Nurse-Family Partnership

Last updated

Nurse-Family Partnership
Founded1970s
FounderDavid Olds
Type NGO (501(c)(3)) [1]
Location
  • 1900 Grant Street, Suite 400, Denver, CO 80203
Area served
United States
Servicesprovides home visits from registered nurses to low-income first-time mothers
Key people
Frank Daidone (President and CEO), Charlotte Min-Harris (Chief Operating Officer), Elizabeth Slater Jasper (Chief Legal Officer, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary), Alison Kolwaite (Chief of External Affairs), Sarah McGee (Chief Policy and Government Affairs Officer), Kate Siegrist (Chief Nursing Officer), Tony Troxell (Chief Financial Officer)
Website www.nursefamilypartnership.org

Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP) is a non-profit organization operating in the United States that connects mothers pregnant with their first child with registered nurses, [2] who provide home visits until the child's second birthday. NFP intervention has been associated with improvements in maternal health, child health, and economic security. [3]

Contents

NFP started as a randomized control trial. The trial was conducted in a predominantly white, low-income neighborhood, located in Elmira, New York, in the late 1970s. For three consecutive decades, Professor David Olds and his colleagues conducted three similar randomized control trials, gathering research from each trial, which later contributed to the evidence-based development of the NFP. Randomized controlled trials were conducted in Elmira, New York; Memphis, Tennessee; and Denver, Colorado. The outcome of these trials proved that the NFP provided a tremendous number of benefits to children born in poverty stricken environments (Mason, 2016). Many of the families that participate in these trials had been experiencing many adversities, traumatic lifestyles events, and exposed to environments that were harmful to themselves and potentially harmful for their child. These parents expressed deep desires to protect and nurture their children and the NFP nurses facilitated resources and provided motivation to help change and eliminate these adversities to help create a better lifestyle and growing environment for both the parent and the child (Rowe, 2016).

Theory

Bronfenbrenner's theory of human ecology

Bronfenbrenner's theory of human ecology holds the idea that throughout the lifespan, humans are impacted by their environments, and likewise, humans impact their environments. At "ecological transition" points, developmental opportunities are created from a change in environment or in the child's role. [4]

Nurses study the mother's relationships with her partner and other people in her life, as well as the greater community dynamic, to help mothers navigate potential challenges they may face in motherhood. [5] NFP begins during pregnancy to take advantage of this ecological transition point in the mother's life. [6]

Bandura's self-efficacy theory

Bandura's theory of self-efficacy holds that when people believe in their ability to meet challenges and be successful, they are more likely to do so, and each success further fuels this belief. Giving someone a task that they believe they can perform is one way to enhance self-efficacy. [7]

NFP aims to give mothers more confidence by asking them to recall past successes, as well as engaging them in problem-solving tasks. [6]

Attachment theory

Bowlby's attachment theory holds that infants are biologically driven to bond with others, and this drive is reinforced by attentive parenting. Further, it is the child–caregiver relationship that shapes a child's development, making the quality of parental care in early childhood vital. [8]

Attachment theory is used in NFP in two ways. First, it is used to encourage mothers to bond with their children (e.g., explaining that infants learn to recognize mother's voice in the womb, pointing out when the child expresses trust in and dependence on the mother). Second, it is used to inform the nurse's relationship with the mother to build trust, and to model the skill. [6]

Goals

NFP nurses work with mothers and families to achieve three major goals, which include improving: "1) the outcomes of pregnancy by helping women improve their prenatal health; 2) children's subsequent health and development by helping parents provide competent care; and 3) women's own health and self-sufficiency by helping them set goals for themselves and take steps to accomplish those goals, including planning the timing of subsequent pregnancies." [9] Based upon such positive results from early clinical trials NFP was implemented across the United States in 1996 and contributed to the inclusion of funding for maternal and infant home visiting in the Affordable Care Act, of 2010. The NFP National Service Office (NSO) does provide support and training to NFP accredited sites to ensure adherence to the NFP model in addition to monitoring program implementation and outcome for quality improvement purposes. [10]

