Norid

Last updated

Norid AS
Type Public limited company
Industry Domain name registry
Founded1 July 2003
Headquarters
Trondheim
,
Norway
Area served
Norway
Services
  • .no
  • .sj
  • .bv
Revenue48.8 million kr (2020)
OwnerMinistry of Local Government and Modernisation
Number of employees
21
Website www.norid.no

Norid AS is the registry for the Norwegian country-code top-level domains (ccTLDs) .no (Norway), .sj (Svalbard and Jan Mayen) and .bv (Bouvet Island). By agreement with the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, Norid is delegated the exclusive authority to assign, administer and register domain names under these three top-level domains. [1] Of these three top-level domains, second-level domains may only be registered under .no, while use of .sj and .bv is presently reserved. [2]

Contents

Norid

Norid is not an administrative body, and domain names are assigned on a private-law basis and do not involve the exercise of official authority. [3] Norwegian domains are governed by regulation, and supervised by the Norwegian Communications Authority. [4]

As a registry, Norid administers the name service and the registration service for the top-level domains, and determines assignment rules within the framework of legislation and regulations. [5] The registration service processes applications for domain names under .no in accordance with current assignment rules and maintains a register of rights of use for the various domain names. The name service for the .no domain is required to ensure that the domain names function technically. This service, which is a key element of the basic Internet infrastructure in Norway, sets particularly high requirements for availability and has had no downtime since the top-level domain was first delegated, more than 30 years ago. [6]

History

On 17 March 1987, the .no top-level domain was delegated to Televerket’s Research Institute, assisted by the Internet pioneers Pål Spilling and Jens Thommassen. In the same year, the Uninett project was launched, and as a technically competent and neutral party, they took over responsibility for the top-level domain.

In 1993, Uninett was formally constituted as a wholly owned limited company under the Norwegian Ministry of Education, Research and Church Affairs. As the Internet became more popular, more resources were required to operate the .no domain, and in 1996 the domain registry project was made a distinct unit within Uninett. [7] The project was named Norid, an acronym for Norwegian registration service for Internet domain names. [8] In 1997, Norid became the registry for .sj and .bv.

The first domain name policy for .no was published in 1995. The policy was initially quite restrictive. Only organisations (companies and other businesses) could register domain names, and they could only register one domain name, for which they had to have documented rights. In the ensuing years, the domain name policy has been revised a number of times, [9] and many of the restrictions have been removed:

2000:Permission was given to register general words and expressions.
2001:The number of domain names allowed per registrant organisation was increased to 15, and the requirement to document rights to names was removed. [10]
2004:The number of permitted characters was expanded by 23, including æ, ø and å. Following this change, all the official written languages in Norway could be represented in Norwegian domain names. [11]
2007:Domain names that only consist of numbers permitted, such as 123.no. [12]
2011:priv.no was originally established as a category domain for private individuals in 1993, and was operated by various commercial players for many years. After taking over responsibility for the operation of the category domain, Norid made it available to everyone again on 6 June 2011. [13] On 30 November 2011, the number of domain names for organisations (companies and other businesses) was expanded to 100 domain names per organisation number. [14]
2014:Private individuals permitted to register domain names directly under .no. [15]

Following a recommendation from an inter-ministerial working group, [16] the domain area was regulated by a separate regulation of 1 August 2003 (the Norwegian Domain Name Regulations). [17] In February of the same year, Norid was established as a subsidiary of Uninett AS, under the name UNINETT Norid AS. The company changed its name to Norid AS in 2019. Since 1 July 2021, Norid AS has been owned by the Ministry of Local Government and Modernisation.

