Panus conchatus

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Panus conchatus
Panus-conchatus.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Polyporales
Family: Polyporaceae
Genus: Panus
Species:
P. conchatus
Binomial name
Panus conchatus
(Bull.) Fr. (1838)
Synonyms [1]
  • Agaricus conchatusBull. (1787)
  • Agaricus inconstans var. conchatus(Bull.) Pers. (1801)
  • Lentinus conchatus(Bull.) J.Schröt. (1889)
  • Pocillaria conchata(Bull.) Kuntze (1891)
  • Lentinopanus conchatus(Bull.) Pilát (1941)
  • Panus torulosus var. conchatus(Bull.) Kauffman (1918)
Panus conchatus
Information icon.svg
Gills icon.png Gills on hymenium
Convex cap icon.svgFlat cap icon.svg Cap is convex or flat
Decurrent gills icon2.svg Hymenium is decurrent
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 Spore print is white
Saprotrophic fungus.svgEcology is saprotrophic
Mycomorphbox Caution.pngEdibility is not recommended

Panus conchatus, commonly known as the lilac oysterling, smooth panus, or conch panus, [2] is an inedible species of mushroom that occurs throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Its fruitbodies are characterized by a smooth, lilac- or tan-colored cap, and decurrent gills. The fungus is saprophytic and fruits on the decomposing wood of a wide variety of deciduous and coniferous trees. Despite being a gilled species, phylogenetic analysis has shown it is closely related to the pored species found in the family Polyporaceae.

Contents

Taxonomy

The species was originally described under the name Agaricus conchatus by French mycologist Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard in volume 7 of his 1787 Herbier de la France. [3] Elias Magnus Fries transferred it to the genus Panus in 1838. [4]

The specific epithet conchatus is derived from the Latin word meaning "shell-like". [5] It is commonly known as the lilac oysterling. [6]

Panus conchatus mushrooms have an extremely variable morphology that changes with the age of the fruitbodies. Young specimens are pliable and fleshy, colored lilac to purple, and have a monomitic hyphal system (containing only generative hyphae). Old fruitbodies lose the coloring and develop a tough texture. They have a dimitic hyphal system, containing both generative and skeletal hyphae. Because of this variability in fruitbody morphology, the fungus has been described several times under different names by different mycologists. [7] The following are heterotypic synonyms of Panus conchatus (based on a different type): [1]

Description

The cap is 5 to 15 centimetres (2.0 to 5.9 in) in diameter, and is initially convex, but later flattens or becomes centrally depressed in maturity. The cap is tan, lilac or reddish-brown, and smooth (glabrous); in age the surface may crack into small flattened scales. [17] The cap margin is inrolled and often has a wavy or lobed outline. The flesh is tough and whitish. The gills are attached in a decurrently (running down the length of the stem), and are narrow and often forked. The gills initially have a violet tinge, but later become an or reddish-violet. The stem is 2 to 3 centimetres (0.8 to 1.2 in) long and 1 to 3 centimetres (0.4 to 1.2 in) thick, roughly the same color as the cap, but covered with violet hairs; it is attached to the cap laterally, or off-center. [18] The spore print is white.

Viewed microscopically, spores are elliptical, smooth, and non-amyloid, with dimensions of 5–7 by 2.5–3.5  µm. The pleurocystidia are either enlarged in the middle (ventricose) or enlarged and spherical at the tip (capitate); these cells have dimensions of 35–45 by 8–11 µm. [19]

Habitat and distribution

Panus conchatus is a saprobic species – deriving nutrition from rotting or decaying organic matter – and fruit bodies can be found on hardwood stumps, logs and sticks, usually crowded together in clusters. [18] Typical hosts include wood of deciduous trees—especially beech, poplar, birch, and oak, and less frequently on ash and elm. Coniferous hosts include fir, spruce, pine, and yew. [7]

Found throughout the Northern Hemisphere, [20] this species has been collected in North America, [18] and Europe. [21]

