Paralepista flaccida

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Paralepista flaccida
Roodbruine schijnridderzwammen (Lepista flaccida). 22-01-2021 (d.j.b.) 01.jpg
var. inversa
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Tricholomataceae
Genus: Paralepista
Species:
P. flaccida
Binomial name
Paralepista flaccida
(Sowerby) Vizzini (2012)
Synonyms

Agaricus flaccidus Sowerby (1799)
Clitocybe flaccida (Sowerby) P. Kumm. (1871)
Lepista flaccida (Sowerby) Pat. (1887)
Agaricus inversus Scop. (1772)
Lepista inversa (Scop.) Pat. (1887)

Contents

Paralepista flaccida (also called Clitocybe flaccida, Clitocybe inversa, Lepista flaccida and Lepista inversa, or in English tawny funnel cap) is a species of mushroom found across the Northern Hemisphere. It is known to form fairy rings. [1]

Naming

Sowerby's illustration which is part of the original definition of P. flaccida Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms - t. 185.jpg
Sowerby's illustration which is part of the original definition of P. flaccida

The naming history of this mushroom is complicated by the fact that for a long time it was regarded as two different species, "flaccida" (associated with broad-leaved trees) and "inversa" (associated with conifers and with a smoother shinier cap). These forms can still be differentiated as varieties within P. flaccida if desired. [2] The earliest description was by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in 1772 as Agaricus inversus in his book Flora Carniolica, [3] then in 1799 James Sowerby created a description under the name Agaricus flaccidus in his major work "Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms". [4] In later years there were defined the combinations Clitocybe flaccida (by Paul Kummer, 1871), Clitocybe inversa (by Lucien Quélet, 1872), and Lepista flaccida and Lepista inversa (by Narcisse Patouillard, 1887). [5] There followed long-standing confusion over whether Clitocybe or Lepista was the appropriate genus.

Using molecular analysis, in 2012 Alfredo Vizzini published a paper showing (with a detailed phylogram) that these mushrooms together with Lepista gilva form a clade which is separate from other Lepista species (such as Lepista nuda ) and also from Clitocybe species (such as Clitocybe fragrans ). Jörg H. Raithelhuber had already proposed the name Paralepista as a genus for those mushrooms in 1981, this had become accepted as a subgenus only, and Vizzini accordingly adopted the same name at the genus level. [6] [7] The new genus is recognized by Species Fungorum, [5] and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, [8] but not necessarily in derivative databases such as the Encyclopedia of Life.

Older mushroom references generally listed the flaccida and inversa forms as separate species, [9] but modern authorities merge them into one. [10] [2] [11] [8] [5]

In English P. flaccida is sometimes called the tawny funnel cap. [12]

Description

Var. flaccida Lepista flaccida 20081122wb.JPG
Var. flaccida
Paralepista flaccida
Information icon.svg
Gills icon.png Gills on hymenium
Depressed cap icon.svg Cap is depressed
Decurrent gills icon2.svg Hymenium is decurrent
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 Spore print is white
Saprotrophic fungus.svgEcology is saprotrophic
Mycomorphbox Caution.pngMycomorphbox Edible.pngEdibility is not recommended or edible

The following sections use the given references throughout. [13] [10] [11] [9]

General

Microscopic characteristics

The spores are almost spherical with small spines or warts, about 4.5 µm in diameter. There are no distinctive cystidia. There is no microscopic difference between the flaccida and inversa forms.

Distribution, habitat & ecology

This fungus is a saprobe growing on humus-rich soil, compost or conifer needles from summer to autumn. The flaccida form grows in deciduous woods and the inversa form under conifers. Often numerous mushrooms "fruit" together and it may form fairy rings.

It is most frequent in Europe where it is common. [14] [10] It also occurs in the U.S.A. and there have been reports of it from Mexico, and Australia. [8]

Similar species

Paralepista gilva Paralepista gilva 20070927wa.jpg
Paralepista gilva

The inversa form is sometimes regarded as a separate species, in which case it is distinguished because it grows under conifers rather than broad-leaved trees, has a shinier cap surface, and is more rigid (less flaccid).