Target demographics

NFP targets low-income, first-time mothers, [11] following the idea that the best time to teach health and development behaviors is during the mother's first pregnancy. [12] This also gives time for mothers to work on potentially problematic behaviors before interacting face-to-face with the child. The mothers are often young and single; based on data collected from 1995 to 2017, the mothers in the program had a median age of 20, and 84% were unmarried. Additionally, 57% had completed high school, and the average yearly income was $9,000. [11]

While NFP was developed to target mothers, the program welcomes fathers, partners, family members and close friends, to participate. The goal is to ensure that everyone who will be supporting the baby and ideally forming close attachments with him or her will be well-equipped to do so. [13]

Intervention delivery

Length and timing

Clients enroll in the program early in their pregnancy (usually during the first trimester) and continue until the child's second birthday. [14] Ideally, the mother enrolls by week 16 of pregnancy, and it is required that the first meeting occur by week 28. [15] The following table illustrates the standard visit schedule, but this is flexible, and is often adjusted based on the client's needs and availability. [14]

Time FrameVisit Schedule
First Month of EnrollmentWeekly
Remainder of PregnancyEvery Other Week
First Six Weeks After BirthWeekly
Six Weeks to 20 MonthsEvery Other Week
20-24 MonthsMonthly

Visits can take place in the client's home, or in another location such as a community agency. [14] Sessions last between 60 and 90 minutes. [12]

Format

NFP is client-centered, meaning the nurse continuously adapts to ensure relevant and valuable sessions for the client; relational, meaning the primary tool for growth and learning is the relationship between the mother and nurse; strengths-based, meaning mothers reflect on their own successes to facilitate their learning and behavior change; and multi-dimensional, meaning it takes a holistic view of the mother and her life, aiming to affect various aspects of it. [11]

Nurses use Prochaska's Transtheoretical Model of Change to help mothers work through problems. This framework assesses the mother's readiness to embrace a new behavior change and provides processes of change to guide her. [6]

Content of Visits

The goal of prenatal visits is to facilitate compliance with health guidelines, coordinate care with physicians, and provide encouragement to the expecting mother. These sessions include completion of diet histories and tracking of weight gain, assessment and subsequent reduction of harmful health behaviors such as alcohol and drug use, training in identification of pregnancy complications, and coordination of help-seeking from nurses and physicians.

The goal of postnatal visits is to improve the child's physical and emotional care and promote parent–child attachment. These sessions include training in identification and management of child illness, facilitation of understanding child communicative signals, and enhancement of parent–child interactions that safely promote cognitive and emotional development. [16]

Deliverers

Nurses

NFP nurses must be registered nurses with a bachelor's degree in nursing. NFP nurse training consists of three phases. First, there is an orientation unit, which includes 40 hours of self-study. Second, there is an in-person education/experiential practice unit, which takes place in 25 hours over 2–4 days in Denver, Colorado. Finally, there is a long-distance education unit, with around 10 hours of team-based, supervisor-led professional development modules. [14]

Supervisors

"Nurse supervisors provide nurse home visitors clinical supervision with reflection, demonstrate integration of the theories, and facilitate professional development essential to the nurse home visitor role through specific supervisory activities, including one-to-one clinical supervision, case conferences, team meetings, and field supervision." [17]

NFP Nurse Supervisors must be registered nurses with a bachelor's degree in nursing, and it is preferred that they also have a master's degree in nursing. [14] In addition to the training completed by all nurses, supervisors are required to complete four introductory supervisor-education sessions, including two in-person sessions. [18] Additionally, they attend a three-day, 20-hour supervisor education and refresher in Denver annually. [14]

Evidence of effectiveness

Findings in Relation to Intervention Goals

Improve Prenatal Outcomes

Improve Child Health and Development

Improve Family's Economic Self-Sufficiency and Future Planning

Cost/Benefit to Society

Every dollar invested in NFP saves $5.70 in future costs for the highest-risk families enrolled, most notably seen in government costs. [29] For example, the increased economic self-sufficiency of enrolled families reduced Medicaid enrollment, leading to an 8.5% reduction in costs. [30]

