New York's 10th congressional district

New York's 10th congressional district
New York's 10th congressional district
	Interactive map of district boundaries
Representative
	Dan Goldman ; D–New York
Area	14.25 sq mi (36.9 km2)
Distribution	100% urban; 0% rural;
Population (2022)	706,151
Median household; income	$103,988
Ethnicity	48.6% White ; 21.6% Asian ; 19.2% Hispanic ; 5.6% Black ; 3.9% Two or more races ; 1.1% other;
Cook PVI	D+35

Last updated April 20, 2024

New York's 10th congressional district is a congressional district for the United States House of Representatives currently represented by Democrat Dan Goldman. The district contains all of Lower Manhattan and the western Brooklyn neighborhoods of Brooklyn Heights, DUMBO, Cobble Hill, Red Hook, Gowanus, Prospect Heights, Park Slope, and Sunset Park. The district also contains portions of Borough Park and Bay Ridge in Brooklyn, and all of Prospect Park. In Upper New York Harbor, the district includes Governors Island, Liberty Island and the Statue of Liberty, and parts of Ellis Island.

History

This congressional district has changed configurations and locations many times throughout its history due to redistricting, initially starting out as an upstate constituency before gradually moving south. Beginning in the 1870s, it shifted into parts of New York City, where it has remained to this day.

In the 20th century, the 10th district was always a Brooklyn-based seat from 1913 until 1973, when that iteration of the district was redrawn and renumbered as the new 16th , and the 10th was reassigned to a district in northern Queens and the east Bronx. The 1980 redistricting cycle restored the 10th district to Brooklyn, covering largely the same terrain as before. In the 1990 remap, much of the old 10th district was added to the new Queens–Brooklyn 9th district , while the new 10th then absorbed much of the old 11th district , including its congressman, Ed Towns.

From 2003 to 2013, this district was exclusively Brooklyn-based. During this time, it was majority-African American and included the neighborhoods of Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn Heights, Brownsville, Canarsie, East New York, and Ocean Hill, as well as parts of Fort Greene, Prospect Heights, and Williamsburg.^[4] Following the 2010–12 redistricting cycle, the district shed most of its Brooklyn territory, and picked up parts of Manhattan that had been in the 8th district .

The 2010 map had a size of 14.25 sq mi (36.9 km²), New York's 10th district was the second-smallest by total area in the country, after New York's 13th .^[5] Demographically, it also had the largest number (197,000 or 270,000) and the highest percentage of Jews (27.5% or 37.6%)^{[lower-alpha 1]} of any congressional district,^[6] largely as a result of the fact that it included several heavily Jewish neighborhoods of Manhattan and Brooklyn. Prior to the 2020 census, the district stretched from the Upper West Side of Manhattan to Borough Park.

