Innovations
Frank Chirkinian was known as the 'father of televised golf' for the impact he had on golf broadcasting. He came to the attention of CBS after he impressed with his direction of the 1958 PGA Championship. Recruited by the network, who had no one with expertise in the relatively new field of golf broadcasting, he went on to be executive producer of CBS's golf coverage from 1959 to 1996. [7] [8] During his time at CBS, he was nicknamed "The Ayatollah" for his brusque, uncompromising approach to directing broadcasts. [9] Chirkinian was particularly well regarded for the coverage of the Masters Tournament that he oversaw for four decades, working closely with the management of Augusta National to ensure they were satisfied. [10] Following his retirement, he remained a consultant to CBS for golf coverage.
Chirkinian was responsible for a number of innovations in the television presentation of golf. He ensured as many microphones as possible were placed around the golf course to pick up the sounds of the tournament and golfers' conversations, rather than having commentators talk over silent footage. He showed as many golf shots as possible, cutting quickly from player to player to keep up the pace of the broadcast, unafraid of focusing on the game's stars. The use of multiple cameras was introduced during Chirkinian's tenure, including high-angle cameras mounted in trees and on blimps for the first time. Chirkinian said that he was most proud of being the first to display golfers' scores relative to par, rather than cumulatively, making it simpler to work out how they were faring relative to the rest of the field. Most of all, Chirkinian thought it important to allow coverage to focus on golfers and the shots they made, and was critical of recent innovations in golf broadcasting that he saw as distracting and unnecessary.
Since 2004, all of CBS's golf broadcasts [11] outside of the Masters have featured super slow motion video of golfers' shots from a super slow motion camera used for swing analysis by Peter Kostis. [12] The camera was known as "CBS Swing Vision" during its first year; it gained sponsorship from Konica Minolta the next season, an arrangement that has lasted over a decade. The feature was known as the "Konica Minolta SwingVision camera" in 2005, the "Bizhub SwingVision camera" from 2006 to 2008, and the "Konica Minolta Bizhub SwingVision camera" since 2009. The camera is actually provided by Tech Imaging Services, [13] not Konica Minolta, which merely sponsors the feature to promote its Bizhub line of printers (Konica Minolta was previously well known as a still-image camera manufacturer but sold that product line to Sony in 2006). [14] The cameras are present and used at the Masters, however they are not branded or sponsored.
In 2021, CBS adopted several new features in its golf broadcasts, including adding a rules analyst to its broadcast team, and adopting a persistent leaderboard displayed in the bottom-right of the screen (a feature introduced by Fox during its U.S. Open telecasts). [15] In the 2023 season, CBS began to experiment with technology that can predict where a ball will land while in-flight, and live in-game interviews with players (particularly Max Homa during a hole at the Farmers Insurance Open). [16] [17] [18]
Masters Tournament
As previously mentioned, CBS has televised the Masters Tournament in the United States every year since 1956, [19] [20] when it used six cameras and covered only the final four holes. Because of resistance from the tournament organizers, 18 hole coverage did not begin until 2002 (coverage generally joining with the final group on the fifth or sixth hole all four days), but by 2006, over 50 cameras were used. USA Network added first- and second-round coverage in 1982, which was also produced by the CBS production team.
The previously independent USA Sports became part of NBC Sports through NBC Universal in 2004, meaning the cable and network coverage of the Masters was split between rival companies. However, the broadcast continued to largely be produced in association with CBS Sports — an arrangement that continued with the move of its rights to ESPN in 2008.
In 2005, CBS broadcast the tournament with high-definition fixed and handheld wired cameras, as well as standard-definition wireless handheld cameras. In 2007, CBS added "Masters Extra," an hour's extra full-field bonus coverage daily on the internet, preceding the television broadcasts. In 2008, CBS added full coverage of holes 15 and 16 live on the web.