Locations

United States

NFP operates in over 700 counties across 40 states, as well as in the U.S. Virgin Islands. [31]

United Kingdom

In the UK the programme is known as the Family Nurse Partnership and has been backed by the NHS to deliver a service to 16,000 of the most disadvantaged new parents in the country. [32]

However, there has been less success in the UK than in the USA. A 2015 study from Robling, et al. found improved/earlier identification of safeguarding risks and a valued relationship between mother and nurse, but no benefit to short-term outcomes. [33] In response, FNP has introduced Next Steps, which aims to increase beneficial outcomes, program flexibility, personalization, cost-effectiveness, and knowledge-exchange between services. [34]

Netherlands

A 2011 study found that NFP was successfully adapted into the Dutch healthcare system and was expected to have a positive impact on pre- and postnatal risk factors. [35] Later studies found that NFP was successful at reducing intimate partner violence for the duration of the intervention, [36] reducing smoking, increasing duration of breastfeeding, [37] reducing child maltreatment, improving long-term home environments, and reducing child internalizing behaviors, [38] but unsuccessful at targeting pregnancy outcomes. [37]

Funding

Private funding

NFP is supported through a combination of individual and foundation/corporation donors. Foundations and corporations that support or have supported NFP include the Edna McConnell Clark Foundation, [39] Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, [40] Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, [41] W.K. Kellogg Foundation, [42] Kresge Foundation, Johnson & Johnson, and others.

Government funding

Many of NFP's programs are carried out in conjunction with federal, state, and local governments and are funded through various programs of these governments. Funding sources include Affordable Care Act, Medicaid [43] and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families.

External reviews

GiveWell review

Charity evaluator GiveWell reviewed Nurse-Family Partnership in Fall of 2010. [44] Until November 2011, Nurse-Family Partnership was rated as the top US charity recommended for GiveWell donors. In November 2011, GiveWell changed NFP's review to outstanding, because they felt that NFP did not have any short-term need for more funding.

Other reviews

Nurse-Family Partnership has received two consecutive four-star rating from Charity Navigator, [45] the highest possible rating awarded from the U.S.-based charity evaluator. NFP received a rating of 60.37/70 with a financial rating of 56.98/70 and an accountability rating of 66/70. [45]

The Center for High Impact Philanthropy listed the Nurse-Family Partnership as a high-impact opportunity in its holiday giving guide and elsewhere on its website. [46] [47] [48]

The Coalition for Evidence-Based Policy published a detailed review of the evidence of success of the NFP's programs on its website. [49]

GuideStar [50] has awarded the Gold participation level to Nurse-Family Partnership for its commitment to data transparency.

Great Nonprofits [51] awarded Nurse-Family Partnership the Top-Rated Nonprofit award.

Media and blog coverage

Nurse-Family Partnership has been covered in media outlets such as Time , [52] The New York Times , [53] [54] The New Republic , [55] The Washington Post , [56] [57] and USA Today . [58]

NFP has received favorable coverage in the blogs and opinion pieces of a number of think tanks including the Center for American Progress [59] and the Brookings Institution. [60]

Criticisms

Practitioners may experience burn-out given that nurses carry a caseload of at least 25 families, endure emotionally taxing work, and often lack agency support. This can lead to high turnover, which then compounds the situation as current nurses must take on departing nurses' caseloads. [61] However, a stable workforce is associated with higher retention. [62]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Doula</span> Non-medical companion who supports a person through significant health-related experiences

A doula is a trained professional who provides expert guidance for the service of others and who supports another person through a significant health-related experience, such as childbirth, miscarriage, induced abortion or stillbirth, as well as non-reproductive experiences such as dying. A doula might also provide support to the client's partner, family, and friends.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Teenage pregnancy</span> Childbirth in human females under the age of 20

