Open-source religion

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Open-source religions employ open-source methods for the sharing, construction, and adaptation of religious belief systems, content, and practice. [1] In comparison to religions utilizing proprietary, authoritarian, hierarchical, and change-resistant structures, open-source religions emphasize sharing in a cultural Commons, participation, self-determination, decentralization, and evolution. They apply principles used in organizing communities developing open-source software for organizing group efforts innovating with human culture. New open-source religions may develop their rituals, praxes, or systems of beliefs through a continuous process of refinement and dialogue among participating practitioners. Organizers and participants often see themselves as part of a more generalized open-source and free-culture movement. [2]

Contents

Origin

In 1994, with his essay, "The Holy War: Mac vs. DOS," the scholar and novelist Umberto Eco popularized the use of religious metaphors in comparing operating system design and user experience. [3] By the late 1990s, the term "open-source religion" began appearing in technology magazines as a reference to the open-source Linux operating system's organizing principle and as an analogy for highlighting the philosophical differences between advocates of open-source vs. proprietary software. [4] [5] In 2001, Daniel Kriegman began describing a religion he invented called Ozacua (later Yoism) as "the world's first opensource religion." [6] [7] The concept of an "open source religion" was further expanded upon by the media theorist, Douglas Rushkoff in his book, Nothing's Sacred: The Truth about Judaism (2003), where he offered the following description as an introduction to Open Source Judaism:

An open source religion would work the same way as open source software development: it is not kept secret or mysterious at all. Everyone contributes to the codes we use to comprehend our place in the universe. We allow our religion to evolve based on the active participation of its people....An open source relationship to religion would likewise take advantage of the individual points of view of its many active participants to develop its more resolved picture of the world and our place within it. [8]

Discordianism, Copyleft, and open-source software

Page of the Principia Discordia that includes the following Copyright disclaimer, "K ALL RIGHTS REVERSED - Reprint what you like," the earliest example of what would become a declaration of copyleft. Principia Discordia page "00075-Page 00088".jpg
Page of the Principia Discordia that includes the following Copyright disclaimer, "Ⓚ ALL RIGHTS REVERSED – Reprint what you like," the earliest example of what would become a declaration of copyleft.
Discordian reference to the mythological Kallisti, or Apple of Discord, as an all rights reversed symbol. Circled latin capital letter k.svg
Discordian reference to the mythological Kallisti, or Apple of Discord, as an all rights reversed symbol.

Before the coinage of the term open-source in 1998 or even the birth of the Free Software movement, the Principia Discordia , a Discordian religious text written by Greg Hill with Kerry Wendell Thornley, included the following Copyright disclaimer in its 4th edition (1970), "Ⓚ ALL RIGHTS REVERSED – Reprint what you like." By the summer of 1970, the implications of the disclaimer were being discussed in other underground publications. [9]

Commercial publishers are not likely to be interested in the Principia due, at least, to the counter copyright on it–for, if they had a good seller, then other publishers could print it out from under them. Consequently publication and distribution will have to occur spontaneously, thru the “underground”, as alternative cultures learn to meet their own needs and provide their own services. This non-commercial limitation of the Principia is to provide less limitations in other respects, and it is not an accident. The Principia is not simply a handbook, it is a demonstration. [10]

Via the counterculture, by the mid-1970s, the concept had influenced a generation of Discordians including the nascent hacker culture. [11] The project to create Tiny BASIC was proposed in Bob Albrecht and Dennis Allison's Dr. Dobb's Journal of Tiny BASIC Calisthenics & Orthodontia , a journal of the Homebrew Computer Club, a small group of computer hobbyists who began meeting in 1975 around Silicon Valley. The first lines of the source code for Tiny Basic as released in 1976 by Li-Chen Wang stated ‘(ↄ) COPYLEFT ALL WRONGS RESERVED’. In 1984–5 programmer Don Hopkins sent Richard Stallman a letter labeled "Copyleft—all rights reversed". Stallman chose the phrase to identify his free software method of distribution. [12] The relationship between Discordianism and "Kopyleft" remain part of the culture of Discordianism, as explained by the Discordian Rev. Dr. Jon Swabey in his Apocrypha Discordia.

