National poet

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Walt Whitman, often described as the United States' national poet Walt Whitman - George Collins Cox.jpg
Walt Whitman, often described as the United States' national poet
Leopold Sedar Senghor Leopold Sedar Senghor 1961-11-11.jpg
Léopold Sédar Senghor
Du Fu Dufu.jpg
Du Fu
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Ferdowsi
Rabindranath Tagore Rabindranath Tagore.jpg
Rabindranath Tagore
Shota Rustaveli Shota Rustaveli (crop & edit).jpg
Shota Rustaveli
Murasaki Shikibu Murasaki Shikibu junihitoe.jpg
Murasaki Shikibu
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (Josef Stieler).jpg
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Petar II Petrovic-Njegos Petar II Petrovic-Njegos.jpg
Petar II Petrović-Njegoš
William Shakespeare William Shakespeare sq.jpg
William Shakespeare
Ausias March Ausias Marc.jpg
Ausiàs March
Dante Alighieri Portrait de Dante.jpg
Dante Alighieri
Luis de Camoes Luis de Camoes por Francois Gerard.jpg
Luís de Camões
Miguel de Cervantes Cervates jauregui.jpg
Miguel de Cervantes
Johan Ludvig Runeberg Johan Ludwig Runeberg bw.jpg
Johan Ludvig Runeberg
Alexander Pushkin Orest Kiprensky - Portret poeta A.S.Pushkina - Google Art Project.jpg
Alexander Pushkin
Lydia Koidula Lydia Koidula-Sachker.jpg
Lydia Koidula
Muhammad Iqbal Iqbal.jpg
Muhammad Iqbal
Adam Mickiewicz Adam Mickiewicz wedlug dagerotypu paryskiego z 1842 roku.jpg
Adam Mickiewicz
Neruda Neruda2.jpg
Neruda
Taras Shevchenko Taras Shevchenko selfportrait oil 1840 (crop).png
Taras Shevchenko
Cesar Vallejo Vallejo de joven.jpg
César Vallejo
Janos Arany Barabas Miklos Arany.jpg
János Arany
Robert Burns Robert burns.jpg
Robert Burns
Kazi Nazrul Islam Nazrul.jpg
Kazi Nazrul Islam

A national poet or national bard is a poet held by tradition and popular acclaim to represent the identity, beliefs and principles of a particular national culture. [1] The national poet as culture hero is a long-standing symbol, to be distinguished from successive holders of a bureaucratically-appointed poet-laureate office. The idea and honoring of national poets emerged primarily during Romanticism, as a figure that helped consolidation of the nation states, as it provided validation of their ethno-linguistic groups. [1]

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Most national poets are historic figures, though a few contemporary writers working in relatively new or revived national literatures are also considered "national poets". Though not formally elected, national poets play a role in shaping a country's understanding of itself. [2] Some nations may have more than one national poet; the idea of a single one is always a simplification. It has been argued that a national poet "must write poetry that closely identifies with the nation's cause – or is thought to do so", [3] with an additional assumption being that "a national poet must write in a national language". [4]

The following is a list of nations, with their associated national poets. It is not a list of sovereign states or countries, though many of the nations listed may also be such. The terms "nation" (as cultural concept), "country" (as geographical concept) and "state" (as political concept) are not synonyms.

Africa

CountryPoetSources
Flag of Algeria.svg  Algeria Si Mohand, Moufdi Zakaria [5] [6]
Flag of Angola.svg  Angola Agostinho Neto [7]
Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt Ahmed Shawqi [8]
Flag of Ethiopia.svg  Ethiopia Gibreab Teferi, Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin [9]
Flag of Ghana.svg  Ghana Atukwei Okai, Kofi Awoonor [10] [11]
Flag of Lesotho.svg  Lesotho Thomas Mofolo [12]
Flag of Liberia.svg  Liberia Melvin B. Tolson [13]
Flag of Madagascar.svg  Madagascar Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo [14]
Flag of Mali.svg  Mali Fily Dabo Sissoko [15]
Flag of Mauritius.svg  Mauritius Léoville L'Homme [16]
Flag of Morocco.svg  Morocco Mohammed Awzal [17]
Flag of Mozambique.svg  Mozambique José Craveirinha [18]
Flag of Namibia.svg  Namibia Mvula ya Nangolo [19]
Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria Christopher Okigbo [20] [21]
Flag of Senegal.svg  Senegal Léopold Sédar Senghor [22]
Flag of Sierra Leone.svg  Sierra Leone Davidson Nicol [23]
Flag of Somalia.svg  Somalia Hadrawi [24]
Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Mazisi Kunene, S. E. K. Mqhayi [25] [26]
Flag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania Shaaban bin Robert [27]
Flag of Tunisia.svg  Tunisia Aboul-Qacem Echebbi [28] [29]
Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg  Western Sahara Zaim Allal [30]