Teenage pregnancy, also known as adolescent pregnancy, is pregnancy in a female adolescent or young adult under the age of 20. Worldwide, pregnancy complications are the leading cause of death for women and girls 15 to 19 years old. The definition of teenage pregnancy includes those who are legally considered adults in their country. The WHO defines adolescence as the period between the ages of 10 and 19 years. Pregnancy can occur with sexual intercourse after the start of ovulation, which can happen before the first menstrual period (menarche). In healthy, well-nourished girls, the first period usually takes place between the ages of 12 and 13.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">School nursing</span> Practice of public health in schools

School nursing, a specialized practice of public health nursing, protects and promotes student health, facilitates normal development, and advances academic success. School nurses, grounded in ethical and evidence-based practice, bridge the gap between health care and education, provide care coordination, advocate for quality student-centered care, and collaborate to design systems that allow individuals and communities to develop their full potentials. A school nurse works with school-aged children in the educational setting. Students experiencing illness or injury during the school day often report to the school nurse for assessment. Administering routine medications, caring for a child with a virus, or stabilizing a child until emergency services arrive after a more serious injury may all be a part of the job requirements. School nurses are well positioned to take the lead for the school system in partnering with school physicians, community physicians, and community organizations. They facilitate access to Medicaid and the State Children's Health Insurance Program to help families and students enroll in state health insurance programs and may assist in finding a medical home for each student who needs one.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nursing process</span>

The nursing process is a modified scientific method which is a fundamental part of nursing practices in many countries around the world. Nursing practise was first described as a four-stage nursing process by Ida Jean Orlando in 1958. It should not be confused with nursing theories or health informatics. The diagnosis phase was added later.

Disease management is defined as "a system of coordinated healthcare interventions and communications for populations with conditions in which patient self-care efforts are significant."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nutrition and pregnancy</span> Nutrient intake and dietary planning undertaken before, during and after pregnancy

Nutrition and pregnancy refers to the nutrient intake, and dietary planning that is undertaken before, during and after pregnancy. Nutrition of the fetus begins at conception. For this reason, the nutrition of the mother is important from before conception as well as throughout pregnancy and breastfeeding. An ever-increasing number of studies have shown that the nutrition of the mother will have an effect on the child, up to and including the risk for cancer, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and diabetes throughout life.

Academic detailing is "university or non-commercial-based educational outreach." The process involves face-to-face education of prescribers by trained health care professionals, typically pharmacists, physicians, or nurses. The goal of academic detailing is to improve prescribing of targeted drugs to be consistent with medical evidence from randomized controlled trials, which ultimately improves patient care and can reduce health care costs. A key component of non-commercial or university-based academic detailing programs is that they do not have any financial links to the pharmaceutical industry.

A parent education program is a course that can be followed to correct and improve a person's parenting skills. Such courses may be general, covering the most common issues parents may encounter, or specific, for infants, toddlers, children and teenagers. These courses may also be geared towards parents who are considering having a child, or adopting one, or are pregnant.

Maternal health is the health of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. In most cases, maternal health encompasses the health care dimensions of family planning, preconception, prenatal, and postnatal care in order to ensure a positive and fulfilling experience. In other cases, maternal health can reduce maternal morbidity and mortality. Maternal health revolves around the health and wellness of pregnant women, particularly when they are pregnant, at the time they give birth, and during child-raising. WHO has indicated that even though motherhood has been considered as a fulfilling natural experience that is emotional to the mother, a high percentage of women develop health problems and sometimes even die. Because of this, there is a need to invest in the health of women. The investment can be achieved in different ways, among the main ones being subsidizing the healthcare cost, education on maternal health, encouraging effective family planning, and ensuring progressive check up on the health of women with children. Maternal morbidity and mortality particularly affects women of color and women living in low and lower-middle income countries.

Family-centered care or Relationship-Centered Care is one of four approaches that provides an expanded view of how to work with children and families. Family-centered service is made up of a set of values, attitudes, and approaches to services for children with special needs and their families. In some family-centered settings such as the Hasbro Children's Partial Hospital Program, medical and psychiatric services are integrated to help teach parents and children methods to treat illness and disease. Family-centered service recognizes that each family is unique; that the family is the constant in the child's life; and that they are the experts on the child's abilities and needs. The family works with service providers to make informed decisions about the services and supports the child and family receive. In family-centered service, the strengths and needs of all family members are considered.