Both forms are closely allied to Paralepista gilva (also edible) which can be identified by its yellower cap and stem, and the presence of dark spots on the cap surface. [11] P. flaccida is also similar to the edible Infundibulicybe gibba which has thinner flesh, less crowded gills, and (microscopically) smooth teardrop-shaped spores. [2]

More worrying for consumers of this species is the resemblance to the poisonous Paralepistopsis amoenolens , which however seems to be limited in distribution to North Africa, southern France and southern Italy. P. amoenolens has a strong characteristic smell, a beige colour, and a less depressed cap; also the spores are smooth. [2]

Human uses

According to Marcel Bon this is a good edible mushroom, [13] but other commentators are less enthusiastic, regarding it as poor. [14] [12] In relevant regions care should be taken to avoid confusion with Paralepistopsis amoenolens . At least one source says that it is not recommended for consumption. [15]


This thus mushroom has multiple chemical defenses. It contains a chlorinated lactone, 5-(chloromethyl)-3-methyl-2(5H)-furanone (clitolactone) that is a slug antifeedant. [16] In addition, it has a new insecticidal nitro nucleoside, clitocine. [17]


An article in Nature Communications reports that an extract of this mushroom, with active constituent 2,6-diaminopurine, can correct RNA nonsense mutations and so may be a candidate to help treatment of certain genetic diseases. [18]

Related Research Articles

<i>Clitocybe</i> Genus of fungi

Clitocybe is a genus of mushrooms characterized by white, off-white, buff, cream, pink, or light-yellow spores, gills running down the stem, and pale white to brown or lilac coloration. They are primarily saprotrophic, decomposing forest ground litter. There are estimated to be around 300 species in the widespread genus.

<i>Collybia nuda</i> Species of mushroom

Collybia nuda, commonly known as the blewit or wood blewit and previously described as Lepista nuda and Clitocybe nuda, is an edible mushroom native to Europe and North America. Described by Pierre Bulliard in 1790, it was also known as Tricholoma nudum for many years. It is found in both coniferous and deciduous woodlands. It is a fairly distinctive mushroom that is widely eaten. It has been cultivated in Britain, the Netherlands and France. This species was reassigned to the genus Collybia in 2023.

<i>Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca</i> Species of fungus in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae

Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca, commonly known as the false chanterelle, is a species of fungus in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae. It is found across several continents, growing in woodland and heathland, and sometimes on woodchips used in gardening and landscaping. Fruit bodies (mushrooms) are yellow–orange, with a funnel-shaped cap up to 8 cm across that has a felt-like surface. The thin, often forked gills on the underside of the cap run partway down the length of the otherwise smooth stipe. Reports on the mushroom's edibility vary – it is considered poisonous, but has historically been eaten in parts of Europe and the Americas.

<i>Collybia personata</i> Species of fungus

Collybia personata is a species of edible fungus commonly found growing in grassy areas across Europe and is morphologically related to the wood blewit. This mushroom was moved to the genus Collybia in 2023.

<i>Clitocybe dealbata</i> Species of fungus

Clitocybe dealbata, also known as the ivory funnel, is a small white funnel-shaped basidiomycete fungus widely found in lawns, meadows and other grassy areas in Europe and North America. Also known as the sweating mushroom, or sweat producing clitocybe, it derives these names from the symptoms of poisoning. It contains potentially deadly levels of muscarine.

<i>Clitocybe nebularis</i> Species of fungus

Clitocybe nebularis or Lepista nebularis, commonly known as the clouded agaric, cloudy clitocybe, or cloud funnel, is an abundant gilled fungus which appears both in conifer-dominated forests and broad-leaved woodland in Europe and North America. Appearing in Britain from mid to late autumn, it is edible, but may cause gastrointestinal issues.