While Augusta National Golf Club has consistently chosen CBS as its U.S. broadcast partner, it has done so on successive one-year contracts. [21] Due to the lack of long-term contractual security, as well as the club's limited dependence on broadcast rights fees (owing to its affluent membership), it is widely held that CBS allows Augusta National greater control over the content of the broadcast, or at least perform some form of self-censorship, in order to maintain future rights. The club, however, has insisted it does not make any demands with respect to the content of the broadcast. [22] [23]
Announcers
There are some controversial aspects to this relationship. Announcers refer to the gallery as "patrons" rather than spectators or fans ("gallery" itself is also used), and use the term "second cut" instead of "rough" (however, the second cut is normally substantially shorter than comparable "primary rough" at other courses). [22] Announcers who have been deemed not to have acted with the decorum expected by the club have been removed, notably Jack Whitaker [24] and analyst Gary McCord. [22] Whitaker referred to the gallery at the end of the 18-hole Monday playoff in 1966 as a "mob" and missed five years (1967–1971); [24] McCord last worked on the Masters telecast in 1994, being banned that summer after using the terms "bikini wax" and "body bags" in his descriptions. [25] There also tends to be a lack of discussion of any controversy involving Augusta National, such as the 2003 Martha Burk protests. [23] However, there have not been many other major issues in recent years.
Twice, CBS colleagues who had left the network after doing their final NFL games formally signed off at the Masters. In 1982, after Vin Scully announced he would leave CBS after calling his final NFL game (the NFC Championship Game between the San Francisco 49ers and Dallas Cowboys) to eventually join NBC, he stayed to conclude his CBS career in 1982. In 1994, after CBS had lost the rights to the National Football Conference to Fox (where Pat Summerall and his broadcasting colleague, John Madden would soon move over to) prior to the 1994 NFL season. Summerall stayed at CBS to make the 1994 Masters his final broadcast for CBS, where he was a mainstay for over 30 years.
Summerall signed off the broadcast thus, surrounded by the other CBS commentators that were working the tournament:
So, on behalf of our entire broadcast group, for the last time, I'm Pat Summerall saying [to the others] "So long"? [the other commentators speak all at once, wishing Pat well] Thanks, guys. [to the audience] I'll miss you.
Augusta National regulations
As Augusta National Golf Club has its own television contract with CBS, and is separate from the PGA Tour, the contract carries different regulations than other tournaments.
Commercial interruptions are restricted compared to most television programming. A typical hour of television in daytime or primetime carries 38 minutes of programming and 22 minutes of commercials; in contrast, Augusta limits the time allocated to commercials to four minutes per hour (as opposed to the usual 12 or more). This is subsidized by selling exclusive sponsorship packages to three companies. [21] In the immediate aftermath of the Martha Burk controversy, there were no commercials during the 2003 and 2004 broadcasts, [22] although international commercial broadcasters continued to insert their own commercials into the coverage. The Players Championship began imposing a similar rule in 2007 and the U.S. Open attempted to follow suit to a lesser extent in 2005, and has done so again with a new contract in 2015. However, CBS' own coverage of the PGA Championship has been maligned in recent years for having excessive commercials.
The club also disallows promotions for other network programs, except an on-screen mention of 60 Minutes should the final round run long, or right before the coverage ends. [21] Other broadcast material not allowed include sponsored graphics used in regular PGA Tour events, blimps and on-course announcers. [21] There is also typically no cut-in for other news and sports, either from CBS or its affiliates. CBS uses "Augusta" by Dave Loggins as the event telecast's distinctive theme music.
Augusta National has placed significant restrictions on the tournament's broadcast hours compared to other major championships, perhaps to increase the tournament's ratings, or to reward ticket-holders. Only in the 21st century did the tournament allow CBS to air 18-hole coverage of the leaders, a standard at the other three majors. [22] Only three hours of cable coverage is scheduled for the early rounds each day (CBS has a highlights package that airs in late night on Thursday and Fridays during the tournament). International broadcasters do not receive additional coverage, although they may take commercial breaks at different times from CBS or ESPN. As noted before, an additional hour of coverage each day is streamed online. [21]