Edibility

Although believed to be non-toxic [17] and sometimes eaten when young, P. conchatus is not recommended for consumption due to its tough and leathery texture. [19] [22]

Phylogenetics

The general growth form, or habit, of P. conchatus is pleurotoid , referring to its growth on wood, the presence of gills, and roughly semicircular-shaped caps and off-center stem attachment to the cap. A study of this and various other pleurotoid species using phylogenetic analysis determined that despite the presence of gills, P. conchatus is closely related to mushrooms with pores, hence their placement in the Polyporaceae family. [23]

Research

Panus conchatus contains a laccase, a polyphenol oxidase enzyme. These enzymes have potential in industrial applications for pulp bleaching, wastewater treatment in mills, and removal of phenolic compounds in the food industry. Most laccases have an active site containing four copper molecules, and are known as blue copper phenol oxidases. P. conchatus, however, contains a white laccase that lacks the typical blue copper color. [24] The crudely purified enzyme has been used for pulp bleaching [25] and wastewater decoloration in experimental studies. [26]

Related Research Articles

<i>Pleurotus</i> Genus of fungi

Pleurotus is a genus of gilled mushrooms which includes one of the most widely eaten mushrooms, P. ostreatus. Species of Pleurotus may be called oyster, abalone, or tree mushrooms, and are some of the most commonly cultivated edible mushrooms in the world. Pleurotus fungi have also been used in mycoremediation of pollutants, such as petroleum and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

<i>Amanita verna</i> Species of fungus

Amanita verna, commonly known as the fool's mushroom or the spring destroying angel, is a deadly poisonous basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus Amanita. Occurring in Europe in spring, A. verna associates with various deciduous and coniferous trees. The caps, stipes and gills are all white in colour.

<i>Cerrena unicolor</i> Species of fungus

Cerrena unicolor, commonly known as the mossy maze polypore, is a species of poroid fungus in the genus Cerrena. This saprobic fungus causes white rot.

<i>Clitocybe nebularis</i> Species of fungus

Clitocybe nebularis or Lepista nebularis, commonly known as the clouded agaric, cloudy clitocybe, or cloud funnel, is an abundant gilled fungus which appears both in conifer-dominated forests and broad-leaved woodland in Europe and North America. Appearing in Britain from mid to late autumn, it is edible, but may cause gastrointestinal issues.

<i>Cyptotrama asprata</i> Species of fungus

Cyptotrama asprata, commonly known as the golden-scruffy collybia or spiny woodknight is a saprobic species of mushroom in the family Physalacriaceae. Widely distributed in tropical regions of the world, it is characterized by the bright orange to yellow cap that in young specimens is covered with tufts of fibrils resembling small spikes. This fungus has had a varied taxonomical history, having been placed in fourteen genera before finally settling in Cyptotrama. This species is differentiated from several other similar members of genus Cyptotrama by variations in cap color, and spore size and shape.

<i>Mycena acicula</i> Species of fungus in the family Mycenaceae

Mycena acicula, commonly known as the orange bonnet, or the coral spring Mycena, is a species of fungus in the family Mycenaceae. It is found in Asia, the Caribbean, North America and Europe. The fruit bodies, or mushrooms, of the fungus grow on dead twigs and other woody debris of forest floors, especially along streams and other wet places. They have small orange-red caps, up to 1 cm (0.4 in) in diameter, held by slender yellowish stems up to 6 cm (2.4 in) long. The gills are pale yellow with a whitish edge. Several other Mycena species look similar, but may be distinguished by differences in size and/or microscopic characteristics. M. acicula is considered inedible because of its small size.