<i>Clitocybe rivulosa</i> Species of fungus

Clitocybe rivulosa, commonly known as the false champignon or fool's funnel, is a poisonous basidiomycete fungus of the large genus Clitocybe. One of several species similar in appearance, it is a small white funnel-shaped toadstool widely found in lawns, meadows and other grassy areas in Europe and North America. Also known as the sweating mushroom, it derives this name from the symptoms of poisoning. It contains potentially deadly levels of muscarine.

<i>Clitopilus prunulus</i> Species of fungus

Clitopilus prunulus, commonly known as the miller or the sweetbread mushroom, is an edible pink-spored basidiomycete mushroom found in grasslands in Europe and North America. Growing solitary to gregarious in open areas of conifer/hardwood forests; common under Bishop pine along the coast north of San Francisco; fruiting shortly after the fall rains. It has a grey to white cap and decurrent gills.

<i>Paralepistopsis acromelalga</i> Species of fungus

Paralepistopsis acromelalga is a basidiomycete fungus in the Tricholomataceae family. It was formerly classified as Clitocybeacromelalga.

<i>Paralepistopsis amoenolens</i> Species of fungus

Paralepistopsis amoenolens is an agaric fungus in the Tricholomataceae family. It is commonly known as the paralysis funnel.

<i>Mythicomyces</i> Genus of fungi

Mythicomyces is a fungal genus in the family Mythicomycetaceae. A monotypic genus, it contains the single species Mythicomyces corneipes, first described by Elias Fries in 1861. The fungus produces fruit bodies with shiny yellowish-orange to tawny caps that are 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) in diameter. These are supported by stems measuring 2–5.7 cm (0.8–2.2 in) long and 1–2 mm thick. A rare to uncommon species, it is found in northern temperate regions of North America and Europe, where it typically fruits in groups, in wet areas of coniferous forests. There are several species with which M. corneipes might be confused due to a comparable appearance or similar range and habitat, but microscopic characteristics can be used to reliably distinguish between them.

<i>Ampulloclitocybe clavipes</i> Species of fungus

Ampulloclitocybe clavipes, commonly known as the club-foot or club-footed clitocybe, is a species of gilled mushroom from Europe and North America. The grey brown mushrooms have yellowish decurrent gills and a bulbous stalk, and are found in deciduous and conifer woodlands. Although considered edible, disulfiram-like reactions have been reported after consumption of alcohol after eating this mushroom.

<i>Aspropaxillus giganteus</i> Species of fungus

Aspropaxillus giganteus, also Leucopaxillus giganteus, commonly known as the giant leucopax or the giant funnel, is a saprobic species of fungus in the order Agaricales. As its common names imply, the fruit body, or mushroom, can become quite large—the cap reaches diameters of up to 50 cm (20 in). It has a white or pale cream cap, and is funnel-shaped when mature, with the gills running down the length of the stem. Considered by some to be a choice edible when young, this species has a cosmopolitan distribution, and is typically found growing in groups or rings in grassy pastures, roadside hedges, or woodland clearings. It has been shown to contain a bioactive compound with antibiotic properties.

<i>Leucocybe</i> Genus of fungi

Leucocybe is a recently defined mushroom genus in the family Tricholomataceae. The species resemble Clitocybe and grow in forests or disturbed areas.

<i>Atractosporocybe</i> Genus of fungi

Atractosporocybe is a mushroom genus in the family Tricholomataceae in the broad sense. The type species resembles Clitocybe and grows in forests.

<i>Paralepista</i> Genus of fungi

Paralepista is a genus of mushrooms in family Tricholomataceae. Until 2012, its member species were generally assigned either to Lepista or to Clitocybe.

<i>Mycetinis scorodonius</i> Species of fungus

Mycetinis scorodonius is one of the garlic-scented mushrooms formerly in the genus Marasmius, having a beige cap of up to 3 cm and a tough slender stipe.

<i>Infundibulicybe gibba</i> Species of gilled mushroom

Infundibulicybe gibba, and commonly known as the common funnel or funnel cap, is a species of gilled mushroom which is common in European woods.

Paralepistopsis is a genus of fungi in the family Tricholomataceae.