List of members representing the district

Member	Party	Years	Cong ress	Electoral history	District location
District established March 4, 1793
Silas Talbot (New York)	Pro-Administration	March 4, 1793 – June 5, 1794	3rd	Elected in 1793. Resigned to join the U.S. Navy.	1793–1799 Western New York, approximately bounded to the east by the eastern borders of Hamilton, Fulton, Montgomery, Schoharie, and Delaware counties, and bordering (but not including) St. Lawrence County to the north
Vacant		June 5, 1794 – March 3, 1795	3rd	No special election was called by Gov. Clinton for political reasons.^{[ citation needed ]}
William Cooper (Cooperstown)	Federalist	March 4, 1795 – March 3, 1797	4th	Elected in 1794. Lost re-election.
James Cochran (Albany)	Federalist	March 4, 1797 – March 3, 1799	5th	Elected in 1796. Retired.
William Cooper (Cooperstown)	Federalist	March 4, 1799 – March 3, 1801	6th	Elected in 1798. Retired.	1799–1803 All of New York west of and including Cayuga, Onondaga, Cortland, and Broome counties; also included portions of what are today Chenango and Otsego counties
Thomas Morris (Canadaigua)	Federalist	March 4, 1801 – March 3, 1803	7th	Elected in 1800. Retired.
George Tibbits (Troy)	Federalist	March 4, 1803 – March 3, 1805	8th	Elected in 1802. Retired.	1803–1809 Rensselaer County
Josiah Masters (Schaghticoke)	Democratic-Republican	March 4, 1805 – March 3, 1809	9th 10th	Elected in 1804. Re-elected in 1806. Retired.	1803–1809 Rensselaer County
John Nicholson (Herkimer)	Democratic-Republican	March 4, 1809 – March 3, 1811	11th	Elected in 1808. Retired.	1809–1813 Jefferson, Lewis, Herkimer, and St. Lawrence counties
Silas Stow (Lowville)	Democratic-Republican	March 4, 1811 – March 3, 1813	12th	Elected in 1810. Retired.
Hosea Moffitt (Nassau)	Federalist	March 4, 1813 – March 3, 1817	13th 14th	Elected in 1812. Re-elected in 1814. Retired.	1813–1823 Rensselaer County
John P. Cushman (Troy)	Federalist	March 4, 1817 – March 3, 1819	15th	Elected in 1816. Retired.
John Dean Dickinson (Troy)	Federalist	March 4, 1819 – March 3, 1823	16th 17th	Elected in 1818. Re-elected in 1821. Redistricted to the 9th district and lost re-election.
Stephen Van Rensselaer (Albany)	Adams–Clay Federalist	March 4, 1823 – March 3, 1825	18th 19th 20th	Redistricted from the 9th district and re-elected in 1822. Re-elected in 1824. Re-elected in 1826. Retired.	1823–1843 Albany County
Stephen Van Rensselaer (Albany)	Anti-Jacksonian	March 4, 1825 – March 3, 1829	18th 19th 20th
Ambrose Spencer (Albany)	Anti-Jacksonian	March 4, 1829 – March 3, 1831	21st	Elected in 1828. Lost re-election.
Gerrit Y. Lansing (Albany)	Jacksonian	March 4, 1831 – March 3, 1837	22nd 23rd 24th	Elected in 1830. Re-elected in 1832. Re-elected in 1834. Retired.
Albert Gallup (East Berne)	Democratic	March 4, 1837 – March 3, 1839	25th	Elected in 1836. Lost re-election.
Daniel D. Barnard (Albany)	Whig	March 4, 1839 – March 3, 1843	26th 27th	Elected in 1838. Re-elected in 1840. Redistricted to the 13th district .
Jeremiah Russell (Saugerties)	Democratic	March 4, 1843 – March 3, 1845	28th	Elected in 1842. Lost re-election.	1843–1853 Delaware and Ulster counties
Samuel Gordon (Delhi)	Democratic	March 4, 1845 – March 3, 1847	29th	Elected in 1844. Retired.
Eliakim Sherrill (Shandaken)	Whig	March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849	30th	Elected in 1846. [ data missing ]
Herman D. Gould (Delhi)	Whig	March 4, 1849 – March 3, 1851	31st	Elected in 1848. Retired.
Marius Schoonmaker (Kingston)	Whig	March 4, 1851 – March 3, 1853	32nd	Elected in 1850. Retired.
William Murray (Goshen)	Independent Democratic	March 4, 1853 – March 3, 1855	33rd	Redistricted from the 9th district and re-elected in 1852. Retired.	1853–1863 Sullivan and Orange counties
Ambrose S. Murray (Goshen)	Opposition	March 4, 1855 – March 3, 1857	34th 35th	Elected in 1854. Re-elected in 1856. Retired.
Ambrose S. Murray (Goshen)	Republican	March 4, 1857 – March 3, 1859	34th 35th	Elected in 1854. Re-elected in 1856. Retired.
Charles Van Wyck (Bloomingburg)	Republican	March 4, 1859 – March 3, 1863	36th 37th	Elected in 1858. Re-elected in 1860. Retired to join the Union Army.
William Radford (Yonkers)	Democratic	March 4, 1863 – March 3, 1867	38th 39th	Elected in 1862. Re-elected in 1864. Lost re-election.	1863–1873 Westchester, Rockland, and Bronx counties
William H. Robertson (Katonah)	Republican	March 4, 1867 – March 3, 1869	40th	Elected in 1866. Retired.
Clarkson Nott Potter (New Rochelle)	Democratic	March 4, 1869 – March 3, 1873	41st 42nd	Elected in 1868. Re-elected in 1870. Redistricted to the 11th district .
Fernando Wood (New York)	Democratic	March 4, 1873 – March 3, 1875	43rd	Redistricted from the 9th district and re-elected in 1872. Redistricted back to the 9th district .	1873–1875 Northern Manhattan
Abram Stevens Hewitt (New York)	Democratic	March 4, 1875 – March 3, 1879	44th 45th	Elected in 1874. Re-elected in 1876. Retired.	1875–1913 Various parts of Midtown and Lower Manhattan
James O'Brien (New York)	Independent Democratic	March 4, 1879 – March 3, 1881	46th	Elected in 1878. Lost renomination.