<i>Panellus stipticus</i> Species of fungus in the family Mycenaceae found in Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America

Panellus stipticus, commonly known as the bitter oyster, the astringent panus, the luminescent panellus, or the stiptic fungus, is a species of fungus. It belongs in the family Mycenaceae, and the type species of the genus Panellus. A common and widely distributed species, it is found in Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America, where it grows in groups or dense overlapping clusters on the logs, stumps, and trunks of deciduous trees, especially beech, oak, and birch. During the development of the fruit bodies, the mushrooms start out as tiny white knobs, which, over a period of one to three months, develop into fan- or kidney-shaped caps that measure up to 3 cm (1.2 in) broad. The caps are orange-yellow to brownish, and attached to the decaying wood by short stubby stalks that are connected off-center or on the side of the caps. The fungus was given its current scientific name in 1879, but has been known by many names since French mycologist Jean Bulliard first described it as Agaricus stypticus in 1783. Molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed P. stipticus to have a close genetic relationship with members of the genus Mycena.

<i>Hygrophorus eburneus</i> Species of fungus

Hygrophorus eburneus, commonly known as the ivory waxy cap or the cowboy's handkerchief, is a species of edible mushroom in the waxgill family of fungi. It is widespread in Europe and North America, and has also been collected in northern Africa. The fruit bodies are medium-sized, pure white, and when wet are covered in a layer of slime thick enough to make the mushroom difficult to pick up. The gills are broadly attached to the stem or running down it; as the family name suggests, they feel waxy when rubbed between the fingers. Like all Hygrophorus species, the fungus is mycorrhizal—a symbiotic association whereby the underground fungal mycelia penetrate and exchange nutrients with tree roots. They are common in a variety of forest types, where they grow on the ground in thickets or grassy areas. Hygrophorus eburneus is the type species of the genus Hygrophorus. A number of biologically active chemicals have been purified from the fruit bodies of the fungus, including fatty acids with bactericidal and fungicidal activity.

<i>Resupinatus applicatus</i> Species of fungus

Resupinatus applicatus, commonly known as the smoked oysterling or the black jelly oyster, is a species of fungus in the family Tricholomataceae, and the type species of the genus Resupinatus. First described in 1786 as Agaricus applicatus by August Johann Georg Karl Batsch, it was transferred to Resupinatus by Samuel Frederick Gray in 1821.

<i>Phyllotopsis nidulans</i> Species of fungus

Phyllotopsis nidulans, commonly known as the mock oyster or the orange oyster, is a species of fungus in the family Phyllotopsidaceae, and the type species of the genus Phyllotopsis. It is widely dispersed in temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere, where it grows on decaying wood. The fungus fruit body consists of a fan-shaped, light orange fuzzy cap up to 8 cm (3 in) wide that grows singly or in overlapping clusters. On the cap underside are crowded orange gills. Mock oyster mushrooms have a strong, unpleasant odor, and are regarded as inedible though nonpoisonous.

<i>Asterophora parasitica</i> Species of fungus

Asterophora parasitica, commonly known as the parasitic Asterophora or the Russula parasite, is a species of fungus that grows as a parasite on other mushrooms. The fruit bodies are small, with silky fibers on the surface of grayish caps and thick, widely spaced gills. Mushrooms fruit in clusters on the decaying remains of Lactarius and Russula species, particularly those in the Russula nigricans group. Found primarily in temperate zones of Europe and North America, the fungus is widespread but not common.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pleurotoid fungi</span> Side-attached fungi/oyster mushrooms

Gilled fungi with laterally-attached fruiting bodies are classified as pleurotoid. Pleurotoid fungi are typically wood-decay fungi and are found on dead and dying trees and coarse woody debris. The pleurotoid form is polyphyletic, having evolved a number of times within the Basidiomycota. Many species of pleurotoid fungi are commonly referred to as "oyster" mushrooms. Laterally-attached fungi with pores rather than gills are referred to as bracket fungi.

<i>Protostropharia semiglobata</i> Species of fungus

Protostropharia semiglobata, commonly known as the dung roundhead, the halfglobe mushroom, or the hemispherical stropharia, is an agaric fungus of the family Strophariaceae. A common and widespread species with a cosmopolitan distribution, the fungus produces mushrooms on the dung of various wild and domesticated herbivores. The mushrooms have hemispherical straw yellow to buff-tan caps measuring 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in), greyish gills that become dark brown in age, and a slender, smooth stem 3–12 cm (1.2–4.7 in) long with a fragile ring.

