| Ogoveidae | |
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| Family: | Ogoveidae Shear, 1980 |
| Genus: | Ogovea Roewer, 1923 |
| Type species | |
| Ogovea grossa Hansen & Sørensen, 1904 | |
| Diversity | |
| 1 genus, 3 species | |
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Ogoveidae is a family of harvestmen with three described species in one genus, Ogovea, which is found in equatorial West Africa.
The name of the genus giving the family its name refers to the river Ogooué, where the type species was found. The genus was originally named OgoviaHansen & Sørensen, 1904, but later renamed OgoveaRoewer, 1923, [1] as the original name already belonged to a genus of Noctuid moths. [2]
Ogoveidae are moderately sized Cyphophthalmi, at 3.4 to 5 mm long, and dark reddish-brown in color as adults. [3] [4] Like most members of the Sternophthalmi, they are completely eyeless, exhibit opisthosomal exocrine glands located on the sternum, and possess a complete corona analis (fusion of sternites 8 & 9, and tergite 9), as well as laterally projecting ozophores. [1] [3]
Their body is covered with distinct granulations, as well as a variety of different types of sensory hairs and structures, including a solea (modified area with a high concentration of sensory setae) on the first pair of tarsi. The chelicerae exhibit a smooth, robust, second segment, as well as a dorsal crest, small ventral process, and large, uniform, nodular teeth. They can be distinguished from other families of Sternophthalmi by the smooth tarsal claws on the second tarsi, as well as a conspicuous opisthosomal median furrow, more distinct than that of some Neogoveids, and a short, thornlike, triangular adenostyle. [1] [3]
Ogoveidae also possesses several unique apomorphies, including a conspicuous, posteriorly projecting apophysis associated with the sternal exocrine glands, a conspicuous, anteriorly projecting tricuspidate process located along the front of the prosomal carapace, a modified, compressed pedipalpal femur that allows the pedipalps to fold over the chelicerae, and unique structures known as Hansen's organs. Hansen's organs appear as circular, raised, smooth patches of cuticle, and can be found on the legs, coxae and the underside of the opisthosoma. The exact function of the Hansen's organ is currently unknown, although they are thought to be associated with some sensory function. [3]
Ogoveids possess a characteristic spermatopositor, with a uniquely complex setation pattern, consisting of 4-5 rows of short setae on the ventral plate, and 4 short setae in a single row located apically on the median plate. The dorsal setae are long, and form 2 groups. [3]
Ogoveidae is very geographically conserved, found only in tropical rain forests of equatorial West Africa. So far, it is known from 3 different nations: Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, and, likely, Gabon. All 3 species are known only from their type locality, and it is possible the range of the family extends considerably further than is known. [3]
Ogoveidae was erected as a family in 1980, originally consisting of 2 genera, Ogovea and Huitaca , though in 2003 Huitaca was transferred to the related family Neogoveidae. [3]
These 2 families make up the superfamily Ogoveoidea, which is the sister group to Troglosironidae. Troglosironidae and Ogoveoidea together make up the infraorder Sternophthalmi, which is well supported as monophyletic by recent phylogenetic analyses. However, no cladistic analysis has been conducted to resolve the internal phylogeny of the family. [5]
This species was discovered near Yaoundé, in Cameroon, considerably extending the range of the genus northwards. It is known from 19 specimens, all collected at the same locality.
This is the largest of the three species by a wide margin, reaching up to 5 mm in length, and is most apparently similar to O. grossa. It can be distinguished from that species on the basis of its large size, significantly shorter anterior process, and proportionally longer chelicerae, which also exhibit a much more conspicuous dorsal crest. [3]
The first species of the genus to be discovered, it is known only from a single female specimen collected along the Ogooué River in what was then French Equatorial Africa. However, as the Ogooué River flows through both the modern day nations of Congo and Gabon, it is unknown in which modern nation the specimen was found.
The specimen was identified as a separate genus on the basis of the anteriorly projecting process on the prosoma and compressed pedipalps; compared to the other 2 species in the genus, O. grossa is intermediate in terms of body length and the length of the anterior process. The single known specimen was 3.75 mm in length. [6]
This species is based on 5 specimens collected on the island of Bioko, in Equatorial Guinea, between the altitudes of 400 and 500 meters. Of the 5 specimens, 3 were adult males, allowing for the examination of sexually dimorphic characters in the family for the first time, including the characteristic ventral posterior apophysis of the male. Of the other 2, 1 was an adult female, and 1 was an immature.