Abram Stevens Hewitt (New York)	Democratic	March 4, 1881 – December 30, 1886	47th 48th 49th	Elected in 1880. Re-elected in 1882. Re-elected in 1884. Resigned to become Mayor of New York City.
Vacant		December 30, 1886 – March 3, 1887	49th
Francis B. Spinola (New York)	Democratic	March 4, 1887 – April 14, 1891	50th 51st 52nd	Elected in 1886. Re-elected in 1888. Re-elected in 1890. Died.
Vacant		April 14, 1891 – November 3, 1891	52nd
William Bourke Cockran (New York)	Democratic	November 3, 1891 – March 3, 1893	52nd	Elected to finish Spinola's term. Redistricted to the 12th district .
Daniel Sickles (New York)	Democratic	March 4, 1893 – March 3, 1895	53rd	Elected in 1892. Lost re-election.
Vacant		March 4, 1895 – November 5, 1895	54th	Representative-elect Andrew J. Campbell died before term began.
Amos J. Cummings (New York)	Democratic	November 5, 1895 – May 2, 1902	54th 55th 56th 57th	Elected to finish Campbell's term. Re-elected in 1896. Re-elected in 1898. Re-elected in 1900. Died.
Vacant		May 2, 1902 – November 4, 1902	57th
Edward Swann (New York)	Democratic	November 4, 1902 – March 3, 1903	57th	Elected to finish Cummings's term. Retired.
William Sulzer (New York)	Democratic	March 4, 1903 – December 31, 1912	58th 59th 60th 61st 62nd	Redistricted from the 11th district and re-elected in 1902. Re-elected in 1904. Re-elected in 1906. Re-elected in 1908. Re-elected in 1910. Resigned to become Governor of New York.
Vacant		January 1, 1913 – March 3, 1913	62nd
Herman A. Metz (Brooklyn)	Democratic	March 4, 1913 – March 3, 1915	63rd	Elected in 1912. Retired.	1913–1963 Various parts of Brooklyn
Reuben L. Haskell (Brooklyn)	Republican	March 4, 1915 – December 31, 1919	64th 65th 66th	Elected in 1914. Re-elected in 1916. Re-elected in 1918. Resigned.
Vacant		December 31, 1919 – November 2, 1920	66th
Lester D. Volk (Brooklyn)	Republican	November 2, 1920 – March 3, 1923	66th 67th	Elected to finish Haskell's term. Re-elected in 1920. Lost re-election.
Emanuel Celler (Brooklyn)	Democratic	March 4, 1923 – January 3, 1945	68th 69th 70th 71st 72nd 73rd 74th 75th 76th 77th 78th	Elected in 1922. Re-elected in 1924. Re-elected in 1926. Re-elected in 1928. Re-elected in 1930. Re-elected in 1932. Re-elected in 1934. Re-elected in 1936. Re-elected in 1938. Re-elected in 1940. Re-elected in 1942. Redistricted to the 15th district .
Andrew L. Somers (Brooklyn)	Democratic	January 3, 1945 – April 6, 1949	79th 80th 81st	Redistricted from the 6th district and re-elected in 1944. Re-elected in 1946. Re-elected in 1948. Died.
Vacant		April 7, 1949 – November 7, 1949	81st
Edna F. Kelly (Brooklyn)	Democratic	November 8, 1949 – January 3, 1963	81st 82nd 83rd 84th 85th 86th 87th	Elected to finish Somers's term Re-elected in 1950. Re-elected in 1952. Re-elected in 1954. Re-elected in 1956. Re-elected in 1958. Re-elected in 1960. Redistricted to the 12th district .
Emanuel Celler (Brooklyn)	Democratic	January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1971	88th 89th 90th 91st 92nd	Redistricted from the 11th district and re-elected in 1962. Re-elected in 1964. Re-elected in 1966. Re-elected in 1968. Re-elected in 1970. Redistricted to the 16th district and lost renomination.	1963–1971 Parts of Brooklyn and Queens
Emanuel Celler (Brooklyn)	Democratic	January 3, 1971 – January 3, 1973	88th 89th 90th 91st 92nd		1971–1973 Parts of Brooklyn
Mario Biaggi (The Bronx)	Democratic	January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1983	93rd 94th 95th 96th 97th	Redistricted from the 24th district and re-elected in 1972. Re-elected in 1974. Re-elected in 1976. Re-elected in 1978. Re-elected in 1980. Redistricted to the 19th district .	1973–1983 Parts of Queens and the Bronx
Chuck Schumer (Brooklyn)	Democratic	January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1993	98th 99th 100th 101st 102nd	Redistricted from the 16th district and re-elected in 1982. Re-elected in 1984. Re-elected in 1986. Re-elected in 1988. Re-elected in 1990. Redistricted to the 9th district .	1983–2003 Parts of Brooklyn
Ed Towns (Brooklyn)	Democratic	January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2013	103rd 104th 105th 106th 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th 112th	Redistricted from the 11th district and re-elected in 1992. Re-elected in 1994. Re-elected in 1996. Re-elected in 1998. Re-elected in 2000. Re-elected in 2002. Re-elected in 2004. Re-elected in 2006. Re-elected in 2008. Re-elected in 2010. Retired.	1983–2003 Parts of Brooklyn
2003–2013 Parts of Brooklyn			103rd 104th 105th 106th 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th 112th
Jerry Nadler (New York)	Democratic	January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2023	113th 114th 115th 116th 117th	Redistricted from the 8th district and re-elected in 2012. Re-elected in 2014. Re-elected in 2016. Re-elected in 2018. Re-elected in 2020. Redistricted to the 12th district .	2013–2023 Parts of Manhattan and Brooklyn
Dan Goldman (New York)	Democratic	January 3, 2023 – present	118th	Elected in 2022.	2023–2025 Parts of Manhattan and Brooklyn