Asia

Country (or region)PoetSources
Flag of the Taliban.svg  Afghanistan Rumi, Khushal Khattak [31] [32]
Flag of Azerbaijan.svg  Azerbaijan Nizami Ganjavi (controversy), Fuzûlî, Imadaddin Nasimi, Samad Vurgun [33] [34] [35] [36]
Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh Kazi Nazrul Islam [37]
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China Du Fu, Li Bai [38] [39] [40]
Flag of Cambodia.svg  Cambodia Preah Botumthera Som [41]
Flag of India.svg  India Maithili Sharan Gupt, Subramania Bharati, Kalidasa, Ramdhari Singh Dinkar, Rabindranath Tagore [42] [43] [44] [45] [46]
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia Chairil Anwar [47]
Flag of Iran.svg  Iran Ferdowsi, Rumi, Hafez, Attar, Omar Khayyám [48] [49] [50]
Flag of Iraq.svg  Iraq Muthaffar al-Nawab, Al-Mutanabbi, Muhammad Mahdi al-Jawahiri [51] [52] [53]
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel Yehuda Amichai, Hayim Nahman Bialik [54] [55]
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan Matsuo Bashō, Lafcadio Hearn, Tanikawa Shuntaro, Ishikawa Takuboku [56] [57] [58]
Flag of Jordan.svg  Jordan Mustafa Wahbi al-Tal [59]
Flag of Kazakhstan.svg  Kazakhstan Abai Qunanbaiuli [60]
Unification flag of Korea.svg Korea Cho Ki-chon, Yun Dongju, Han Yong-un, Park Mok-wol, Jeong Cheol [61] [62]
Flag of Kurdistan.svg  Kurdistan Hemin Mukriyani, Sherko Bekas, Abdurrahman Sharafkandi, Ehmedê Xanî [63] [64] [65] [66]
Flag of Kyrgyzstan (2023).svg  Kyrgyzstan Toktogul Satylganov [67]
Flag of Lebanon.svg  Lebanon Kahlil Gibran, Said Akl [68] [69]
Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia Usman Awang [70]
Flag of Mongolia.svg  Mongolia Ochirbatyn Dashbalbar, Dulduityn Danzanravjaa, Dashdorjiin Natsagdorj, Byambyn Rinchen, Hadaa Sendoo [71] [72] [73] [74] [75]
Flag of Myanmar.svg  Myanmar Min Thu Wun [76]
Flag of Nepal.svg    Nepal Madhav Prasad Ghimire [77]
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan Allama Muhammad Iqbal [78]
Flag of Palestine.svg  Palestine Mahmoud Darwish [79]
Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines Francisco Balagtas [80]
Flag of Sri Lanka.svg  Sri Lanka Parakrama Kodituwakku [81]
Flag of Syria.svg  Syria Nizar Qabbani [82]
Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan Yang Mu, Yu Youren [83] [84]
Flag of Tajikistan.svg  Tajikistan Sadriddin Ayni, Bozor Sobir, Mirzo Tursunzoda, Saadi, Rudaki, Rumi, Gulnazar Keldi [85] [86] [87] [88] [89] [90] [91]
Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand Sunthorn Phu [92] [93]
Flag of Tibet.svg  Tibet Tsering Woeser [94]
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey Rumi, Nâzım Hikmet, Ziya Gökalp, Mehmet Âkif Ersoy [49] [95] [96] [97]
Flag of Turkmenistan.svg  Turkmenistan Magtymguly Pyragy [98]
Flag of Uzbekistan.svg  Uzbekistan Abdulla Oripov, Erkin Vohidov, Gʻafur Gʻulom, Mirtemir [99]
Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam Nguyễn Du, Nguyễn Đình Chiểu, Hồ Xuân Hương [100] [101] [102]
Flag of Yemen.svg  Yemen Abdullah Al-Baradouni, Waddah al-Yaman [103] [104]