Discordianism and the concept of KopyLeft go hand in hand. Although just a small part of the counter-culture gestalt, I believe that the Principia Discordia was probably one of the earliest expressions and strongest champions of this idea, which has since seen such concepts as the Open Source Software initiative, with endeavours such as the Linux Operating System.” [13]

Open-source in established religious traditions

For established traditions whose canonical works, records of discourse, and inspired artworks reside in the public domain, keeping these works open and available in the face of proprietary interests has inspired several open-source initiatives. Open access to resources and adaptive reuse of shared materials under open content licensing provide a structure by which communities can innovate new religious systems collaboratively under the aegis of copyright law. For some religious movements, however, public access and literacy, and the potential of adaptive reuse also provide an opportunity for innovation and reform within established traditions. In an interview by Alan Jacobs in The Atlantic magazine on open-source religion, Aharon Varady (founding director of the Open Siddur Project) explained that "cultures breathe creativity like we breathe oxygen" arguing that open-source provides one possible strategy for keeping a tradition vibrant while also preserving historical works as non-proprietary during a period of transition from analog to digital media. [14]

Open-source Judaism

Although a work of radical 1960s Jewish counterculture rather than an explicitly religious work, the satirical songbook Listen to the mocking bird (Times Change Press, 1971) by the Fugs' Naphtali "Tuli" Kupferberg contains the earliest explicit mention of "copyleft" in a copyright disclaimer. [15] Later open-source efforts in Judaism begin to appear in 1988 with the free software code written for calculating the Hebrew calendar included in Emacs. After the popularization of the term "open-source" in 1998, essays and manifestos linking open-source and Judaism began appearing in 2002 among Jewish thinkers familiar with trends in new media and open-source software. In August 2002, Aharon Varady proposed the formation of an "Open Siddur," an open-source licensed user-generated content project for digitizing liturgical materials and writing the code needed for the web-to-print publishing of Siddurim (Jewish prayer books). [16] Meanwhile, media theorist Douglas Rushkoff began articulating his understanding of open-source in Judaism. "The object of the game, for me," Rushkoff explained, "was to recontextualize Judaism as an entirely Open Source proposition." [17]

Open-Source Judaism logo Open-Source Judaism.svg
Open-Source Judaism logo

The term "Open Source Judaism" first appeared in Douglas Rushkoff's book Nothing Sacred: The Truth about Judaism (2003). Rushkoff employed the term "Open Source" to describe a democratic organizational model for collaborating in a commonly held source: the Hebrew Bible and other essential works of Rabbinic Judaism. Rushkoff conceived of Judaism as essentially an open-source religion which he conceived as, "the contention that religion is not a pre-existing truth but an ongoing project. It may be divinely inspired, but it is a creation of human beings working together. A collaboration." [18] For Rushkoff, open-source offered the promise of enacting change through a new culture of collaboration and improved access to sources. "Anyone who wants to do Judaism should have access to Judaism. Judaism is not just something that you do, it's something you enact. You've got to learn the code in order to alter it." [19] The 2003 publication of Rushkoff's book Nothing Sacred: The Truth about Judaism [20] and an online forum dedicated to "Open Source Judaism" inspired several online projects in creating web applications for generating custom made haggadot for Passover, however neither content nor code for these were shared under free-culture compatible open content terms.