This species was distinguished from O. grossa primarily due to the significantly longer and broader anterior process, significantly shorter legs, proportionally longer solea, and a different granulation pattern. This species is also the smallest of the known species of Ogovea, with the single female specimen being 3.52 mm in length and the males being slightly smaller than that. [4]
The Opiliones are an order of arachnids colloquially known as harvestmen, harvesters, harvest spiders, or daddy longlegs. As of April 2017, over 6,650 species of harvestmen have been discovered worldwide, although the total number of extant species may exceed 10,000. The order Opiliones includes five suborders: Cyphophthalmi, Eupnoi, Dyspnoi, Laniatores, and Tetrophthalmi, which were named in 2014.
Cosmetidae is a family of harvestmen in the suborder Laniatores. With over 700 species, it is one of the largest families in Opiliones. They are endemic of the New World with a Nearctic-Neotropical distribution where a large fraction of the diversity of Opiliones are represented by this single family. Cosmetidae have the northern extent of their range into the USA, where a small number species occur in the southern states. However, the family is especially diverse in Mexico, Central America and northern South America; especially the Andean realms. Their range also extends further south into Argentina and southern Brazil, but they are absent in Chile. Cosmetidae are prevalent in Amazonian region, but only relatively few also occur in Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Several species are also found in the Caribbean.
Cyphophthalmi is a suborder of harvestmen, colloquially known as mite harvestmen. Cyphophthalmi comprises 36 genera, and more than two hundred described species. The six families are currently grouped into three infraorders: the Boreophthalmi, Scopulophthalmi, and Sternophthalmi.
The Sironidae are a family of harvestmen with more than 60 described species.
Troglosironidae is a family of harvestmen with seventeen described species in a single genus, Troglosiro, which is found on the island of New Caledonia, in the Pacific Ocean.
The Neogoveidae are a family of harvestmen with 27 described species in eight genera. However, eight species of Huitaca, 17 species of Metagovea and 12 species of Neogovea are currently awaiting description.
The Stylocellidae are a family of harvestmen with about 40 described species, all of which occur in Southern or Southeastern Asia. Members of this family are from one to seven millimeters long. While Stylocellus species have eyes, these are absent in the other two genera.
The Pettalidae are a family of harvestmen with 75 described species in 10 genera. Several undescribed species are known or assumed in some genera.
Nipponopsalididae is a family of harvestmen with three described species in one genus, Nipponopsalis, which is found in East Asia.
Stomotheca is the term applied to the feeding apparatus in front of the mouth of harvestmen, and sometimes the related scorpions. Usually it consists of the epistome (labrum), two pairs of coxapophyses and often a labium.
Opiliones are an order of arachnids and share many common characteristics with other arachnids. However, several differences separate harvestmen from other arachnid orders such as spiders. The bodies of opiliones are divided into two tagmata : the abdomen (opisthosoma) and the cephalothorax (prosoma). Unlike spiders, the juncture between the abdomen and cephalothorax is often poorly defined. Harvestmen have chelicerae, pedipalps and four pairs of legs. Harvestmen were traditionally thought to have two eyes, except in the case of eyeless species. Developmental genetic work has shown that living species retain up to six eyes, including one pair of rudimentary median eyes and one pair of rudimentary lateral eyes.
Harvestmen (Opiliones) are an order of arachnids often confused with spiders, though the two orders are not closely related. Research on harvestman phylogeny is in a state of flux. While some families are clearly monophyletic, that is share a common ancestor, others are not, and the relationships between families are often not well understood.
This glossary describes the terms used in formal descriptions of spiders; where applicable these terms are used in describing other arachnids.
Tetrophthalmi is an extinct suborder of Opiliones that had both median and lateral eyes. First described in 2014, it is known from two extinct species. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that this eye arrangement is the ancestral condition for harvestmen, placing Tetrophthalmi and Cyphophthalmi in a basal position within Opiliones.
Huitaca boyacaensis is a species of neotropical harvestmen in the family Neogoveidae, first described by Ligia Benavides and Gonzalo Giribet in 2013.
Holosiro shasta is a species of mite harvestman in the family Sironidae. It is found in North America, specifically California, Shasta county.
Arhesiro is a genus of mite harvestman in the family Sironidae. It is found in North America, only in the USA, with one species in California, another in Oregon.
Parasironidae is a family of harvestmen with 7 described species.
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