Pediatric massage

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Pediatric massage is the complementary and alternative treatment that uses massage therapy, or "the manual manipulation of soft tissue intended to promote health and well-being" for children and adolescents. [1] Its goal is to reduce pain, anxiety, loneliness and fear when children are hospitalized or diagnosed with a debilitating medical condition. Pediatric massage therapy takes into consideration each child's individual physical development, cognitive development and health care needs.

Contents

Special Precautions

Massage therapists practice hands-on therapeutic techniques to address a variety of medical and non-medical concerns for patients. As with all massage specialties, advanced training matters. Special precautions should be taken due to the patient’s vulnerability, both physically and emotionally, and to minimize risk and discomfort to the patient. Children may have apprehension relating to touch due to their medical treatments.

Evidence

Infant massage

Infant massage is a type of complementary and alternative treatment that uses massage therapy for human infants. This therapy has been practiced globally, and has been increasingly used in Western countries as a treatment for infants, though the scientific evidence supporting its use is limited. Research into the effectiveness of massage therapy on full term infants has found some tentative evidence for some benefits such as gross motor skills, fine motor skills and psychomotor development, though the evidence is not strong enough to recommend universally, and more research is needed. [2] Research in pre-term infants and low birth weight infants have found weak evidence that massage might improve weight gain, but these results are based on possibly biased studies and therefore no recommendation can be made for universal use. [3]

Non-infant pediatric massage

Research shows that massage therapy can ease both physical symptoms as well as emotional discomforts associated with pediatric medical conditions. [17] The Touch Research Institute at the University of Miami School of Medicine is a primary medical research provider for massage and touch therapy, including pediatric massage and infant massage. Pediatric massage also can help manage chronic conditions such as asthma by providing relaxation and reducing muscle tone in the chest, back and neck, nausea, constipation and muscle aches (myalgia).

Immediately after receiving massage, children with mild to moderate juvenile rheumatoid arthritis notice decreased anxiety and stress hormone (cortisol) levels. [31] For young patients with autism or ADHD, pediatric massage has been found to reduce their aversion to touch, while increasing their ability to focus. [32] [33] [34] Pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis report feeling less anxious, and their ability to breathe and pulmonary functions improved. [35] [36]

Pediatric massage was also found to have benefit in relieving post-traumatic stress. [37]

Limitations in research

Like many other complementary and alternative medicine modalities, many research studies reporting benefit from pediatric massage have been small in scale and vulnerable to bias. Comprehensive medical reviews of the existing pediatric massage research reinforce the benefits, but ask for larger-scale, scientifically rigorous studies. [38] Physicians are recommended to educate themselves and their patients about the empirically validated benefits and precautions associated with pediatric massage. [39]

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">PANDAS</span> Hypothesis in pediatric medicine

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trauma in children</span> Medical condition

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Pediatric psychology is a multidisciplinary field of both scientific research and clinical practice which attempts to address the psychological aspects of illness, injury, and the promotion of health behaviors in children, adolescents, and families in a pediatric health setting. Psychological issues are addressed in a developmental framework and emphasize the dynamic relationships which exist between children, their families, and the health delivery system as a whole.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chest pain in children</span> Medical condition

Chest pain in children is the pain felt in the chest by infants, children and adolescents. In most cases the pain is not associated with the heart. It is primarily identified by the observance or report of pain by the infant, child or adolescent by reports of distress by parents or caregivers. Chest pain is not uncommon in children. Many children are seen in ambulatory clinics, emergency departments and hospitals and cardiology clinics. Most often there is a benign cause for the pain for most children. Some have conditions that are serious and possibly life-threatening. Chest pain in pediatric patients requires careful physical examination and a detailed history that would indicate the possibility of a serious cause. Studies of pediatric chest pain are sparse. It has been difficult to create evidence-based guidelines for evaluation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Childhood chronic pain</span> Medical condition

Childhood chronic pain affects at least 5% of the population under the age of 18, according to conservative epidemiological studies. Rates of pediatric chronic pain have also increased in the past 20 years. While chronic pain conditions vary significantly in severity, they often affect children's mental health, academic performance, activities of daily living, social participation, and general quality of life. The outcomes of childhood chronic pain are affected by a number of factors, including demographic factors, genetics, access to rehabilitation services, and school and family support.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pain management in children</span> Medical condition

Pain management in children is the assessment and treatment of pain in infants and children.