Neonatal withdrawal or neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) or neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS) is a withdrawal syndrome of infants after birth caused by in utero exposure to drugs of dependence, most commonly opioids. Common signs and symptoms include tremors, irritability, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever. NAS is primarily diagnosed with a detailed medication history and scoring systems. First-line treatment should begin with non-medication interventions to support neonate growth, though medication interventions may be used in certain situations.

Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is an eight-week evidence-based program that offers secular, intensive mindfulness training to assist people with stress, anxiety, depression and pain. Developed at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center in the 1970s by Professor Jon Kabat-Zinn, MBSR uses a combination of mindfulness meditation, body awareness, yoga and exploration of patterns of behavior, thinking, feeling and action. Mindfulness can be understood as the non-judgmental acceptance and investigation of present experience, including body sensations, internal mental states, thoughts, emotions, impulses and memories, in order to reduce suffering or distress and to increase well-being. Mindfulness meditation is a method by which attention skills are cultivated, emotional regulation is developed, and rumination and worry are significantly reduced. During the past decades, mindfulness meditation has been the subject of more controlled clinical research, which suggests its potential beneficial effects for mental health,, athletic performance, as well as physical health. While MBSR has its roots in wisdom teachings of Zen Buddhism, Hatha Yoga, Vipassana and Advaita Vedanta, the program itself is secular. The MBSR program is described in detail in Kabat-Zinn's 1990 book Full Catastrophe Living.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Remote patient monitoring</span> Technology to monitor patients outside of conventional clinical settings

Remote patient monitoring (RPM) is a technology to enable monitoring of patients outside of conventional clinical settings, such as in the home or in a remote area, which may increase access to care and decrease healthcare delivery costs. RPM involves the constant remote care of patients by their physicians, often to track physical symptoms, chronic conditions, or post-hospitalization rehab.

Prevention science is the application of a scientific methodology that seeks to prevent or moderate major human dysfunctions before they occur. Regardless of the type of issue on hand, the factors that lead to the problem must be identified and addressed. Prevention research is thus focused primarily on the systematic study of these potential precursors of dysfunction, also known as risk factors; as well as components or circumstances that reduces the probability of problem development in the presence of risk, also known as protective factors. Preventive interventions aim to counteract risk factors and reinforce protective factors in order to disrupt processes or situations that give rise to human or social dysfunction.

A pre-existing disease in pregnancy is a disease that is not directly caused by the pregnancy, in contrast to various complications of pregnancy, but which may become worse or be a potential risk to the pregnancy. A major component of this risk can result from necessary use of drugs in pregnancy to manage the disease.

Home visiting programs for families with young children have received Federal government support in the United States. A range of programs have been implemented, with evaluation of their effectiveness in terms of health, social and educational outcomes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kenneth A. Dodge</span> American academic

Kenneth Dodge is the William McDougall Distinguished Professor of Public Policy and Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience at Duke University. He is also the founding and past director of the Duke University Center for Child and Family Policy and founder of Family Connects International.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nicole Letourneau</span> Canadian Professor and Researcher

Nicole Lyn Letourneau is a Canadian professor and researcher. She is a Research Chair in Parent and Child Mental Health at the University of Calgary. Formerly she held the Alberta Children's Hospital Chair and Norlien Foundation Chair in Parent-Infant Mental Health (2011–2021) and Canada Research Chair in Healthy Child Development (2007–2011). She currently serves as the director of the RESOLVE Alberta and principal investigator for the CHILD Studies Program at Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute. She has written over 210 peer-reviewed publications; authored the books, Parenting and Child Development: Issues and Answers, What Kind of Parent Am I:Self-Surveys That Reveal The Impact of Toxic Stress Scientific Parenting: What Science reveals about Parental Impact, and has contributed more than 20 other books on parenting and childcare.