National and statewide election results

Year	Office	Results
1992	President	B. Clinton 83–13%
1996	President	B. Clinton 90–6%
2000	President	Gore 88–8%
2004	President	Kerry 86–13%
2008	President	Obama 76–23%
2012	President	Obama 73–25%
2016	President	H. Clinton 78–18%
2020	President	Biden 76–22%

Electoral history

District election results

The following are historical results for the 10th district's congressional elections.^{[lower-alpha 2]}

U.S. House election, 1870:
New York's 10th congressional district^[7]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Clarkson Nott Potter (incumbent)	14,249	57.1
	Republican	James Westervelt	10,685	42.9
Majority			3,564	14.2
Turnout			24,934	100

U.S. House election, 1996:
New York's 10th congressional district
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Edolphus Towns (incumbent)	99,889	91.3
	Republican	Amelia Smith-Parker	8,660	7.9
	Right to Life	Julian M. Hill Jr.	893	0.8
Majority			91,229	83.4
Turnout			109,442	100

U.S. House election, 1998:
New York's 10th congressional district
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Edolphus Towns (incumbent)	83,528	92.3	1.0
	Republican	Ernestine M. Brown	5,577	6.2	1.7
	Conservative	Ernest Johnson	1,396	1.5	1.5
Majority			77,951	86.1	2.7
Turnout			90,501	100	17.3

U.S. House election, 2000:
New York's 10th congressional district
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Edolphus Towns (incumbent)	120,700	90.2	2.1
	Republican	Ernestine M. Brown	6,852	5.1	1.1
	Working Families	Barry Ford	5,530	4.1	4.1
	Conservative	Ernest Johnson	802	0.6	0.9
Majority			113,848	85.0	1.1
Turnout			133,884	100	47.9