Domain name policy

Norid establishes all assignment rules for domain names under the .no domain within the frameworks of legislation and regulations, [18] and is responsible for the establishment of an appeal scheme. Prior to making any significant changes to the assignment or appeal rules, Norid obtains advice from the authorities and from users’ representatives, and may conduct public hearings. [19] [20] Important stakeholder groups are represented through Norpol, [21] an advisory body that helps develop the rules for the .no domain. Anyone who wishes can also give input to Norid directly. [22]

Assignment rules and appeal rules are designed under a private-law contractual framework. The assignment rules have provisions governing which domain names can be registered and which are reserved for specific purposes, and who can register domain names. Important provisions include:

The subscriber must be an organisation registered in the Central Coordinating Register of Legal Entities or a private individual registered in the Norwegian National Registry and must have a Norwegian postal address. [23]
Limited number of domain names. An organisation (company or other business) may have up to 100 domain names directly under .no and may also register under geographical domains and category domains. Individuals may register up to five domain names.
The domain name. A domain name must have a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 63 characters. Permitted characters: [24] the letters a–z, 23 special characters that cover all the official Norwegian written languages, the digits 0-9 and hyphens.
Protected or reserved names. Some domain names are reserved or protected for various reasons. [25] Examples include ftp.no, www.no etc. This also applies to some geographical names.

A domain name is only created when an organisation or private individual is assigned a subscription for it. The subscription gives the domain subscriber a right to use the domain name, [26] and this right is maintained for as long as the subscription runs. The domain subscriber is responsible for the use of the domain name. Norid has no control over the content of websites and has no mandate to sanction websites that may appear to be breaking the law. This is the responsibility of the Police and the courts. [27] Disputes over domain names are handled by the Alternative Dispute Resolution Committee or the courts. [28]

Norid’s website [29] provides more information about things to consider when choosing a domain name, and general issues concerning domain names.

Related Research Articles

Harald Tveit Alvestrand Norwegian computer scientist

Harald Tveit Alvestrand is a Norwegian computer scientist. He was chair of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) from 2001 until 2005, succeeding Fred Baker. Within the IETF, Alvestrand was earlier the chair of the Areas for Applications from 1995 until 1997, and of Operations and Management in 1998.

A domain name registry is a database of all domain names and the associated registrant information in the top level domains of the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet that enables third party entities to request administrative control of a domain name. Most registries operate on the top-level and second-level of the DNS.

Svalbard and Jan Mayen Two parts of Norway under separate jurisdictions

Svalbard and Jan Mayen is a statistical designation defined by ISO 3166-1 for a collective grouping of two remote jurisdictions of Norway: Svalbard and Jan Mayen. While the two are combined for the purposes of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) category, they are not administratively related. This has further resulted in the country code top-level domain .sj being issued for Svalbard and Jan Mayen, and ISO 3166-2:SJ. The United Nations Statistics Division also uses this code, but has named it Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands.

.eu Internet country-code top level domain for the European Union

.eu is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the European Union (EU). Launched on 7 December 2005, the domain is available for any person, company or organization based in the European Union. This was extended to the European Economic Area in 2014, after the regulation was incorporated into the EEA Agreement, and hence is also available for any person, company or organization based in Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. The TLD is administered by EURid, a consortium originally consisting of the national ccTLD registry operators of Belgium, Sweden, and Italy, joined later by the national registry operator of the Czech Republic. Trademark owners were able to submit registrations through a sunrise period, in an effort to prevent cybersquatting. Full registration started on 7 April 2006.

.us Internet country code top-level domain for the United States

.us is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the United States. It was established in early 1985. Registrants of .us domains must be U.S. citizens, residents, or organizations, or a foreign entity with a presence in the United States. Most registrants in the U.S. have registered for .com, .net, .org and other gTLDs, instead of .us, which has primarily been used by state and local governments, even though private entities may also register .us domains.

.ca is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Canada. The domain name registry that operates it is the Canadian Internet Registration Authority (CIRA).

.se Internet country code top-level domain for Sweden

.se, formerly branded as .SE, is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Sweden. The top domain is operated by The Internet Foundation in Sweden but domains must be registered through one of the approved registrars. The Internet Foundation in Sweden is managed on the basis of its charter of foundation and its statutes. The Foundation is managed by a Board of Directors, whose decisions are executed by the executive management.