References

  1. ↑ Bas, Cornelis; Kuyper, Th. W.; Noordeloos, M. E. (1995). Flora Agaricina Neerlandica - 3. CRC Press. pp. 74–75. ISBN   9789054106166.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Eyssartier, G.; Roux, P. (2013). Le guide des champignons France et Europe (in French). Belin. pp. 572, 574, 1078. ISBN   978-2-7011-8289-6. On page 1078 of this reference is a note about the new genus Paralepista. The inversa form is separated at the level of a variety.
  3. ↑ For the original inversa name, see "Agaricus inversus page". Species Fungorum. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Retrieved 2017-02-21.
  4. ↑ Sowerby, James (1797). Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms. London: J. Davis. pp. 316, pl. 185.
  5. 1 2 3 For the original name and later ones, see "Paralepista flaccida page". Species Fungorum. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Retrieved 2017-02-25.
  6. ↑ See Vizzini A; Ercole E (2012). "Paralepistopsis gen. nov. and Paralepista (Basidiomycota, Agaricales)" (PDF). Mycotaxon. 120: 253–267. doi:10.5248/120.253. hdl: 2318/124414 . The authors provide a phylogram which indicates the evidence that Paralepista forms a separate clade.
  7. ↑ For Raithelhuber's contribution: Marcel Bon; Ercole E (1996). "NOVITATES (Suite) : Tricholomataceae (2) Sous-famille CLITOCYBOIDEAE". Documents Mycologiques (in French). 26 (102): 18. Archived from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2017-02-26..
  8. 1 2 3 The main entry is at "Paralepista flaccida (Sowerby) Vizz..." Global Biodiversity Information Facility. GBIF. Retrieved 2017-02-24. The other flaccida and inversa synonyms can be searched for and are redirected to Paralepista flaccida, so it is clear that the latter is the current name.
  9. 1 2 Meinhard Moser (1983). Keys to Agarics and Boleti. Translated by Simon Plant. London: Roger Phillips. p. 120. ISBN   0-9508486-0-3.
  10. 1 2 3 Courtecuisse, R.; Duhem, B. (2013). Champignons de France et d'Europe (in French). Delachaux et Niestlé. p. 214. ISBN   978-2-603-02038-8. Mentions that the flaccida form can optionally be separated. Also available in English.
  11. 1 2 3 Knudsen, H.; Vesterholt, J., eds. (2008). Funga Nordica Agaricoid, boletoid and cyphelloid genera. Copenhagen: Nordsvamp. p. 407. ISBN   978-87-983961-3-0.
  12. 1 2 Roger Phillips (1983). Mushrooms and other fungi of Great Britain & Europe. London: Book Club Associates. p. 48.
  13. 1 2 Marcel Bon (1987). The Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and North-Western Europe. Hodder & Stoughton. p. 142. ISBN   0-340-39935-X.
  14. 1 2 "Lepista flaccida (Sowerby) Pat. - Tawny Funnel". First Nature. Retrieved 2017-02-25.
  15. ↑ Thiers, Harry D.; Arora, David (September 1980). "Mushrooms Demystified". Mycologia. 72 (5): 1054. doi:10.2307/3759750. ISSN   0027-5514.
  16. ↑ Wood, William F.; Clark, Thomas J.; Bradshaw, Debra E.; Foy, Brian D.; Largent, David L.; Thompson, Bradley L. (2004). "Clitolactone: A banana slug antifeedant from Clitocybe flaccida". Mycologia. 96: 23–25. doi:10.1080/15572536.2005.11832992.
  17. ↑ Kubo, Isao; Kim, Mujo; Wood, William F.; Naoki, Hideo (1986). "Clitocine, A New Insecticidal Nucleoside From The Mushroom Clitocybe inversa". Tetrahedron Letters. 27: 4277–4280. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)94251-5.
  18. ↑ Trzaska C; Amand S (2020). "2,6-Diaminopurine as a highly potent corrector of UGA nonsense mutations". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 15140. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.1509T. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-15140-z . PMC   7083880 . PMID   32198346.
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