U.S. House election, 2002:
New York's 10th congressional district
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Edolphus Towns (incumbent)	73,859	97.8	7.6
	Conservative	Herbert F. Rayn	1,639	2.2	1.6
Majority			72,220	95.7	10.7
Turnout			75,498	100	43.6

U.S. House election, 2004:
New York's 10th congressional district
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Edolphus Towns (incumbent)	136,113	91.5	6.3
	Republican	Harvey R. Clarke	11,099	7.5	7.5
	Conservative	Mariana Blume	1,554	1.0	1.2
Majority			125,014	84.0	11.7
Turnout			148,766	100	97.0

U.S. House election, 2006:
New York's 10th congressional district
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Edolphus Towns (incumbent)	72,171	92.2	0.7
	Republican	Jonathan H. Anderson	4,666	6.0	1.5
	Conservative	Ernest Johnson	1,470	1.9	0.9
Majority			67,505	86.2	2.2
Turnout			78,307	100	47.4

U.S. House election, 2008:
New York's 10th congressional district
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Edolphus Towns (incumbent)	72,171	92.2	0.7
	Republican	Jonathan H. Anderson	4,666	6.0	1.5
	Conservative	Ernest Johnson	1,470	1.9	0.9
Majority			67,505	86.2	2.2
Turnout			78,307	100	47.4

U.S. House election, 2014:
New York's 10th congressional district
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Jerry Nadler (incumbent)	89,080	87.6	n/a
	Conservative	Ross Brady	12,042	11.8	n/a
	Flourish Every Person	Michael Dilger	554	0.6	n/a
Majority			89,080	75.8	n/a
Turnout			113,226	20.1	n/a

Democratic Primary, 2016: New York District 10^[8]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Jerry Nadler (incumbent)	25,527	89.6	n/a
	Democratic	Oliver Rosenberg	2,949	10.4	n/a
Majority			22,578	79.3	n/a
Turnout			28,476	5.1	n/a

U.S. House election, 2016:
New York's 10th congressional district^[9]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Jerry Nadler (incumbent)	170,286	77.5	n/a
	Republican	Philip Rosenthal	49,530	22.5	n/a
Majority			120,756	55	n/a
Turnout			219,816	39.4	n/a

U.S. House election, 2018:
New York's 10th congressional district^[9]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Jerry Nadler (incumbent)	173,095	82.1	n/a
	Republican	Naomi Levin	33,692	16.0	n/a
Majority			173,095	82	n/a
Turnout			210,714	100	n/a

Democratic Primary, 2020: New York District 10^[10]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Jerry Nadler (incumbent)	51,054	64.2	n/a
	Democratic	Lindsey Boylan	16,511	20.8	n/a
	Democratic	Jonathan Herzog	7,829	9.9	n/a
Majority			34,543	43.4	n/a
Turnout			79,483	30.0	n/a

U.S. House election, 2020:
New York's 10th congressional district^[9]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Jerry Nadler	181,215	65.5
	Working Families	Jerry Nadler	25,095	9.1
	Total	Jerry Nadler (incumbent)	206,310	74.6
	Republican	Cathy Bernstein	61,045	22.1
	Conservative	Cathy Bernstein	5,844	2.1
	Total	Cathy Bernstein	66,889	24.2
	Libertarian	Michael Madrid	3,370	1.2
Total votes			276,569	100.0
	Democratic hold

Democratic Primary, 2022: New York District 10
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Dan Goldman	16,686	25.8
	Democratic	Yuh-Line Niou	15,380	23.7
	Democratic	Mondaire Jones (incumbent)^{[lower-alpha 3]}	11,777	18.2
	Democratic	Carlina Rivera	10,985	17.0
	Democratic	Jo Anne Simon	3,991	6.2
	Democratic	Elizabeth Holtzman	2,845	4.4
	Democratic	Jimmy Li	777	1.2
	Democratic	Yan Xiong	686	1.1
	Democratic	Maud Maron	578	0.9
	Democratic	Bill de Blasio (withdrawn)	477	0.7
	Democratic	Brian Robinson	322	0.5
	Democratic	Peter Gleason	147	0.2
	Democratic	Quanda Francis	121	0.2
Total votes			64,772	100.0