Beginning with the Open Siddur Project in 2009, open-source projects in Judaism began to publicly share their software code with open-source licenses and their content with free-culture compatible open content licenses. The explicit objectives of these projects also began to differ from Rushkoff's "Open Source Judaism." Rather than seek reforms in religious practices or doctrines, these projects used Open Content licenses to empower users to access and create their own resources from a common store of canonical texts and associated translations and metadata. By 2012, open-source projects in Judaism were mainly active in facilitating collaboration in sharing resources for transcribing and translating existing works in the Public Domain, and for adaptation and dissemination of works being shared by copyright owners under Open Content licenses. [14]

Open-source Yoga

Following proprietary claims on Yoga movements by some Yoga instructors, Open Source Yoga Unity was formed in 2003 to assert that Yoga movements reside in the public domain. The organization provides a common voice, and the pooling of resources, to legally resist the application of a proprietary Copyright to any Yoga style thereby "ensuring its continued natural unfettered practice for all to enjoy and develop." The organization explains, that "while we appreciate the teachings of yoga teachers, we do not believe that they have the legal right to impose control over another's Yoga teaching or practice." [21] In Open Source Yoga Unity v. Bikram Choudhury (2005), the organization settled out of court, avoiding a federal court hearing to determine whether Bikram Choudhury's copyrighted sequence of 26 poses and two breathing exercises could be legally protected. [22]

Open-source Wicca

Concerned with the lack of a source text containing documentation on Wicca in the tradition of Gerald Gardner, Dr. Leo Ruickbie self-published Open Source Wicca: The Gardnerian Tradition (2007) for "putting you back in control of spirituality." The work, a collection of "the original foundation documents of Wicca" authored between 1949 and 1961, was published digitally and in print under a Creative Commons Attribution license. [23]

Open-source in establishing new religions

Several projects aiding individuals and communities in formulating their own belief systems cite inspiration from ideas common to the open-source movement and self-identify as open-source religions or religious initiatives. The establishment of new religions through open-source methods is closely related to chaos magic, which emphasizes the pragmatic use of belief systems and the creation of new and unorthodox methods, [24] the difference being that any knowledge gained through such innovation is shared openly. [25]

Yoism

Yoism Yoism symbol.svg
Yoism

According to one founder, Daniel Kriegman, Yoism (founded 1994) combines rational inquiry, empiricism, and science with Spinozan or Einsteinian pantheism. [26] [27] [28] Inspired by the Linux operating system, Kriegman describes his religion as "open-source" and explains that, similar to open-source software projects, participants in Yoism do not owe their allegiance to any leader and that their sense of authority emerges via group consensus decision-making. [1] [29] [30] Yoism adopted the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike copyleft license for sharing original works in May 2015. [31]

Human Worship

Human Worship, or Open Religion, is an "eternal tradition of considering Human absolute, highest value", "considering God as Human continuation to infinity through Soul", described in its sacred book, shared in public domain by the formula "All rights reserved for God. Open Soul Holy Scripture of Human Worship is word of God, common heritage of Humankind, published anonymously, free for copying". [32] The blessing gesture and sacred sign of Open Religion is the circle or zero, with the human in the center of coordinates. Human Worshippers bow to every human soul, laying the hand on heart and saying "Believe in yourself!". They organize "soul societies" for missionary work, friendship, love and common joy. Also they believe in every human having the capacity to be a prophet, every human action to be prayer and all consequences as revelation from God, claiming that practical experience inspires true faith and skeptics are the same holy persons as prophets.

Dudeism

Dudeism is a religion based mainly on Taoism and Epicureanism, but which uses the film The Big Lebowski as its primary liturgical vehicle. It has no strict doctrine and instead invites its ministers and followers to help decide its tenets. Its founder has frequently referred to Dudeism as an "open-source religion". [33] [34]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Discordianism</span> Belief system based around Eris

Discordianism is a belief system based around Eris, the Greek goddess of strife and discord, and variously defined as a religion, new religious movement, virtual religion, or act of social commentary; though prior to 2005, some sources categorized it as a parody religion. It was founded after the 1963 publication of its holy book, Principia Discordia, written by Greg Hill with Kerry Wendell Thornley, the two working under the pseudonyms Malaclypse the Younger and Omar Khayyam Ravenhurst.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eris (mythology)</span> Greek goddess of strife and discord

