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Coitus interruptus, also known as withdrawal, pulling out or the pull-out method, is a method of birth control during penetrative sexual intercourse, whereby the penis is withdrawn from a vagina prior to ejaculation so that the ejaculate (semen) may be directed away from the vagina in an effort to avoid insemination.
Emergency contraception (EC) is a birth control measure, used after sexual intercourse to prevent pregnancy.
Fertility awareness (FA) refers to a set of practices used to determine the fertile and infertile phases of a woman's menstrual cycle. Fertility awareness methods may be used to avoid pregnancy, to achieve pregnancy, or as a way to monitor gynecological health.
The combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP), often referred to as the birth control pill or colloquially as "the pill", is a type of birth control that is designed to be taken orally by women. It is the oral form of combined hormonal contraception. The pill contains two important hormones: a progestin and estrogen. When taken correctly, it alters the menstrual cycle to eliminate ovulation and prevent pregnancy.
Teenage pregnancy, also known as adolescent pregnancy, is pregnancy in a female adolescent or young adult under the age of 20. Worldwide, pregnancy complications are the leading cause of death for women and girls 15 to 19 years old. The definition of teenage pregnancy includes those who are legally considered adults in their country. The WHO defines adolescence as the period between the ages of 10 and 19 years. Pregnancy can occur with sexual intercourse after the start of ovulation, which can happen before the first menstrual period (menarche). In healthy, well-nourished girls, the first period usually takes place between the ages of 12 and 13.
Family planning is the consideration of the number of children a person wishes to have, including the choice to have no children, and the age at which they wish to have them. Things that may play a role on family planning decisions include marital situation, career or work considerations, financial situations. If sexually active, family planning may involve the use of contraception and other techniques to control the timing of reproduction.
The diaphragm is a barrier method of birth control. It is moderately effective, with a one-year failure rate of around 12% with typical use. It is placed over the cervix with spermicide before sex and left in place for at least six hours after sex. Fitting by a healthcare provider is generally required.
A contraceptive patch, also known as "the patch", is a transdermal patch applied to the skin that releases synthetic oestrogen and progestogen hormones to prevent pregnancy. They have been shown to be as effective as the combined oral contraceptive pill with perfect use, and the patch may be more effective in typical use.
Male contraceptives, also known as male birth control, are methods of preventing pregnancy by leveraging male physiology. Globally, the most common forms of male contraceptives include condoms, vasectomy, and withdrawal. Men are largely limited to these forms of contraception, and combined, male contraceptives make up less than one-third of total contraceptive use today. The most commonly used method is the male condom.
Basal body temperature is the lowest body temperature attained during rest. It is usually estimated by a temperature measurement immediately after awakening and before any physical activity has been undertaken. This will lead to a somewhat higher value than the true BBT.
Lactational amenorrhea, also called postpartum infertility, is the temporary postnatal infertility that occurs when a woman is amenorrheic and fully breastfeeding.
The Population Council is an international, nonprofit, non-governmental organization. The Council conducts research in biomedicine, social science, and public health and helps build research capacities in developing countries. One-third of its research relates to HIV and AIDS; while its other major program areas are in reproductive health and its relation to poverty, youth, and gender. For example, the Population Council strives to teach boys that they can be involved in contraceptive methods regardless of stereotypes that limit male responsibility in child bearing. The organization held the license for Norplant contraceptive implant, and now holds the license for Mirena intrauterine system. The Population Council also publishes the journal Population and Development Review, which reports scientific research on the interrelationships between population and socioeconomic development. It also provides a forum for discussion on related issues of public policy and Studies in Family Planning, which focuses on public health, social science, and biomedical research involving sexual and reproductive health, fertility, and family planning.
Natural fertility is the fertility that exists without birth control. The control is the number of children birthed to the parents and is modified as the number of children reaches the maximum. Natural fertility tends to decrease as a society modernizes. Women in a pre-modernized society typically have given birth to a large number of children by the time they are 50 years old, while women in post-modernized society only bear a small number by the same age. However, during modernization natural fertility rises, before family planning is practiced.
The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program is responsible for collecting and disseminating accurate, nationally representative data on health and population in developing countries. The project is implemented by ICF International and is funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) with contributions from other donors such as UNICEF, UNFPA, WHO, and UNAIDS.
Family planning in India is based on efforts largely sponsored by the Indian government. From 1965 to 2009, contraceptive usage has more than tripled and the fertility rate has more than halved, but the national fertility rate in absolute numbers remains high, causing concern for long-term population growth. India adds up to 1,000,000 people to its population every 20 days. Extensive family planning has become a priority in an effort to curb the projected population of two billion by the end of the twenty-first century.