Tiffany Martini Field is professor in the departments of pediatrics, psychology, and psychiatry at the University of Miami School of Medicine and director of the Touch Research Institute. She specializes in infant development, especially with regard to the impact of maternal postpartum depression on mother-infant interaction and the efficacy of massage and touch therapy in promoting growth and emotional well-being in premature and low birth weight infants.

References

  1. ↑ Beider S, Mahrer NE, Gold JI (December 2007). "Pediatric massage therapy: an overview for clinicians". Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 54 (6): 1025–41, xii–xiii. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2007.10.001. PMID   18061789.
  2. ↑ Bennett, Cathy; Underdown, Angela; Barlow, Jane (2013-04-30). "Massage for promoting mental and physical health in typically developing infants under the age of six months". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4): CD005038. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005038.pub3. ISSN   1469-493X. PMC   8078453 . PMID   23633323.
  3. ↑ Vickers A, Ohlsson A, Lacy JB, Horsley A (2004). "Massage for promoting growth and development of preterm and/or low birth-weight infants". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2): CD000390. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000390.pub2. PMC   6956667 . PMID   15106151.
  4. ↑ Field T.; Morrow C.; Valdeon C.; Larson S.; Kuhn C.; Schanberg S. (1992). "Massage reduces depression and anxiety in child and adolescent psychiatric patients". Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 31 (1): 125–131. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199201000-00019 . PMID   1537763.
  5. ↑ Field T.; Grizzle N.; Scafidi F.; Schanberg S. (1996). "Massage and relaxation therapies' effects on depressed adolescent mothers". Adolescence. 31 (124): 903–911. PMID   8970662.
  6. 1 2 Oz Mehmet C.; Whitworth Gerard C.; Liu Eric H. (1998). "Complementary Medicine in the Surgical Wards". JAMA. 279 (9): 710–711. doi:10.1001/jama.279.9.710-jms0304-5-1. PMID   9496995.
  7. 1 2 Haun JN, Graham-Pole J, Shortley B (Jun 2009). "Children with cancer and blood diseases experience positive physical and psychological effects from massage therapy". Int J Ther Massage Bodywork. 2 (2): 7–14. doi:10.3822/ijtmb.v2i2.12. PMC   3091462 . PMID   21589728.
  8. ↑ Hernandez-Reif M, Shor-Posner G, Baez J, Soto S, Mendoza R, Castillo R, Quintero N, Perez E, Zhang G (Sep 2008). "Dominican Children with HIV not Receiving Antiretrovirals: Massage Therapy Influences their Behavior and Development". Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 5 (3): 345–354. doi:10.1093/ecam/nem032. PMC   2529379 . PMID   18830444.
  9. 1 2 3 Hughes D, Ladas E, Rooney D, Kelly K (May 2008). "Massage therapy as a supportive care intervention for children with cancer". Oncol Nurs Forum. 35 (3): 431–42. doi:10.1188/08.onf.431-442. PMID   18467292. S2CID   6266704.
  10. ↑ Pediatric massage therapy: an overview for clinicians. Beider S, Mahrer NE, Gold JI" Pediatr Clin North Am. 2007 Dec;54(6):1025-41.
  11. ↑ Mencía SB, López-Herce JC, Freddi N. "Analgesia and sedation in children: practical approach for the most frequent situations. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2007 May;83(2 Suppl):S71-82.
  12. ↑ Ali S, Drendel AL, Kircher J, Beno S (Jul 2010). "Pain management of musculoskeletal injuries in children: current state and future directions". Pediatr Emerg Care. 26 (7): 518–24. doi:10.1097/pec.0b013e3181e5c02b. PMID   20622635. S2CID   28302486.
