Joseph Eugene Stiglitz is an American New Keynesian economist,a public policy analyst,and a full professor at Columbia University. He is a recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (2001) and the John Bates Clark Medal (1979). He is a former senior vice president and chief economist of the World Bank. He is also a former member and chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers. He is known for his support for the Georgist public finance theory and for his critical view of the management of globalization,of laissez-faire economists,and of international institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.
Neoliberalism,also neo-liberalism,is a term used to signify the late-20th century political reappearance of 19th-century ideas associated with free-market capitalism. The term has multiple,competing definitions,and is often used pejoratively. In scholarly use,the term is frequently undefined or used to characterize a vast variety of phenomena,but is primarily used to describe the transformation of society due to market-based reforms.
Andrew Michael Spence is a Canadian-American economist and Nobel laureate.
The Hoover Institution is an American public policy think tank which promotes personal and economic liberty,free enterprise,and limited government. While the institution is formally a unit of Stanford University,it maintains an independent board of overseers and relies on its own income and donations. It is widely described as conservative,although its directors have contested the idea that it is partisan.
John Harold Williamson was a British-born economist who coined the term Washington Consensus. He served as a senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics from 1981 until his retirement in 2012. During that time,he was the project director for the United Nations High-Level Panel on Financing for Development in 2001. He was also on leave as chief economist for South Asia at the World Bank during 1996–99,adviser to the International Monetary Fund from 1972 to 1974,and an economic consultant to the UK Treasury from 1968 to 1970. He was also an economics professor at Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (1978–81),University of Warwick (1970–77),Massachusetts Institute of Technology,University of York (1963–68) and Princeton University (1962–63).
International political economy (IPE) is the study of how politics shapes the global economy and how the global economy shapes politics. A key focus in IPE is on the distributive consequences of global economic exchange. It has been described as the study of "the political battle between the winners and losers of global economic exchange."
Nouriel Roubini is a Turkish-born Iranian-American economic consultant,economist,speaker and writer. He is a Professor Emeritus since 2021 at the Stern School of Business of New York University,is Chief Economist at Atlas Capital Team,CEO of Roubini Macro Associates,Co-Founder of TheBoomBust.com,and author of Megathreats:Ten Dangerous Trends That Imperil Our Future,and How to Survive Them. He is a former senior economist for international affairs in the White House’s Council of Economic Advisers during the Clinton Administration and has worked for the International Monetary Fund,the US Federal Reserve,and the World Bank. His website is NourielRoubini.com.
The Kuznets curve expresses a hypothesis advanced by economist Simon Kuznets in the 1950s and 1960s. According to this hypothesis,as an economy develops,market forces first increase and then decrease economic inequality. The Kuznets curve appeared to be consistent with experience at the time it was proposed. However,since the 1970s,inequality has risen in the US and other developed countries,which invalidates the hypothesis.
A transition economy or transitional economy is an economy which is changing from a centrally planned economy to a market economy. Transition economies undergo a set of structural transformations intended to develop market-based institutions. These include economic liberalization,where prices are set by market forces rather than by a central planning organization. In addition to this trade barriers are removed,there is a push to privatize state-owned enterprises and resources,state and collectively run enterprises are restructured as businesses,and a financial sector is created to facilitate macroeconomic stabilization and the movement of private capital. The process has been applied in China,the former Soviet Union and Eastern bloc countries of Europe and some Third world countries,and detailed work has been undertaken on its economic and social effects.
In justifying opening up and the series of economic reforms that ensued in China,Deng Xiaoping referred to Karl Marx and his theories,which predicted that nations need to undergo urbanization and a stage of capitalism for a natural socialist transition. One of the most renowned reforms under Deng was establishing four "special economic zones" along the Southeastern coast of China,with Shenzhen,Shantou,and Zhuhai located in Guangdong province and Xiamen located in Fujian province. The four aforementioned special economic zones were all established from 1980 to 1981. As of 2024,there have been 3 additional special economic zones. In 1988,Hainan became the fifth "SEZ". In 1990,Pudong district in Shanghai became the sixth "SEZ". In 2009,Binhai district in Tianjin became the seventh "SEZ". Special economic zones (SEZs) in mainland China are granted more free market-oriented economic policies and flexible governmental measures by the government of China,compared to the planned economy elsewhere.
Economic liberalization,or economic liberalisation,is the lessening of government regulations and restrictions in an economy in exchange for greater participation by private entities. In politics,the doctrine is associated with classical liberalism and neoliberalism. Liberalization in short is "the removal of controls" to encourage economic development.
The Leonard N. Stern School of Business is the business school of New York University,a private research university based in New York City. Founded as the School of Commerce,Accounts and Finance in 1900,the school received its current name in 1988.
Branko Milanović is a Serbian-American economist. He is most known for his work on income distribution and inequality.
Kingsley Y. Amoako is a Ghanaian international civil servant with a five-decade career in African development. He is a thought leader on policies and initiatives of governance and growth on the continent,and he has worked alongside development specialists to address African and global development issues.
The Bernacer Prize is awarded annually to European young economists who have made outstanding contributions in the fields of macroeconomics and finance. The prize is named after Germán Bernácer,an early Spanish macroeconomist.
Richard Eugene Sylla is the chairman of the board of trustees of the Museum of American Finance.
The Chinese economic reform or Chinese economic miracle,also known domestically as reform and opening-up,refers to a variety of economic reforms termed "socialism with Chinese characteristics" and "socialist market economy" in the People's Republic of China (PRC) that began in the late 20th century,after Mao Zedong's death in 1976. Guided by Deng Xiaoping,who is often credited as the "General Architect",the reforms were launched by reformists within the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP) on December 18,1978,during the "Boluan Fanzheng" period. The reforms briefly went into stagnation after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre,but were revived after Deng Xiaoping's southern tour in 1992. The reforms led to significant economic growth for China within the successive decades,considered to be one of the economic miracles in human history. In 2010,China overtook Japan as the world's second-largest economy by nominal GDP,before overtaking the United States in 2016 as the world's largest economy by GDP (PPP). On the other hand,a parallel set of political reforms were launched by Deng and his allies in the 1980s,which also inspired the then Soviet Union's Glasnost and Perestroika,but eventually ended in 1989 due to the crackdown on Tiananmen Square protests,halting further political liberalization.
Ann E. Harrison is the 15th Dean of the Haas School of Business at the University of California,Berkeley,and the second woman to head the top-ranked business school. Dean Harrison is a renowned economist and one of the most highly-cited scholars on foreign investment and multinational firms.
Laura Veldkamp is an American economist teaching as a professor of finance at Columbia University's Graduate School of Business and also serves as a co-editor of the Journal of Economic Theory.
The Department of Economics is an academic department of the University of Oxford within the Social Sciences Division. Relatively recently founded in 1999,the department is located in the Norman Foster-designed Manor Road Building.