Eris is the Greek goddess of strife and discord. Her Roman equivalent is Discordia, which means the same. Eris's Greek opposite is Harmonia, whose Roman counterpart is Concordia, though she is also described as opposing Nike, counterpart of the Roman Victoria. Homer equated her with the war-goddess Enyo, whose Roman counterpart is Bellona. The dwarf planet Eris is named after the goddess.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Free software</span> Software licensed to be freely used, modified and distributed

Free software, libre software, or libreware is computer software distributed under terms that allow users to run the software for any purpose as well as to study, change, and distribute it and any adapted versions. Free software is a matter of liberty, not price; all users are legally free to do what they want with their copies of a free software regardless of how much is paid to obtain the program. Computer programs are deemed "free" if they give end-users ultimate control over the software and, subsequently, over their devices.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Open-source license</span> Software license allowing source code to be used, modified, and shared

Open-source licenses are software licenses that allow content to be used, modified, and shared. They facilitate free and open-source software (FOSS) development. Intellectual property (IP) laws restrict the modification and sharing of creative works. Free and open-source licenses use these existing legal structures for an inverse purpose. They grant the recipient the rights to use the software, examine the source code, modify it, and distribute the modifications. These criteria are outlined in the Open Source Definition.

A software license is a legal instrument governing the use or redistribution of software. Under United States copyright law, all software is copyright protected, in both source code and object code forms, unless that software was developed by the United States Government, in which case it cannot be copyrighted. Authors of copyrighted software can donate their software to the public domain, in which case it is also not covered by copyright and, as a result, cannot be licensed.

All rights reversed is a phrase that indicates a release of a publication under copyleft licensing status. It is a pun on the common copyright disclaimer "All rights reserved", a copyright formality originally required by the Buenos Aires Convention of 1910. However Arnoud Engelfriet writes that "[t]he phrase ['All rights reversed'] by itself is not enough; a license must explicitly state the rights that are granted".

Multi-licensing is the practice of distributing software under two or more different sets of terms and conditions. This may mean multiple different software licenses or sets of licenses. Prefixes may be used to indicate the number of licenses used, e.g. dual-licensed for software licensed under two different licenses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Free-culture movement</span> Social movement promoting the freedom to distribute and modify the creative works of others

The free-culture movement is a social movement that promotes the freedom to distribute and modify the creative works of others in the form of free content or open content without compensation to, or the consent of, the work's original creators, by using the Internet and other forms of media.

A permissive software license, sometimes also called BSD-like or BSD-style license, is a free-software license which instead of copyleft protections, carries only minimal restrictions on how the software can be used, modified, and redistributed, usually including a warranty disclaimer. Examples include the GNU All-permissive License, MIT License, BSD licenses, Apple Public Source License and Apache license. As of 2016, the most popular free-software license is the permissive MIT license.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Open Source Judaism</span>

Open-source Judaism is a name given to initiatives within the Jewish community employing open content and open-source licensing strategies for collaboratively creating and sharing works about or inspired by Judaism. Open-source efforts in Judaism utilize licensing strategies by which contemporary products of Jewish culture under copyright may be adopted, adapted, and redistributed with credit and attribution accorded to the creators of these works. Often collaborative, these efforts are comparable to those of other open-source religious initiatives inspired by the free culture movement to openly share and broadly disseminate seminal texts and techniques under the aegis of copyright law. Combined, these initiatives describe an open-source movement in Judaism that values correct attribution of sources, creative sharing in an intellectual commons, adaptable future-proof technologies, open technological standards, open access to primary and secondary sources and their translations, and personal autonomy in the study and craft of works of Torah.