<i>Hapalopilus rutilans</i> Species of fungus

Hapalopilus rutilans is a species of polypore fungus in the family Polyporaceae. Officially described in 1821, it was transferred to its current genus Hapalopilus six decades later. It is commonly known as the tender nesting polypore, purple dye polypore, or the cinnamon bracket. This widely distributed species is found on five continents. It grows on the fallen or standing dead wood of deciduous trees, in which it fruits singly, in groups, fused, or in overlapping clusters. Fruit bodies are in the form of kidney-shaped to semicircular, cinnamon-orange-brown brackets. The underside of the fruit body features a yellowish to brownish pore surface with tiny angular pores, from which spores are released.

<i>Mycena purpureofusca</i> Species of fungus

Mycena purpureofusca, commonly known as the purple edge bonnet, is a species of agaric fungus in the family Mycenaceae. First described by Charles Horton Peck in 1885, the species is found in Europe and North America, where it grows on the decaying wood and debris of conifers, including cones. Fruit bodies have conical to bell-shaped purple caps up to 2.5 cm (1 in) set atop slender stipes up to 10 cm (4 in) long. The mushroom is named for the characteristic dark greyish-purple color of its gill edges. In the field, M. purpureofusca mushrooms can usually be distinguished from similar species by characteristics such as the dark purple gill edges, the deep purple cap center, and its cartilagineous consistency. The fungus contains a laccase enzyme that has been investigated scientifically for its potential to detoxify recalcitrant industrial dyes used in textile dyeing and printing processes.

<i>Lentinus strigosus</i> Species of fungus

Lentinus strigosus is a species of fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It is edible when young, but becomes very tough with age.

<i>Sarcomyxa serotina</i> Species of fungus

Sarcomyxa serotina is a species of fungus in the family Sarcomyxaceae. Its recommended English name in the UK is olive oysterling. In North America it is known as late fall oyster or late oyster mushroom. Fruit bodies grow as greenish, overlapping fan- or oyster-shaped caps on the wood of both coniferous and deciduous trees. The gills on the underside are closely spaced, bright orange yellow, and have an adnate attachment to the stipe. It produces a yellow spore print; spores are smooth, amyloid, and measure 4–6 by 1–2 µm.

<i>Gloioxanthomyces nitidus</i> Species of fungus

Gloioxanthomyces nitidus, commonly known as the shining waxcap, is a species of fungus in the family Hygrophoraceae.

<i>Hohenbuehelia petaloides</i> Species of fungus

Hohenbuehelia petaloides, commonly known as the leaflike oyster or the shoehorn oyster mushroom, is a species of agaric fungus belonging to the family Pleurotaceae. The fruit bodies have pale to brown funnel-shaped caps with decurrent gills and are considered edible. The species has a cosmopolitan distribution and is found near the decaying wood it feeds on.

<i>Panus fasciatus</i> Panus fasciatus

Panus fasciatus is a species of fungus in the family Polyporaceae in the genus Panus of the Basidiomycota. P. fasciatus has a fruiting body in the shape of a funnel with a velvety texture, hence the nickname "hairy trumpet." When it was identified by D. Pegler of Kew, he created a subgroup of the Lentinus fungi, called Panus based on their hyphal systems. For this reason, Panus fasciatus is sometimes referred to as Lentinus fasciatus. Panus fasciatus has been described with numerous other names which were combined by Pegler in 1965.