Jeannette R. Ickovics is an American health and social psychologist. She is the inaugural Samuel and Liselotte Herman Professor of Social and Behavioral Sciences at the Yale School of Public Health and Professor of Psychology at the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences at Yale University. She was the Founding Chair of the Social and Behavioral Sciences at the Yale School of Public Health and the Founding Director of Community Alliance for Research and Engagement (CARE). She served as the Dean of Faculty at Yale-NUS College in Singapore from 2018 to 2021.

Birthing classes are classes to help parents to prepare for the birth of a baby and the first cares of a newborn, and a birth plan is a document created by a pregnant woman detailing her decisions and expectations regarding her labor and childbirth.

References

  1. ↑ "Financial Information". Nurse-Family Partnership. Retrieved December 18, 2014.
  2. ↑ "Beginning with trust, ending with extraordinary outcomes". Nurse-Family Partnership. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
  3. ↑ "Nurse Home Visits Improve Birth Outcomes, Other Health and Social Indicators for Low-Income, First-Time Mothers and Their Children". Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. July 5, 2014 [First published 2008]. Archived from the original on February 1, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2014.
  4. ↑ Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
  5. ↑ Guiding Theories. (n.d.). Retrieved April 17, 2019, from https://www.nursefamilypartnership.org/nurses/guiding-theories/   
  6. 1 2 3 4 Dawley, K., Loch, K. & Bindrich, I. (2007). The nurse-family partnership. American Journal of Nursing, 107(11), 66–67.
  7. ↑ Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W.H. Freeman.
  8. ↑ Bowlby, J. (1970). Attachment and loss. New York: Basic Books.
  9. ↑ Holland ML, Olds DL, Dozier AM, Kitzman HJ (May 2019). "Visit attendance patterns in Nurse-Family Partnership Community Sites". Prevention Science. 19 (4): 516–27. doi:10.1007/s11121-017-0829-6. PMC   5826902 . PMID   28812181.
  10. ↑ Nurse-Family Partnership, Nurse Family Partnership Snapshot (PDF), Nursefamilypartnership.org, retrieved July 15, 2020
  11. 1 2 3 Nurses and Mothers [Fact sheet]. (2018). Retrieved March 18, 2019, from https://www.nursefamilypartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Nurses-Mothers.pdf
  12. 1 2 Overview [Fact sheet]. (2017). Retrieved March 18, 2019, from https://www.nursefamilypartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/NFP_Overview.pdf
  13. ↑ Dads. (n.d.). Retrieved April 17, 2019, from https://www.nursefamilypartnership.org/first-time-moms/expectant-fathers/
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP). (2018, October). Retrieved April 17, 2019, from California Evidence-Based Clearinghouse for Child Welfare website: https://www.cebc4cw.org/program/nurse-family-partnership/
  15. ↑ Implementing Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP): Model overview. (2018, April). Retrieved March 18, 2019, from Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness website: https://homvee.acf.hhs.gov/Implementation/3/Nurse-Family-Partnership--NFP--Model-Overview/14
  16. ↑ Olds, D. L. (2006). The nurse–family partnership: An evidence‐based preventive intervention. Infant Mental Health Journal, 27(1), 5–25. doi : 10.1002/imhj
  17. ↑ Implementing Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP): Materials and forms to support implementation. (2018, April). Retrieved April 17, 2019, from Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness website: https://homvee.acf.hhs.gov/Implementation/3/Nurse-Family-Partnership--NFP--Materials-and-Forms-to-Support-Implementation/14/4
  18. ↑ Implementing Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP): Training to support implementation. (2018, April). Retrieved April 17, 2019, from Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness website:https://homvee.acf.hhs.gov/Implementation/3/Nurse-Family-Partnership--NFP--Training-to-Support-Implementation/14/3