Europe

Country (or region)PoetSources
Flag of Albania.svg  Albania Gjergj Fishta, Naim Frashëri [105] [106]
Flag of the Republic of Abkhazia.svg  Abkhazia Dmitry Gulia [107]
Flag of Armenia.svg  Armenia Hovhannes Tumanyan, Sayat-Nova, Yeghishe Charents [108] [109] [110]
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria Franz Grillparzer ,Johann Nepomuk Nestroy,Georg Trakl, Rainer Maria Rilke [111] [112] [113]
Flag of Bashkortostan.svg  Bashkortostan Rami Garipov, Mustai Karim [114] [115] [116]
Flag of the Basque Country.svg  Basque Country Bernard Etxepare [117]
Flag of Belarus.svg  Belarus Yanka Kupala, Yakub Kolas [118] [119]
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium Emile Verhaeren, Maurice Maeterlinck [120] [121]
Flag of Catalonia.svg  Catalonia Ausiàs March, Jacint Verdaguer [122] [123]
Flag of the Chechen Republic.svg  Chechnya Ismail Kerimov [124]
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg  Bosnia and Herzegovina Cemalettin Latic, Mak Dizdar, Izet Sarajlić [125] [126]
Flag of Brittany (Gwenn ha du).svg  Brittany Théodore Claude Henri, vicomte Hersart de la Villemarqué [127]
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria Hristo Botev, Ivan Vazov [128] [129]
Flag of Rusyns 2007.svg  Carpathian Ruthenia Alexander Dukhnovych [130]
Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia Marko Marulić, Ivan Gundulić [131]
Flag of Cyprus.svg  Cyprus Vasilis Michaelides [132]
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic (Czech lands) Karel Hynek Mácha, Jan Neruda [133] [134]
Flag of Dagestan.svg  Dagestan Rasul Gamzatov [135]
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark Adam Oehlenschläger, Hans Christian Andersen, Søren Kierkegaard, N. F. S. Grundtvig [136] [137] [138]
Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg  Faroe Islands William Heinesen, Nólsoyar Páll, Mikkjal á Ryggi [139] [140] [141]
Flag of England.svg  England Geoffrey Chaucer, William Shakespeare, William Blake, William Wordsworth, Thomas Hardy, W. H. Auden, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Philip Larkin [142] [143] [144] [145] [146] [147]
Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia Kristjan Jaak Peterson, Lydia Koidula [148] [149]
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland Eino Leino, Elias Lönnrot, Johan Ludvig Runeberg, Edith Södergran [150] [151] [152]
Flag of Flanders.svg  Flanders Émile Verhaeren, Hendrik Conscience, Guido Gezelle, Hugo Claus [120]
Frisian flag.svg  Friesland Gysbert Japicx (or Japiks) [153]
Flag of France.svg  France Charles Baudelaire, Victor Hugo, Arthur Rimbaud [154] [155]
Flag of Galicia.svg  Galicia Rosalía de Castro, Ramón Cabanillas [156] [157]
Flag of Georgia.svg  Georgia Shota Rustaveli [158]
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich von Schiller, Heinrich Heine,Bertolt Brecht, Friedrich Hölderlin,Novalis, Friedrich Nietzsche,Hermann Hesse, Stefan George [159] [160] [161] [162] [163] [164]
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece Homer,Sappho,Pindar, Solon, Dionysios Solomos [165] [166] [167]
Flag of Guernsey.svg  Guernsey George Métivier [168]
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary Sándor Petőfi, János Arany [169] [170]
Flag of Iceland.svg  Iceland Jónas Hallgrímsson, Hallgrímur Pétursson [171] [172]
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland Thomas Moore, William Butler Yeats, Seamus Heaney, Patrick Pearse [173] [174] [175] [176] [177] [178]
Flag of the Isle of Man.svg  Isle of Man T. E. Brown [179]
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy Ovid, Virgil, Horace, Dante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarca, Giosuè Carducci, Giacomo Leopardi, Ugo Foscolo, Gabriele D'Annunzio [180] [181] [182] [183] [184] [185] [186] [187]
Flag of Jersey.svg  Jersey Wace [188]
Flag of Kosovo.svg  Kosovo Ali Podrimja [189]
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia Rainis, Andrejs Pumpurs [190] [191]
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania Kristijonas Donelaitis, Maironis, Justinas Marcinkevičius, Adomas Mickevičius [192] [193] [194]
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg Edmond de la Fontaine, Michel Lentz [195] [196]
Flag of Malta.svg  Malta Dun Karm Psaila [197]
Flag of Moldova.svg  Moldova Grigore Vieru, Mihai Eminescu [198] [199]
Flag of Montenegro.svg  Montenegro Petar II Petrović-Njegoš [133]
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands Joost van den Vondel, Jacob Cats [200] [201]
Flag of North Macedonia.svg  North Macedonia Kočo Racin [202]
Flag of North Ossetia.svg  North Ossetia-Alania Kosta Khetagurov [203]
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway Henrik Wergeland [204]
Flag of Occitania (with star).svg  Occitania Frédéric Mistral, Arnaut Daniel, Bernart de Ventadorn, Comtessa de Dia [205] [206] [207] [208]
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki, Zygmunt Krasiński [209]
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal Luís de Camões, Fernando Pessoa [210] [211]
Flag of Provence.svg  Provence Frédéric Mistral, Comtessa de Dia [205] [208]
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania Mihai Eminescu [212]
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia Alexander Pushkin,Anna Akhmatova, Boris Pasternak,Sergei Yesenin, Ivan Turgenev, Ivan Bunin [213] [214] [215]
Sami flag.svg  Sápmi Anders Fjellner [216]
Flag of Scotland.svg  Scotland Robert Burns, Hugh MacDiarmid [217] [218]
Flag of Serbia.svg  Serbia Desanka Maksimović, Petar II Petrović-Njegoš, Jovan Sterija Popović, Jovan Jovanović Zmaj [219] [220] [221] [222]
Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav [223]
Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia France Prešeren [224]
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega, Federico García Lorca [1] [225]
Flag of Styria.svg  Styria Peter Rosegger [226]
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden Carl Michael Bellman, Gustaf Fröding, Verner von Heidenstam, Esaias Tegnér [227] [228] [229] [230]
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland Gottfried Keller, Carl Spitteler [231] [232]
Flag of Tatarstan.svg  Tatarstan Ğabdulla Tuqay, Musa Cälil, Ravil Fayzullin [233] [234] Fänis Yarullin  [ tt ] [235] [236]
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Nâzım Hikmet [237] [238]
Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine Taras Shevchenko, Ivan Franko, Lesya Ukrainka [239] [240] [241]
Flag of Wales (1959-present).svg  Wales Dylan Thomas, Dafydd ap Gwilym [242] [243]