  13. ↑ Parlak Gürol A, Polat S, Akçay MN (May 2010). "Itching, pain, and anxiety levels are reduced with massage therapy in burned adolescents". J Burn Care Res. 31 (3): 429–32. doi:10.1097/bcr.0b013e3181db522c. PMID   20453734. S2CID   3679959.
  14. ↑ Von Stülpnagel C, Reilich P, Straube A, Schäfer J, Blaschek A, Lee SH, Müller-Felber W, Henschel V, Mansmann U, Heinen F (Apr 2009). "Myofascial trigger points in children with tension-type headache: a new diagnostic and therapeutic option. J" (PDF). Child Neurol. 24 (4): 406–9. doi:10.1177/0883073808324540. PMID   19339283. S2CID   11461767.
  15. ↑ Diego MA, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M (Apr 2009). "Procedural pain heart rate responses in massaged preterm infants". Infant Behav. Dev. 32 (2): 226–9. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2008.12.001. PMC   2694508 . PMID   19185352.
  16. ↑ Evans S, Tsao JC, Zeltzer LK (Sep 2008). "Complementary and alternative medicine for acute procedural pain in children". Altern Ther Health Med. 14 (5): 52–6. PMID   18780584.
  17. 1 2 Suresh S, Wang S, Porfyris S, Kamasinski-Sol R, Steinhorn DM (Sep 2008). "Massage therapy in outpatient pediatric chronic pain patients: do they facilitate significant reductions in levels of distress, pain, tension, discomfort, and mood alterations?". Paediatr Anaesth. 18 (9): 884–7. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2008.02638.x. PMID   18768049.
  18. ↑ Lowe RM, Hashkes PJ (Oct 2008). "Growing pains: a noninflammatory pain syndrome of early childhood". Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 4 (10): 542–9. doi:10.1038/ncprheum0903. PMID   18762787. S2CID   8894456.
  19. ↑ Procianoy RS, Mendes EW, Silveira RC (Jan 2010). "Massage therapy improves neurodevelopment outcome at two years corrected age for very low birth weight infants". Early Human Development. 86 (1): 7–11. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2009.12.001. PMID   20022717.
  20. ↑ Kemper KJ, Shannon S (Dec 2007). "Complementary and alternative medicine therapies to promote healthy moods". Pediatr Clin North Am. 54 (6): 901–26. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2007.09.002. PMC   2329575 . PMID   18061783.
  21. ↑ Zebracki K, Holzman K, Bitter KJ, Feehan K, Miller ML (Sep 2007). "Brief report: use of complementary and alternative medicine and psychological functioning in Latino children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis or arthralgia". J Pediatr Psychol. 32 (8): 1006–10. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsm033 . PMID   17626068.
  22. ↑ Diego M.A.; Hernandez-Reif M.; Field T.; Friedman L.; Shaw K. (2001). "HIV adolescents show improved immune function following massage therapy". International Journal of Neuroscience. 106 (1–2): 35–45. doi:10.3109/00207450109149736. PMID   11264907. S2CID   32089766.
  23. 1 2 Field T.; Cullen C.; Diego M.; Hernandez-Reif M.; Sprinz P.; Beebe K.; Kissel B.; Bango-Sanchez V. (2001). "Leukemia immune changes following massage therapy". Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 3 (4): 1–5. doi:10.1054/jbmt.2001.0228.
  24. ↑ Pediatric massage therapy: an overview for clinicians. Beider S, Mahrer NE, Gold JI" Pediatr Clin North Am. 2007 Dec;54(6) 1025-41; xii-xiii. Review.
  25. ↑ Green AD, Alioto A, Mousa H, Di Lorenzo C (Apr 2011). "Severe pediatric rumination syndrome: successful interdisciplinary inpatient management". J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 52 (4): 414–8. doi: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e3181fa06f3 . PMID   21407115. S2CID   8299506.