A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is an Internet top-level domain generally used or reserved for a country, sovereign state, or dependent territory identified with a country code. All ASCII ccTLD identifiers are two letters long, and all two-letter top-level domains are ccTLDs.

.bv is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) reserved for the uninhabited Norwegian dependent territory of Bouvet Island. The domain name registry and sponsor is Norid, but .bv is not open for registration. .bv was designated on 21 August 1997 and was placed under the .no registry Norid. Norwegian policy states that .no is sufficient for those institutions connected to Bouvet Island, and therefore the domain is not open to registration. It is Norwegian policy not to commercialize domain resources, so there are no plans to sell .bv. Should the domain later come into use, it will be under the regulation of the Norwegian Post and Telecommunications Authority and follow the same policy as .no.

.jp Internet country-code top level domain for Japan

.jp is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Japan. It is administered by the Japan Registry Services.

.sj is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) reserved for the designation Svalbard and Jan Mayen. The domain name registry is Norid, but .sj is not open for registration. The issuing of the domain was based on the ISO 3166 designation of Svalbard and Jan Mayen, which consists of two separately administrated integrated territories of Norway: the Arctic archipelago Svalbard and the nearly uninhabited volcanic island Jan Mayen. .sj was designated on 21 August 1997, at the same time as Bouvet Island was allocated .bv. Both were placed under the .no registry Norid, which is also the sponsor. Norwegian policy states that .no is sufficient for those institutions connected to both Svalbard and Jan Mayen, and therefore the domain is not open to registration. It is Norwegian policy not to commercialize domain resources, so there are no plans to sell .sj. Should the domain later come into use, it will be under regulation of the Norwegian Post and Telecommunications Authority and follow the same policy as .no. There are two second-level domains reserved for the two areas: svalbard.no and jan-mayen.no, but other web addresses are also used.

.in Internet country code top-level domain for India

.in is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for India.

.ly Internet country-code top level domain for Libya

.ly is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Libya. .ly is also the file name extension of the LilyPond format.

.no is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Norway. Norid, the domain name registry, is based in Trondheim, is owned by the state-owned Uninett and operates under supervision of the Norwegian Post and Telecommunications Authority. As of May 10, 2013 there were 583,962 registered .no-domains. Organizations with a presence in Norway and registration at the Brønnøysund Register Centre are limited to 100 domains each. Individuals residing in Norway may register in the second-level domain priv.no and, as of June 17, 2014, directly under .no. Other second-level domains exist for organizations of certain types, such as municipalities and schools. The strict regulations have resulted in near-absence of cybersquatting and warehousing.

INRegistry

INRegistry is the organisation responsible for the .in TLD and the native language internationalised domain name TLDs for the country. It was appointed by the government of India, and operates under the authority National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI).

The Internet in Norway is available through Fiber or Mobile. The country code top level domain is .no.

ISO 3166-2:SJ Code for Svalbard and Jan Mayen

ISO 3166-2:SJ is the entry for Svalbard and Jan Mayen in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The standard defines codes for names of principal subdivisions of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1. Svalbard and Jan Mayen does not exist as an administrative region, but rather consists of two separate parts of Norway under separate jurisdictions—Svalbard and Jan Mayen. Further subdivision for Svalbard and Jan Mayen occurs under Norway's entry, ISO 3166-2:NO, namely NO-21 for Svalbard and NO-22 for Jan Mayen. There are currently no ISO 3166-2 codes for Svalbard and Jan Mayen.

.срб is the Internationalised (Cyrillic) Internet country code top-level domain for Serbia. It has been active since May 3, 2011.

As the state union of Serbia and Montenegro dissolved following the independence referendum in Montenegro, newly independent Serbia dealt with the issue of assignment of country codes. This task, which could seem trivial, is made hugely complex by the number of countries in the world having names which begin with the letter S. In September 2006, the proposal of the Serbian government to obtain the code RS was accepted by ISO.