U.S. House election, 2022:
New York's 10th congressional district
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Daniel Goldman	160,582	83.49%
	Republican	Benine Hamdan	26,711	13.89%
	Conservative	Benine Hamdan	2,347	1.22%
	Total	Benine Hamdan	29,058	15.11%
	Medical Freedom Party	Steve Speer	1,447	0.75%
	Write-in		1,260	0.66%
Total votes			192,347	100%

Notes

↑ The cited reference appears to contradict itself on the Jewish population of the 10th District. The maps in the report use a population of 197,000.
↑ In New York State, there are numerous minor parties at various points on the political spectrum. Certain parties will invariably endorse either the Republican or Democratic candidate for an office; hence, where applicable, the state electoral results below contain both the individual party votes and the final candidate votes (listed as "Total").
↑ Due to redistricting, Mondaire Jones decided to move to NY-10, which is not connected by territory to his home district of NY-17.

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References

↑ "New York congressional districts by urban and rural population and land area". United States Census Bureau. June 8, 2017. Archived from the original on November 21, 2019. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
↑ "My Congressional District". US Census Bureau. Retrieved October 5, 2023.
↑ "2022 Cook PVI: District Map and List". Cook Political Report. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
↑ "The Art of the Gerrymander - 11 of 11". POLITICO Magazine. Retrieved June 28, 2019.
↑ "New York congressional districts by urban and rural population and land area". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
↑ "2014 Jewish Maps of the United States by Congressional District (Comenetz)".
↑ County of New York (1871). November Election, 1870. Complete Statement of the Official Canvass, in Detail of the Election Held November 8, 1870, Giving the Vote of Each Election District, with Proceedings of County And State... Vol. II. p. 2031. Retrieved March 13, 2009.
↑ "New York House Races Results". Politico. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
1 2 3 "New York U.S. House 10th District Results: Jerrold Nadler Wins - Election Results 2016". The New York Times. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
↑ "Statement and Return Report for Certification: Primary Election 2020 - 06/23/2020: Crossover - Democratic Party: Democratic Representative in Congress: 10th Congressional District" (PDF). Retrieved July 13, 2016.

Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
2006 House election data Clerk of the House of Representatives
2004 House election data
2002 House election data
2000 House election data
1998 House election data
1996 House election data

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[6] The cited reference appears to contradict itself on the Jewish population of the 10th District. The maps in the report use a population of 197,000.

[8] In New York State, there are numerous minor parties at various points on the political spectrum. Certain parties will invariably endorse either the Republican or Democratic candidate for an office; hence, where applicable, the state electoral results below contain both the individual party votes and the final candidate votes (listed as "Total").

[13] Due to redistricting, Mondaire Jones decided to move to NY-10, which is not connected by territory to his home district of NY-17.

[1] "New York congressional districts by urban and rural population and land area". United States Census Bureau. June 8, 2017. Archived from the original on November 21, 2019. Retrieved November 21, 2019.

[2] "My Congressional District". US Census Bureau. Retrieved October 5, 2023.

[Cook-3] "2022 Cook PVI: District Map and List". Cook Political Report. Retrieved January 10, 2023.

[4] "The Art of the Gerrymander - 11 of 11". POLITICO Magazine. Retrieved June 28, 2019.

[5] "New York congressional districts by urban and rural population and land area". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 11, 2014.

[7] "2014 Jewish Maps of the United States by Congressional District (Comenetz)".

[9] County of New York (1871). November Election, 1870. Complete Statement of the Official Canvass, in Detail of the Election Held November 8, 1870, Giving the Vote of Each Election District, with Proceedings of County And State... Vol. II. p. 2031. Retrieved March 13, 2009.

[10] "New York House Races Results". Politico. Retrieved July 13, 2016.

[nyt-11] 1 2 3 "New York U.S. House 10th District Results: Jerrold Nadler Wins - Election Results 2016". The New York Times. Retrieved February 24, 2017.

[12] "Statement and Return Report for Certification: Primary Election 2020 - 06/23/2020: Crossover - Democratic Party: Democratic Representative in Congress: 10th Congressional District" (PDF). Retrieved July 13, 2016.

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