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Seti II was the fifth pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt and reigned from c. 1203 BC to 1197 BC. His throne name, Userkheperure Setepenre, means "Powerful are the manifestations of Re, the chosen one of Re." He was the son of Merneptah and Isetnofret II and occupied the throne during a period known for dynastic intrigue and short reigns, and his rule was no different. Seti II had to deal with many serious plots, most significantly the accession of a rival king named Amenmesse, possibly a half brother, who seized control over Thebes and Nubia in Upper Egypt during his second to fourth regnal years.
Merneptah or Merenptah was the fourth pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. He ruled Egypt for almost ten years, from late July or early August 1213 BC until his death on 2 May 1203 BC, according to contemporary historical records. He was the first royal-born pharaoh since Tutankhamun of the Eighteenth Dynasty.
The Book of Gates is an ancient Egyptian funerary text dating from the New Kingdom. The Book of Gates is long and detailed, consisting of one hundred scenes. It narrates the passage of a newly deceased soul into the next world journeying with of the sun god, Ra, through the underworld during the hours of the night towards his resurrection. The soul is required to pass through a series of 'gates' at each hour of the journey. Each gate is guarded by a different serpent deity that is associated with a different goddess. It is important that the deceased knows the names of each guardian. Depictions of the judgment of the dead are shown in the last three hours. The text implies that some people will pass through unharmed, but others will suffer torment in a lake of fire. At the end of Ra's journey through the underworld, he emerges anew to take his place back in the sky.
Bintanath was the firstborn daughter and later Great Royal Wife of the Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II.
Gebel el-Silsila or Gebel Silsileh is 65 km (40 mi) north of Aswan in Upper Egypt, where the cliffs on both sides close to the narrowest point along the length of the entire Nile. The location is between Edfu in the north towards Lower Egypt and Kom Ombo in the south towards Upper Egypt. The name Kheny means "The Place of Rowing". It was used as a major quarry site on both sides of the Nile from at least the 18th Dynasty to Greco-Roman times. Silsila is famous for its New Kingdom stelai and cenotaphs.
Tomb KV8, located in the Valley of the Kings, was used for the burial of Pharaoh Merenptah of Ancient Egypt's Nineteenth Dynasty.
Isetnofret was one of the Great Royal Wives of Pharaoh Ramesses II and was the mother of his successor, Merneptah. She was one of the most prominent of the royal wives, along with Nefertari, and was the chief queen after Nefertari's death.
Tiaa or Tiya or Tiy was thought to be the third wife of Pharaoh Seti II, after Takhat and Twosret. Fragments of her burial equipment were found in the tomb of Siptah (KV47), leading to the impression that she might have lived at the end of the 19th Dynasty. However, the king's tomb is connected to the burial of the 18th Dynasty queen Tiaa. The burial equipment of Tiaa mixed into the burial of Siptah. Recent research showed that all artifacts of a queen Tiaa belong to the 18th Dynasty queen. She is thought by some to have been Syrian (Ḫurru). She was once thought to be the mother of Rameses-Siptah, the next Pharaoh of Egypt after the death of his predecessor Seti II. However, Siptah's mother is now known to be a Canaanite woman named Sutailja or Shoteraja from a newly discovered relief in the Louvre museum.
Peter James Brand is a Canadian Egyptologist from Toronto, Ontario. He is also a naturalized American citizen. He completed his PhD in 1998 at the University of Toronto with his dissertation The Monuments of Seti I: Epigraphic, Historical and Art Historical Analysis. This was later published by Brill in 2000 and is considered to be one of the most comprehensive studies on the reign of Seti I who is often eclipsed in history by the glorious 66-year reign of his son, Ramesses II. A Book reviewer called it "the first comprehensive study of the reign ever published." " It contains a catalogue of most of Seti I's monuments and an important discussion of the historical significance and reigns of Ramesses I and Seti I. Brand also attended the University of Texas at Arlington and the University of Memphis prior to the University of Toronto.
The Spell of the Twelve Caves is an ancient Egyptian funerary text from the New Kingdom. The earliest known copy is on a papyrus found in KV35 the tomb of Amenhotep II, and another copy was inscribed in the Osireion at Abydos under Merenptah. Although the text also appears in some copies of the Book of the Dead, where it is classified as Spell 168, the Egyptologist Alexandre Piankoff treated it as a distinct composition.
Merenptah was an ancient Egyptian prince during the 19th Dynasty, likely to have been a son of Pharaoh Merenptah.
Isetnofret(3s.t-nfr.t; also spelled as Isetneferet, Isisnofret etc.) was an ancient Egyptian female name, meaning “Isis is beautiful”.
Roma called Roy was High Priest of Amun during the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt, at the end of the reign of Ramesses II and continued into the reigns of Merenptah and likely Seti II. Roma served as third and second priest of Amun and finally as first prophet of Amun. He was also a count (h3ty-a), a prince (iry-pat) and a divine father pure of hands.
Isetnofret was a royal woman of Ancient Egypt and, as the Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Merenptah, she became Isetnofret II.
Merysekhmet, also written Merysakhmet(mrỉỉ-sḫm.t; "Beloved of Sekhmet") was a vizier of Ancient Egypt. He served during the reign of Merenptah.
Khaemtir was a Viceroy of Kush and Vizier of Ancient Egypt. He served during the reign of Amenmesse and Seti II.
Panehesy was a vizier of ancient Egypt. He served during the reign of Merenptah during the 19th Dynasty.
The Theban Tomb TT23 is located in Sheikh Abd el-Qurna, part of the Theban Necropolis, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite to Luxor. It is the burial place of the ancient Egyptian official, Tjay or Thay called To, who was a royal scribe of the dispatches of the Lord of the Two Lands, during the 19th Dynasty. Thay served during the reign of Merenptah.
The Merneptah Stele, also known as the Israel Stele or the Victory Stele of Merneptah, is an inscription by Merneptah, a pharaoh in ancient Egypt who reigned from 1213 to 1203 BCE. Discovered by Flinders Petrie at Thebes in 1896, it is now housed at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.
Anhurmose was an ancient Egyptian official of the New Kingdom. He was the high priest of Anhur under Merenptah, but started his career as a military man, most likely under king Ramesses II.
References
- ↑ K.A. Kitchen, Ramesside Inscriptions: Merenptah & the late Nineteenth Dynasty, Wiley-Blackwell, 2003, pg 74
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