References

  1. 1 2 "Panus conchatus (Bull.) Fr. 1838". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2015-01-11.
  2. ↑ Arora, David (1986). Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi (Second ed.). Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. ISBN   978-0-89815-169-5.
  3. ↑ Bulliard JBF. (1787). Herbier de la France (PDF) (in French). Vol. 7. p. plate 298.
  4. ↑ Fries EM. (1838). Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici, seu Synopsis Hymenomycetum (in Latin). Uppsala, Sweden: Typographia Academica. p. 398.
  5. ↑ Brown DE (2003). "PLEUROTOID species in the Pacific Northwest". Pacific Northwest Key Council. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
  6. ↑ Holden L. "English Names for fungi 2014". British Mycological Society. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2016-01-11.
  7. 1 2 Pegler DN. The genus Lentinus. A World Monograph. Kew Bulletin Additional Series. Vol. 10. London, UK: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 134–136. ISBN   978-0-11-242627-1.
  8. ↑ Schaeffer JC. (1774). Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur Icones (in Latin). Vol. 4. Regensburg. p. 20.
  9. ↑ Batsch AJGK. (1783). Elenchus fungorum (in Latin and German). p. 89.
  10. ↑ Berkeley MJ. (1851). "Decades of fungi. Decades XXXII, XXXIII. Sikkim Himalaya fungi, collected by Dr. J.D. Hooker". Hooker's Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany. 3: 39–49.
  11. ↑ Baglietto F. (1865). "Materiali per la Micologia italiana". Commentario della Società Crittogamologica Italiana (in Italian). 2 (2): 261–265.
  12. ↑ Berkeley MJ, Broome CE (1874). "Enumeration of the fungi of Ceylon. Part II". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 14: 29–141 (see p. 42). doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1873.tb00301.x.
  13. ↑ Schulzer S. (1878). "Mycologische Beiträge. III" (in German). 28: 423–436.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  14. ↑ Schulzer S. (1885). "Einige neue Pilz-Species und Varietäten aus Slavonien". Hedwigia (in German and Latin). 24 (4): 129–151.
  15. ↑ Schröter J. (1885). Kryptogamen-Flora von Schlesien (in German). Vol. 3–1(1). Lehre, Germany: Cramer. p. 554.
  16. ↑ Peck CH. (1906). "New species of fungi". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 33 (4): 213–221. doi:10.2307/2478763. JSTOR   2478763.
  17. 1 2 Wood M, Stevens F. "California Fungi: Panus conchatus" . Retrieved 2009-04-05.
  18. 1 2 3 Orr DB, Orr RT (1979). Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 251. ISBN   0-520-03656-5.
  19. 1 2 Kuo M. "Panus conchatus". MushroomExpert.com. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
  20. ↑ Johnson JE, Methven AS (1994). "Panus conchatus: cultural characters and mating data". Mycologia . 86 (1): 146–50. doi:10.2307/3760731. JSTOR   3760731.
  21. ↑ "Rogers Mushrooms | Mushroom Pictures & Mushroom Reference". Rogers Mushrooms. Archived from the original on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
  22. ↑ Miller Jr., Orson K.; Miller, Hope H. (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, CN: FalconGuide. p. 161. ISBN   978-0-7627-3109-1.
  23. ↑ Thorn RG, Moncalvo JM, Reddy CA, Vilgalys R (2000). "Phylogenetic analyses and the distribution of nematophagy support a monophyletic pleurotaceae within the polyphyletic pleurotoid-lentinoid fungi". Mycologia. 92 (2): 241–52. doi:10.2307/3761557. JSTOR   3761557.
  24. ↑ Zhou P, Fu C, Fu S, Zhan H (2014). "Purification and characterization of white laccase from the white-rot fungus Panus conchatus". BioResources. 9 (2): 1964–1976. doi: 10.15376/biores.9.2.1964-1976 .
  25. ↑ Mo JL, Fu SY, Zhan HY (2006). "Improving laccase activity of Panus conchatus by mutagenesis and used for biobleaching". Transactions of China Pulp and Paper. 21: 29–33.
  26. ↑ Ding S, Wang J (2012). "Preparation of immobilized Panus conchatus bio-balls for fur dye wastewater". Proceedings of the 2012 Second International Conference on Electric Technology and Civil Engineering. Washington, DC, USA: IEEE Computer Society. pp. 2005–2009. ISBN   978-0-7695-4704-6.
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