The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012, also known as the Reproductive Health Law or RH Law, and officially designated as Republic Act No. 10354, is a Philippine law that provided universal access to methods on contraception, fertility control, sexual education, and maternal care in the Philippines.
Even though there is considerable demand for family planning in Pakistan, the adoption of family planning has been hampered by government neglect, lack of services and misconceptions. Demographics play a large role in Pakistan's development and security since the change from military rule to civilian leadership. Challenges to Pakistani's well-being, opportunities for education and employment, and access to health care are escalated due to the country's continuously-growing population. It was estimated in 2005 that Pakistan's population totaled 151 million; a number which grows 1.9 percent annually, equaling a 2.9 million population growth per year. Though Pakistan's fertility rates still exceed those of neighboring South Asian countries with a total fertility rate at 4.1 and contraception use is lower than 35 percent, approximately one-fourth of Pakistani women wish to either delay the birth of their next child or end childbearing altogether.
Globally approximately 45% of those who are married and able to have children use contraception. As of 2007, IUDs were used by about 17% of women of child bearing age in developing countries and 9% in developed countries or more than 180 million women worldwide. Avoiding sex when fertile is used by about 3.6% of women of childbearing age, with usage as high as 20% in areas of South America. As of 2005, 12% of couples are using a male form of contraception with rates of up to 30% in the developed world.
Katharine Betts is an Australian sociologist specialising in environmental and population issues. She is an Adjunct Associate Professor of Sociology with Swinburne University. She is also a member of The Australian Sociological Association and Sustainable Population Australia.
Natural Cycles is a mobile app designed to help women track their fertility. The app predicts the days on which a woman is fertile and may be used for planning pregnancy and contraception. It was developed by scientist Elina Berglund, who founded the company with her husband, Raoul Scherwitzl.
References
- ↑ "National Survey of Family Growth". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved April 22, 2014.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "About the National Survey of Family Growth". National Survey of Family Growth. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
- ↑ "Questionnaires, Datasets, and Related Documentation" . Retrieved April 22, 2014.
- 1 2 "NSFG - Cycle 1 (1973): Public Use Data Files, Codebooks, and Documentation". National Survey of Family Growth. Retrieved April 22, 2014.
- ↑ "NSFG - Cycle 2 (1976): Public Use Data Files, Codebooks, and Documentation". National Survey of Family Growth. Retrieved April 22, 2014.
- ↑ "NSFG - Cycle 3 (1982): Public Use Data Files, Codebooks, and Documentation". National Survey of Family Growth. Retrieved April 22, 2014.
- ↑ "NSFG - Cycle 4 (1988): Public Use Data Files, Codebooks, and Documentation". National Survey of Family Growth. Retrieved April 22, 2014.
- ↑ "NSFG - Cycle 5 (1995): Public Use Data Files, Codebooks, and Documentation". National Survey of Family Growth. Retrieved April 22, 2014.
- ↑ "NSFG - Cycle 6 (2002): Public Use Data Files, Codebooks, and Documentation". National Survey of Family Growth. Retrieved April 22, 2014.
- ↑ "2006-2010 NSFG: Public Use Data Files, Codebooks, and Documentation". National Survey of Family Growth. Retrieved April 22, 2014.
- 1 2 3 4 "NSFG - About the National Survey of Family Growth". www.cdc.gov. 2019-03-04. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
- ↑ "NSFG - Key Statistics". National Survey of Family Growth. Retrieved April 22, 2014.
- ↑ "National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) Series". Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, University of Michigan . Retrieved April 22, 2014.
- ↑ Kost, Kathryn; Singh, Susheela; Vaughan, Barbara; Trussell, James; Bankole, Akinrinola (January 2008). "Estimates of contraceptive failure from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth". Contraception . 77 (1): 10–21. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2007.09.013. PMC 2811396 . PMID 18082661.
- ↑ Trussell, James; Vaughan, Barbara; Stanford, Joseph (September–October 1999). "Are All Contraceptive Failures Unintended Pregnancies? Evidence from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth". Family Planning Perspectives . 31 (5). Retrieved April 22, 2014.
- ↑ Fu, Haishan; Darroch, Jacqueline E.; Henshaw, Stanley K.; Kolb, Elizabeth (May–June 1998). "Measuring the Extent of Abortion Underreporting In the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth". Family Planning Perspectives . 30 (3): 128–33, 138. doi:10.2307/2991627. JSTOR 2991627. PMID 9635261 . Retrieved April 22, 2014.