The commercialization of copylefted works differs from proprietary works. The economic focus tends to be on the commercialization of other scarcities, and complimentary goods rather than the free works themselves. One way to make money with copylefted works is to sell consultancy and support to the users of the work. Generally, financial profit is expected to be much lower in a business model utilising copyleft works only than in a business using proprietary works. Another way is to use the copylefted work as a commodity tool or component to provide a service or product. Android phones, for example, include the Linux kernel, which is copylefted. Unlike business models which commercialize copylefted works only, businesses which deal with proprietary products can make money by exclusive sales, single and transferable ownership, and litigation rights over the work, although some view these methods as monopolistic and unethical, such as those in the Free Software Movement and the Free Culture Movement.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Free content</span> Creative work with few or no restrictions on how it may be used

Free content, libre content, libre information, or free information is any kind of functional work, work of art, or other creative content that meets the definition of a free cultural work, meaning "works or expressions which can be freely studied, applied, copied and/or modified, by anyone, for any purpose." Free content encompasses all works in the public domain and also those copyrighted works whose licenses honor and uphold the definition of free cultural work.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Free-software license</span> License allowing software modification and redistribution

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<i>Principia Discordia</i> 1963 Discordian religious text

The Principia Discordia is the first published Discordian religious text. It was written by Greg Hill with Kerry Wendell Thornley and others. The first edition was printed using Jim Garrison's Xerox printer in 1963. The second edition was published under the title Principia Discordia or How The West Was Lost in a limited edition of five copies in 1965. The phrase Principia Discordia, reminiscent of Isaac Newton's 1687 Principia Mathematica, is presumably intended to mean Discordant Principles, or Principles of Discordance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Copyleft</span> Practice of mandating free use in all derivatives of a work

Copyleft is the legal technique of granting certain freedoms over copies of copyrighted works with the requirement that the same rights be preserved in derivative works. In this sense, freedoms refers to the use of the work for any purpose, and the ability to modify, copy, share, and redistribute the work, with or without a fee. Licenses which implement copyleft can be used to maintain copyright conditions for works ranging from computer software, to documents, art, and scientific discoveries, and similar approaches have even been applied to certain patents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Software categories</span> Groups of software

Software categories are groups of software. They allow software to be understood in terms of those categories, instead of the particularities of each package. Different classification schemes consider different aspects of software.

A free license or open license is a license which allows others to reuse another creator’s work as they wish. Without a special license, these uses are normally prohibited by copyright, patent or commercial license. Most free licenses are worldwide, royalty-free, non-exclusive, and perpetual. Free licenses are often the basis of crowdsourcing and crowdfunding projects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Open Siddur Project</span>

The Open Siddur Project is an open-source, web-to-print publishing and digital humanities project intent on sharing the semantic data of Jewish liturgy and liturgy-related work with free-culture compatible copyright licenses and Public Domain dedications. The project collaborates with other efforts in open-source Judaism in sharing content and code, advocates among related user-generated content projects to adopt Open Content licensing, and solicits copyright owners of related liturgical materials to share their work under free-culture compatible terms.