  19. ↑ Olds, D. L., Henderson, C. R. Jr., Tatelbaum, R., & Chamberlin, R. (1986). Improving the delivery of prenatal care and outcomes of pregnancy: A randomized trial of nurse home visitation. Pediatrics, 77, 16–28.
  20. ↑ Thorland, W., & Currie, D. (2017). Status of Birth Outcomes in Clients of the Nurse-Family Partnership. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 21(5), 995–1001. doi : 10.1007/s10995-017-2267-2
  21. ↑ Kitzman, H., Olds, D. L., Henderson, et al. (1997). Effect of Prenatal and Infancy Home Visitation by Nurses on Pregnancy Outcomes, Childhood Injuries, and Repeated Childbearing: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA, 278(8), 644–652.
  22. 1 2 Reanalysis of Olds, D. L., Eckenrode, J., Henderson, C. R., Kitzman, H., Powers, J., Cole, R., et al. (1997). Long-term effects of home visitation on maternal life course and child abuse and neglect. Fifteen-year follow-up of a randomized trial. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 278(8), 637–643.
  23. ↑ Olds, D. L., Henderson, Jr., C. R., Chamberlin, R., & Tatelbaum, R. (1986). Preventing child abuse and neglect: A randomized trial of nurse home visitation. Pediatrics, 78, 65–78.
  24. ↑ Olds, D. L., Robinson, J., O'Brien, R., Luckey, D. W., Pettitt, L. M., Henderson, C. R. Jr., Ng, R. K., Sheff, K. L., Korfmacher, J., Hiatt, S., & Talmi, A. (2002). Home visiting by paraprofessionals and by nurses: A randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics, 110(3), 486–496.
  25. ↑ Olds, D. L., Kitzman, H., Cole, R., Robinson, J., Sidora, K., Luckey, D., Henderson, C., Hanks, C., Bondy, J., Holmberg, J. (2004). Effects of nurse home visiting on maternal life-course and child development: Age-six follow-up of a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 114, 1550-9.
  26. ↑ Reanalysis of Olds, D. L., Henderson, C. R., Cole, R., Eckenrode, J., Kitzman, H., Luckey, D., et al. (1998). Long-term effects of nurse home visitation on children’s criminal and antisocial behavior: 15-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 280(14), 1238–1244.
  27. ↑ Olds, D. L., Henderson, Jr., C. R., Tatelbaum, R., & Chamberlin, R. (1988). Improving the lifecourse development of socially disadvantaged parents: A randomized trial of nurse home visitation. American Journal of Public Health, 78, 1436–1445.
  28. ↑ Kitzman, H., Olds, D., Sidora, K., Henderson, J., Hanks, C., Cole, R., et al. (2000). Enduring Effects of Nurse Home Visitation on Maternal Life Course: A 3-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Trial. JAMA, 283(15), 1983–1989. doi : 10.1001/jama.283.15.1983
  29. ↑ Karoly, L., Kilburn, M. R., & Cannon, J. (2005). Early Childhood Interventions: Proven Results, Future Promise, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, MG-341-PNC, 2005. Retrieved April 17, 2019, from https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG341.html
  30. ↑ Miller, T. (2015). Projected Outcomes of Nurse-Family Partnership Home Visitation During 1996–2013, USA. Prevention Science, 16(6), 765–777. doi : 10.1007/s11121-015-0572-9
  31. ↑ National Snapshot [Fact sheet]. (2018). Retrieved April 17, 2019, from https://www.nursefamilypartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/NFP_Snapshot_NewBrand_20180630-1.pdf
  32. ↑ "Family Nurse Partnership programme to be extended". Gov.uk. April 4, 2013. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
  33. ↑ Robling, M., Bekkers, M., Bell, K., Butler, C. C., Cannings-John, R., Channon, S., et al. (2016). Effectiveness of a nurse-led intensive home-visitation programme for first-time teenage mothers (Building Blocks): A pragmatic randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 387, 146-155. doi : 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00392-X
  34. ↑ Evidence. (n.d.). Retrieved April 17, 2019, from https://fnp.nhs.uk/our-impact/evidence/
  35. ↑ Mejdoubi, J., van Den Heijkant, S., Struijf, E., van Leerdam, F., Hirasing, R., & Crijnen, A. (2011). Addressing risk factors for child abuse among high risk pregnant women: design of a randomised controlled trial of the nurse family partnership in Dutch preventive health care. BMC Public Health, 11(1). doi : 10.1186/1471-2458-11-823