  26. ↑ Field T.; Morrow C.; Valdeon C.; Larson S.; Kuhn C.; Schanberg S. (1992). "Massage therapy reduces anxiety in child and adolescent psychiatric patients". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 31: 125–130. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199201000-00019 . PMID   1537763.
  27. ↑ Field T.; Kilmer T.; Hernandez-Reif M.; Burman I. (1996). "Preschool Children's Sleep and Wake Behavior: Effects of massage therapy". Early Child Development and Care. 120: 39–44. doi:10.1080/0300443961200104.
  28. ↑ Cullen C.; Field T.; Escalona A.; Hartshorn K. (2000). "Father-infants interactions are enhanced by massage therapy". Early Child Development and Care. 164: 41–47. doi:10.1080/0300443001640104. S2CID   145180279.
  29. 1 2 Miller Laura J (2002). "Postpartum Depression". JAMA. 287 (6): 762–765. doi:10.1001/jama.287.6.762. PMID   11851544.
  30. ↑ Hart S.; Field T.; Hernandez-Reif M.; Lundy B. (1998). "Preschoolers' cognitive performance improves following massage". Early Child Development & Care. 143: 59–64. doi:10.1080/0300443981430105.
  31. ↑ Knapp Miland E (1960). "Physical Medicine in Rehabilitation for Arthritis in Children". JAMA. 174 (15): 1951–1953. doi:10.1001/jama.1960.03030150039010. PMID   13757053.
  32. ↑ Field T.; Lasko D.; Mundy P.; Henteleff T.; Talpins S.; Dowling M. (1986). "Autistic children's attentiveness and responsitivity improved after touch therapy". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 27 (3): 329–334. doi:10.1023/A:1025858600220. PMID   9229263. S2CID   12306795.
  33. ↑ Escalona A.; Field T.; Singer-Strunck R.; Cullen C.; Hartshorn K. (2001). "Brief report: improvements in the behavior of children with autism following massage therapy". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 31 (5): 513–516. doi:10.1023/a:1012273110194. PMID   11794416. S2CID   13400410.
  34. ↑ Hartshorn K.; Olds L.; Field T.; Delage J.; Cullen C.; Escalona A. (2001). "Creative movement therapy benefits children with autism". Early Child and Development and Care. 166: 1–5. doi:10.1080/0300443011660101. S2CID   143486019.
  35. ↑ Hernandez-Reif M.; Field T.; Krasnegor J.; Martinez E. (1999). "Cystic fibrosis symptoms are reduced with massage therapy intervention". Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 24 (2): 183–189. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/24.2.175. PMID   10361400.
  36. ↑ Anbar RD, Murthy VV (Sep 2010). "Reestablishment of hope as an intervention for a patient with cystic fibrosis awaiting lung transplantation". J Altern Complement Med. 16 (9): 1007–10. doi:10.1089/acm.2010.0107. PMID   20799891.
  37. ↑ Field T.; Seligman S.; Scafidi F.; Schanberg S. (1996). "Alleviating posttraumatic stress in children following Hurricane Andrew". Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology. 17: 37–50. doi: 10.1016/s0193-3973(96)90004-0 .
  38. ↑ April KT, Walji R (Feb 2011). "The state of research on complementary and alternative medicine in pediatric rheumatology". Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 37 (1): 85–94. doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2010.11.011. PMID   21220088.
  39. ↑ Beider S, Mahrer NE, Gold JI. "Pediatric massage therapy: an overview for clinicians" Pediatr Clin North Am. 2007 Dec;54(6):1025-41; xii-xiii. Review.
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