References

  1. 1 2 Charles Piller (2006-07-23). "Divine Inspiration From the Masses". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2019-04-26. Retrieved 2020-04-25.
  2. ↑ Crumm, David. "Open Source Religion". Assignment Zero. Archived from the original on January 3, 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
  3. ↑ Eco, Umberto (September 30, 1994). "The Holy War: Mac vs. DOS" (PDF). Espresso. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  4. ↑ Liebmann, Lenny (May 10, 1999). "Say Hello to the 'Lintel' Reformation". Computerworld. 33 (19): 34. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  5. ↑ Foster, Ed (June 6, 2001). "Apple padlocks UI decor". InfoWorld. 23 (24): 12. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  6. ↑ "Ozacua: the Living Religion (5 April 2001)". ozacua.com. Daniel Kriegman. Archived from the original on April 19, 2001. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  7. ↑ Lovink, Geert (2002). Dark Fiber: Tracking Critical Internet Culture . MIT Press. p.  334. ISBN   0-262-12249-9 . Retrieved 11 March 2015. religion.
  8. ↑ Rushkoff, Douglas (2004). Nothing Sacred: The Truth about Judaism. USA: Three Rivers Press. p. 111. ISBN   1400051398.
  9. ↑ Clutterbuck, Brenton. "Chasing Eris: An Interlude on Copyleft". Historia Discordia. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
  10. ↑ "The Greater Poop #30, July/August 1970, Page 00001. | Historia Discordia". The Greater Poop (30): 1. July–August 1970. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  11. ↑ Buxton, Kristin (2005-11-09). "The Lifecycle of the Principia Discordia: The dissemination of the religion disguised as a joke and joke disguised as a religion". The Lazarus Corporation. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
  12. ↑ Stallman, Richard (1999). Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution . O'Reilly Media. pp.  59. ISBN   1-56592-582-3.
  13. ↑ Swabey, Jon (2001). Apocrypha Discordia (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2005. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
  14. 1 2 Jacobs, Alan (2012-06-12). "The Potential and Promise of Open-Source Judaism". The Atlantic Magazine Online. The Atlantic Magazine. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  15. ↑ Kupferberg, Naphtali (1971). Listen to the Mocking Bird: Satiric Songs to Tunes You Know. Washington, New Jersey: Times Change Press. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  16. ↑ Varady, Aharon (2002-08-09). "update 2002-08-08". Aharon's Omphalos. Aharon Varady. Retrieved 16 June 2014. and Varady, Aharon. "The Open Siddur Project". Aharon Varady's Homepage. The Internet Archive's Wayback Machine. Archived from the original on October 13, 2002. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  17. ↑ Rushkoff, Douglas. "Open-Source Religion". G4 TV - The Screen Savers. G4 TV. Archived from the original on March 12, 2007. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  18. ↑ Rushkoff, Douglas (2004). Nothing Sacred: The Truth about Judaism. USA: Three Rivers Press. ISBN   1400051398.
  19. ↑ Lehmann-Haupt, Rachel (2003-06-11). "Is Judaism Becoming Irrelevant?". AlterNet. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
  20. ↑ Douglas Rushkoff (2003). Nothing Sacred: The Truth about Judaism. Three Rivers Press.
  21. ↑ "About Open Source Yoga Unity". Open Source Yoga Unity Facebook Page. Facebook. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
  22. ↑ Open Source Yoga Unity v. Bikram Choudhury (N.D. Cal., 4/1/05, No. C 03–3182 PJH)
  23. ↑ Ruickbie, Leo. "Open Source Wicca". Leo Ruickbie. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  24. ↑ Greer, John Michael (2003). The New Encyclopedia of the Occult. St. Paul, MN: Llewellyn Publications. p. 97. ISBN   9781567183368.
  25. ↑ A.o.C., Fra. "Open Source Magic". Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
  26. ↑ Gary Craig (2011-04-11). "Civil commitment still evolving in N.Y." Rochester Democrat and Chronicle.
  27. ↑ Kean, Sam (May–June 2009). "Open to Revisions". Search Magazine. Retrieved 2010-09-19. [Daniel Kriegman] based the [...] religion on a cocktail of rational inquiry, empiricism, and science. [...] To this rationalism [...] Kriegman mixed in a healthy dram of the pantheistic god of Spinoza (above) and Einstein [...]
  28. ↑ Forni, Alberto (January 2010). "Yoism on Italian Radio". dISPENSER. Retrieved 2010-02-17. Yoism is a complex system that incorporates elements of philosophy and diverse religious backgrounds, ranging from the pantheism of Spinoza to Mahayana Buddhism, up to Taoism [...]
  29. ↑ Gunderson, Matt (January 11, 2004). "Taking 'yo' off the street and into church". Globe Newspaper Company. Archived from the original on February 24, 2019. Retrieved 2006-08-06.
  30. ↑ Demare, Carol (December 9, 2009). "Religion called Yoism plays role in appeal". Albany Times Union, Hearst Communications Inc. Retrieved 2010-10-31.
  31. ↑ "Creative Commons Copyleft License". Yoism. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  32. ↑ Open Soul: Holy Scripture of Human Worship . Retrieved 5 October 2017.{{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  33. ↑ Theødor (2017-08-31). "What you could learn from the founder of Dudeism". Medium. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
  34. ↑ "Top 10 Churches Where God Is Not Worshiped". Listverse. 2018-07-25. Retrieved 2019-04-07.

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