearing for Hanuman and Lakshmi. The image of Anjaneyar is 18 ft (5.5 m) tall, making it one of the tallest images of Hanuman in India. The temple follows the Vaikhanasa tradition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shanmughanathar Temple, Kunnakudi</span> Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India

Kunnakudi Shanmughanathar temple in Kundrakudi, a village in the outskirts of Karaikudi in Sivaganga district in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu, is dedicated to the Hindu god Murugan. Constructed in the Hindu style of architecture, the temple is located in the Tirupattur - Karaikudi Road, around 14 km (14,000 m) from Karaikudi. There are three caves located on the western side of the lower rock, that has rock-cut shrines from the Pandyan Empire from the 8th century. The caves have the earliest sculptural representation of Dvarapalas, the guardian deities, for any South Indian temple.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nithyakalyana Perumal temple</span> Hindu temple

Nithyakalayana Perumal temple in Thiruvidandai, a village in Chennai, Chengalpattu district of the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu, is dedicated to Varaha, the boar avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu. Constructed in the Tamil style of architecture, the temple is glorified in the Naalayira Divya Prabandham, the early medieval Tamil canon of the Alvar saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 Divya Desams dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Nithyakalayana Perumal (Varaha) and his consort Lakshmi as Komalavalli Thayar. The original structure of the temple was built by the Pallavas during the 7th century CE, with later additions from the Cholas during the 11th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sri Ranganatha Perumal temple, Namakkal</span> Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India

The Ranganathaswami temple in Namakkal, a town in Namakkal district in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu, is dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu. The temple is one of the 108 Purana Kshethrams of Vaishnavate tradition. The temple is constructed in the Dravidian style of architecture and rock-cut architecture, the temple is located in the Salem–Namakkal–Trichy Road. Based on the architectural features, historians believe that the temple was built during the 6th century by the Adiyamans also called Satyaputras as evident from the inscription mentioning the temple as 'Adiyendra Vishnu Gruham' or 'The house of Vishnu of the Adiyaman kings'. This temple plays an important role in history as it has four main Sanskrit inscriptions dated around 6th century to 8th century CE, and is also used to date another cave temple excavated in the same hill, as that cave temple as no Inscriptions.

References

  1. ↑ https://www.tnarch.gov.in/Library%20BOOk%20PDF/NAMAKKAL%20CAVES.pdf
  2. 1 2 3 V.G., Rajan (December 1999). "Nr̥siṁha Cave Temple at Nāmakkal: Its Iconographical Significance". East and West. 49 (1/4). Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO): 189–194. JSTOR   29757426.
  3. ↑ Rajan, V. G. (19 February 1999). "Nr̥siṁha Cave Temple at Nāmakkal: Its Iconographical Significance". East and West. 49 (1/4): 189–194. JSTOR   29757426.
  4. ↑ Anantharaman, Ambujam (2006). Temples of South India. East West Books (Madras). p. 149. ISBN   978-81-88661-42-8.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Sri Anjaneyar temple". Dinamalar. 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  6. ↑ Chugh, Lalit (23 May 2017). Karnataka's Rich Heritage – Temple Sculptures & Dancing Apsaras: An Amalgam of Hindu Mythology, Natyasastra and Silpasastra. Notion Press. ISBN   978-1-947137-36-3.
  7. ↑ "Carnatic Songs - simharUpanAda".
  8. 1 2 3 4 Michell, George (2013). Southern India: A Guide to Monuments Sites & Museums. Roli Books Private Limited. pp. 398–99. ISBN   9788174369031.
  9. ↑ K.V., Soundara Rajan (1998). Rock-cut temple styles: early Pandyan art and the Ellora shrines. Somaiya Publications. p. 59. ISBN   9788170392187.
  10. ↑ P.R., Srinivasan (1961). "Sculptures in the Two Rock-Cut Vaiṣṇava Cave Temples of Nāmakkal". Artibus Asiae. 24 (2). Artibus Asiae Publishers: 107–116. doi:10.2307/3249275. JSTOR   3249275.
  11. ↑ https://www.tnarch.gov.in/Library%20BOOk%20PDF/NAMAKKAL%20CAVES.pdf
  12. ↑ India. Office of the Registrar General (1965). Census of India, 1961: Madras Volume 9, Issue 1 of Census of India, 1961, India. Office of the Registrar General. Manager of Publications.
  13. ↑ Monkeys, Motorcycles, and Misadventures. Leadstart Publishing PvtLtd. 2015. p. 65. ISBN   9789352013777.
  14. ↑ Verma, Archana (2012). Temple Imagery from Early Mediaeval Peninsular India. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN   9781409430292.
  15. ↑ Goyal, Ashutosh (2014). RBS Visitors Guide INDIA - Tamil Nadu: Tamil Nadu Travel Guide. Data And Expo India Pvt Ltd. pp. 455–6. ISBN   9789380844817.
  16. ↑ "Purandara Daasaru Collection - Paneendra N Gautham. For "Sumadhwa Seva" Group" (PDF). Sumadhwaseva.com. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  17. ↑ "New Page 1". Madhvaradio.org. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  18. ↑ "Carnatic Songs - simharUpanAda".
  19. ↑ Katz, Michael (2011). Tibetan Dream Yoga. Bodhi Tree Publications.
  20. ↑ Neville, Eric Harold (1942). "Srinivasa Ramanujan". Nature. 149 (3776): 292–293. Bibcode:1942Natur.149..292N. doi: 10.1038/149292a0 .
  21. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eVtXBfRhR6A
  22. ↑ Raman, Mohan V. (25 November 2013). "All's in a letter". The Hindu. ISSN   0971-751X . Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  23. ↑ "C. Rajagopalachari: The icon India needs today". 8 December 2016. Archived from the original on 10 December 2016.
  24. ↑ "Chakravarti Rajagopalachari". geni_family_tree. 10 December 1878. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
  25. ↑ "Temple timings". Narasimhaswamy Anjaneyar Temple administration. 2015. Archived from the original on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  26. ↑ V., Meena (1974). Temples in South India (1st ed.). Kanniyakumari: Harikumar Arts. p. 40.
  27. ↑ "Temple festivals". Narasimhaswamy Anjaneyar Temple administration. 2015. Archived from the original on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  28. ↑ "Tourist places". Namakkal district administration, Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.