References

  1. ↑ IANA. Root Zone Database. Entries for .no, .sj and .bv. (English) Visited 24 September 2021. Visited 24 September 2021.
  2. ↑ Norid (3 August 2010). ”The .bv and .sj top-level domains” (English). Archived from the original (web) 7 February 2009. Visited 5 May 2011.
  3. ↑ Lovdata. (1 August 2003). ”Regulations on domain names under Norwegian country code top-level domains” §3. (web) (Norwegian). Visited 5 May 2011.
  4. ↑ Lovdata. (1 August 2003). ”Regulations on domain names under Norwegian country code top-level domains” §3. (web) (Norwegian). Visited 5 May 2011.
  5. ↑ Norid. Articles of Association, Norid AS. (web) (Norwegian). Visited 24 September 2021.
  6. ↑ The Norwegian Ministry of Local Government and Modernisation. Report to the Storting 28 (2020–2021)Our common digital foundation - Mobile, broadband and Internet services. (Norwegian) Chapter 10.4.
  7. ↑ The Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications. (March 2002). ".no eller aldri" (.no or never). Management model and dispute resolution under Norwegian domain name administration. Page 25.
  8. ↑ Elisabeth Farstad (27 September 2017). ”30 years of Norwegian domain names” (web) (Norwegian). Norid. Visited 21 June 2020.
  9. ↑ Norid. Domain name policy archive. (web) (Norwegian). Visited 24 September 2021.
  10. ↑ Norid. ”Liberalisation of name policy” (Norwegian). Norid. Archived from the original (web) 13 June 2011. Visited 5 May 2011.
  11. ↑ Norid. "Change in regulations to allow characters from all official Norwegian written languages”. Archived from the original (web) 13 June 2011. Visited 5 May 2011:.
  12. ↑ Norid. ”Change in regulations to allow number-based domains”. Archived from the original (web) 13 June 2011. Visited May 5, 2011.
  13. ↑ Norid. ”Changes to the regulations to allow private domains”. Archived from the original (web) 16 April 2011. Visited 5 May 2011.
  14. ↑ Norid. ”Change in the rules for the number of permitted registered domains per organisation”. Archived from the original 25 February 2012. Visited 19 February 2012.
  15. ↑ Norid. “Amendment of the regulations 18 June 2014. Private individuals permitted to register domain names directly under .no” (Norwegian)
  16. ↑ The Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications. (March 2002). ".no eller aldri" (.no or never). Management model and dispute resolution under Norwegian domain name administration.
  17. ↑ Lovdata. (1 August 2003). ”Regulations on domain names under Norwegian country code top-level domains” (web) (Norwegian). Visited 5 May 2011.
  18. ↑ Norid. ”The domain name policy for .no” (web) (Norwegian)
  19. ↑ Norid. ”How to change the domain name policy of .no”
  20. ↑ The Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications. Report to the Storting 27 (2015–2016) "Digital Agenda for Norge - IKT for en enklere hverdag og økt produktivitet." (Digital Agenda for Norway - ICT for a simpler everyday life and increased productivity.) (Norwegian) Chapter. 31.2
  21. ↑ Norid. ”Norpol”
  22. ↑ Norid. ”How to propose a change in the .no domain name policy”
  23. ↑ Norid. ”Domain name policy for .no – 5. Requirements for the applicants – who can apply?”
  24. ↑ Norid. ”Permitted characters under .no”
  25. ↑ Norid. ”Appendix A: Reserved and prohibited domain names under domains managed by Norid”
  26. ↑ Supreme Court of Norway: HR-2009-01692-U, HR-2019-1743-A
  27. ↑ HR-2009-01692-U. Proposition to the Storting 8 LS (2019–2020).
  28. ↑ Norid ”Advice for authorities”
  29. ↑ Norid. "Online presence – where and how?"
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