  36. ↑ Mejdoubi, J., van Den Heijkant, S., van Leerdam, F., Heymans, M., Hirasing, R., & Crijnen, A. (2013). Effect of nurse home visits vs. usual care on reducing intimate partner violence in young high-risk pregnant women: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 8(10), e78185. doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0078185
  37. 1 2 Mejdoubi, J., van Den Heijkant, S., van Leerdam, F., Crone, M., Crijnen, A., & Hirasing, R. (2014). Effects of nurse home visitation on cigarette smoking, pregnancy outcomes and breastfeeding: A randomized controlled trial. Midwifery, 30(6), 688–695. doi : 10.1016/j.midw.2013.08.006
  38. ↑ Mejdoubi, J., van Den Heijkant, S., van Leerdam, F., Heymans, M., Crijnen, A., & Hirasing, A. (2015). The effect of VoorZorg, the Dutch nurse-family partnership, on child maltreatment and development: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 10(4), e0120182. doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0120182
  39. ↑ "Nurse-Family Partnership". The Edna McConnell Clark Foundation. Retrieved December 18, 2014.
  40. ↑ "Nurse-Family Partnership (grant information)". Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. November 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2014.
  41. ↑ "Nurse-Family Partnership Program". Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. August 26, 2008. Retrieved December 18, 2014.
  42. ↑ "Nurse-Family Partnership". W. K. Kellogg Foundation. Retrieved December 18, 2014.
  43. ↑ "Medicaid Financing of Early Childhood Home Visiting Programs: Options, Opportunities and Challenges" (PDF). National Academy for State Health Policy. June 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2014.
  44. ↑ "Nurse-Family Partnership (charity review)". GiveWell.
  45. 1 2 "Charity Navigator Rating -- Nurse-Family Partnership". Charity Navigator.
  46. ↑ "Center for High Impact Philanthropy Calls Investing in Nurse-Family Partnership a High-Impact Opportunity" (PDF). Nurse-Family Partnership.
  47. ↑ "High Impact Holiday Giving". Center for High Impact Philanthropy.
  48. ↑ "Year End Giving 2014: Help First-Time Parents Succeed - the Center for High Impact Philanthropy". Archived from the original on December 16, 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2014.
  49. ↑ "Social Programs That Work: Nurse-Family Partnership". Coalition for Evidence-Based Policy.
  50. ↑ "Nonprofit report for Nurse-Family Partnership". GuideStar.
  51. ↑ "Nurse-family partnership". Great Nonprofits.
  52. ↑ Luckerson, Victor (December 10, 2012). "How Nonprofits Can Use Data to Solve the World's Problems". Time. Retrieved March 17, 2019– via business.time.com.
  53. ↑ Kristof, Nicholas; WuDunn, Sheryl (September 12, 2014). "Opinion - The Way to Beat Poverty" . Retrieved March 17, 2019– via NYTimes.com.
  54. ↑ "The Power of Nursing". The New York Times. May 16, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
  55. ↑ Cohn, Jonathan (November 9, 2011). "The Two Year Window". The New Republic. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
  56. ↑ "Nurses' visits curb deaths among poor, single women and their children". The Washington Post. July 8, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2019.
  57. ↑ "Some Women Will Find Childbearing Less of a Burden". The Washington Post. June 8, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
  58. ↑ "Home Visits Help New Moms". USA Today. April 14, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
  59. ↑ Costa, Kristina (February 5, 2024). "Washington State Shows What Works: Data-driven Analysis of Public Programs Reaps Many Benefits". Center for American Progress.
  60. ↑ "Congress Should Use Cost-Effectiveness to Guide Spending Cuts". Brookings Institution. November 30, 2011.
  61. ↑ Lewis, J. (2007). Colorado Nurses and the NFP. AJN, American Journal of Nursing, 107(11), 69–72. doi : 10.1097/01.NAJ.0000298068.65467.bf
  62. ↑ Holland, M. L., Olds, D. L., Dozier, A. M., & Kitzman, H. J. (2018). Visit attendance patterns in Nurse-Family Partnership community sites. Prevention Science, 19(4), 516-527. doi : 10.1007/ s11121-017-0829-6.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.