North America

CountryPoetsSources
Flag of Barbados.svg  Barbados Kamau Brathwaite [244]
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada Margaret Atwood, E. Pauline Johnson, E. J. Pratt, Octave Crémazie, Al Purdy, Milton Acorn, [245] [246] [247] [248]
Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Costa Rica Aquileo J. Echeverría, Jorge Debravo [249] [250]
Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba José Martí, Lezama Lima, Nicolás Guillén [251] [252]
Flag of Curacao.svg  Curaçao Pierre Lauffer [253]
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic Pedro Mir [254]
Flag of El Salvador.svg  El Salvador Roque Dalton [255]
Flag of Greenland.svg  Greenland Henning Jakob Henrik Lund [256]
Flag of Guatemala.svg  Guatemala Rafael Landívar [257]
Flag of Haiti.svg  Haiti Oswald Durand [258]
Flag of Honduras.svg  Honduras Roberto Sosa [259]
Flag of Jamaica.svg  Jamaica Claude McKay [260]
Flag of France.svg  Martinique Aimé Césaire [261] [262]
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico Octavio Paz, Ramón López Velarde [263]
Flag of Nicaragua.svg  Nicaragua Rubén Darío [264]
Flag of Panama.svg  Panama Ricardo Miró [265] [266]
Flag of Puerto Rico.svg  Puerto Rico Julia de Burgos, Giannina Braschi, Juan Antonio Corretjer, Lola Rodríguez de Tió, Nimia Vicéns [267] [268] [269] [270] [271]
Flag of Quebec.svg  Quebec Gaston Miron, Octave Crémazie [272] [273]
Flag of Saint Lucia.svg  Saint Lucia Derek Walcott [274]
Flag of Sint Maarten.svg  Sint Maarten Lasana M. Sekou [275] [276]
Flag of the United States.svg  United States Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Robert Frost, William Carlos Williams, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Carl Sandburg, Maya Angelou, Gwendolyn Brooks, Langston Hughes, Jack Kerouac, James Arlington Wright, Allen Ginsberg [277] [278] [279] [280] [281] [282] [283] [284]

Oceania

CountryPoets
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia Dorothea Mackellar, Mary Gilmore, Judith Wright, Henry Lawson, Adam Lindsay Gordon, A. B. "Banjo" Paterson [285] [286] [287]
Flag of Fiji.svg  Fiji Kamla Prasad Mishra [288]
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand James K. Baxter, Thomas Bracken, Allen Curnow [289]

South America

CountryPoetsSources
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina José Hernández, Jorge Luis Borges, Leopoldo Lugones [290]
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil Gonçalves Dias, Olavo Bilac, Carlos Drummond de Andrade, Machado de Assis [291] [292] [293] [294]
Flag of Chile.svg  Chile Pablo Neruda, Gabriela Mistral [295] [296]
Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia Rafael Pombo, José Asunción Silva, Álvaro Mutis [297] [298]
Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador Remigio Crespo Toral [299]
Flag of Guyana.svg  Guyana Martin Carter [300]
Flag of Peru.svg  Peru César Vallejo [301]
Flag of Suriname.svg  Suriname Trefossa [302]
Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay Juan Zorrilla de San Martín [303]
Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela Andrés Eloy Blanco [304]

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Further reading