Physalis

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Physalis
Temporal range: Early Eocene (Ypresian) to recent, 52–0  Ma
Starr 061225-2955 Physalis peruviana.jpg
Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana) leaves and fruit
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae
Subfamily: Solanoideae
Tribe: Physaleae
Genus: Physalis
L. (1753), nom. cons. [1]
Type species
Physalis pubescens
L.
Species

About 75–90; see text

Synonyms [2]
  • AlicabonRaf. (1838)
  • BoberellaE.H.L.Krause (1903), nom. superfl.
  • EpetorhizaSteud. (1840), not validly publ.
  • Herschellia T.E.Bowdich (1825)
  • MargaranthusSchltdl. (1838)
  • PentaphitrumRchb. (1841)

Physalis ( /ˈfaɪsəlɪs/ , /fɪ-/ , /faɪˈseɪlɪs/ , /-ˈsæ-/ , from φυσαλλίς : phusallís 'bladder' [3] ) is a genus of approximately 75 to 90 flowering plants in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At least 46 species are endemic to Mexico. [4] Cultivated and weedy species have been introduced worldwide. A defining feature of Physalis is a large, papery husk derived from the calyx, which partly or fully encloses the fruit. [5] Many species bear edible fruit, and some species are cultivated.

The typical Physalis fruit is similar to a firm tomato in texture, and like a sweet, tangy grape in flavor. [6] Some species, such as the Cape gooseberry and tomatillo, have been bred into many cultivars with varying flavors, from tart to sweet to savory. Nations including Colombia, India, and Mexico have a significant economic trade in Physalis fruit. [7] The fruit of many species are generically referred to as physalis, groundcherries, [8] husk tomatoes, husk cherries,poha berries, and golden berries. [9]

Description

Physalis species are herbaceous plants growing to 0.4 to 3.0 m (1 to 10 ft) tall, similar to the common tomato, a plant of the same family, but usually with a stiffer, more upright stem. They can be either annual or perennial. Most require full sun and fairly warm to hot temperatures. Some species are sensitive to frost, but others tolerate cold when dormant in winter.

Fossil record

A 52-million-year-old fossil fruit of Physalis has been found in Patagonia, [10] [11] named as Physalis infinemundi .

Cultivation and uses

Physalis peruviana fruit with calyx open Physalis peruviana calix open close-up.jpg
Physalis peruviana fruit with calyx open

Estimates for the earliest use of Physalis for human consumption range from 900BCE to 5000BCE. Archaeological sites support the historical use of Physalis as a food for indigenous people in what is now northern Mexico and portions of the United States. [7] [12] [13] [14] [15]

Physalis fruit are rich in cryptoxanthin. The fruit can be used like the tomato. Once extracted from its husk, it can be eaten raw [16] and used in salads. Some varieties are added to desserts, used as flavoring, made into fruit preserves, or dried and used like raisins. They contain pectin and can be used in pie filling. Ground cherries are called poha in the Hawaiian language, and poha jam and preserves are traditional desserts made from Physalis plants grown on the Hawaiian Islands. [17]

A 2013 literature review identified more than one hundred works with medical use of various Physalis species from the Americas. Preparations included all parts of the plants (fruits, leaves, flowers, stems, and roots) and took forms including decoction, infusion, and soaking. Herbal preparations are known to be administered internally and externally. [18]

Physalis plants grow in most soil types and do very well in poor soils and in pots. They require moisture until fruiting. Plants are susceptible to many of the common tomato diseases and pests, and other pests such as aphids, whiteflies, spider mites, and the false potato beetle (Leptinotarsa juncta) also attack them. Propagation is by seed.

In the United States, Louisiana erroneously classifies Physalis subglabrata (smooth groundcherry) as a hallucinogenic plant, and its cultivation for other than ornamental purposes is outlawed under State Act 159 of 2005. In the Gran Chaco region of South America, the consumption of the different species of Physalis for food has declined due to sociocultural and environmental changes. Factors generally stem from the ongoing effects of colonization, including loss of ancestral territories to forestry exploitation and industrial agriculture as well as the decline of seasonal human migrations which were formerly part of the cycle of propagation, harvest, and consumption of Physalis. [18]

Subgenera and sections

Yellow nightshade groundcherry (Physalis crassifolia) Physalis crassifolia 1.jpg
Yellow nightshade groundcherry (Physalis crassifolia)
Physalis peruviana fruits Physalis peruviana fruits close-up.jpg
Physalis peruviana fruits

Physalis is divided into subgenera and sections. The taxonomy of Physalis is still an active area of taxonomic classification. [19] About 75 to 90 species are placed in the genus. [5]

In 1831, Nees von Esenbeck was among the first researchers to complete a review of the Physalis species that had been described until that time in order to identify synonyms and subtaxa within the genus. In 1837, George Don named the sections proposed by Nees von Esenbeck, including three names that are still in use: Physalodendron for woody species, Eurostorhiza for perennials with rhizomatous roots, and Epeteiorhiza for annual species.

Michel Félix Dunal in 1852 and Per Axel Rydberg in 1896 also published efforts to subdivide Physalis, although these were not generally consistent with the taxonomy advocated by Esenbeck and Don. Rydberg's taxonomy identified seven species groups within a section Rydberg called Euphysalis; these groups became the basis of sections which remain in use. [20]

Margaret Y. Menzel's research in the 20th century provided new insights into Physalis taxonomy, including the results of her crossing experiments with 28 Physalis species and their karyological data. The groups of species previously set up by Rydberg were raised to sections by this research. A summary of all taxonomic research regarding the genus was published in 1989 by Radovan Hendrych, and the most recent major taxonomic publications were made in 1994 and 1999 by Mahinda Martínez. [19]

A genetic study by Whitson and Manos in 2005 found evidence that supports the Physalodendron and Rydbergis subgenera. The same research indicated that evidence was weak for most of the recognized species sections within the Rydbergis subgenus, but that other subgroupings might be appropriate instead. [19] This and other phylogenic research led to the Whitson proposal in 2016 to establish Alkekengi officinarum as the type of a new genus rather than the type species of Physalis. [21]

Genetics and breeding

The basic number for Physalis species is 12, and most Physalis species are diploid with 2n = 24. This basic number is typical for members of the Solanaceae family. [22] [23] [24] [25] Research has identified several species that have experienced polyploidy, including Physalis angulata, Physalis floridana, Physalis pubescens, and Physalis peruvania. [26]

Physalis species are generally self-compatible and autogamous, [27] although some may exhibit self-incompatibility and require pollen from another plant to bear fruit or produce seed. [28] A study in 2022 found self-compatibility for all seven Physalis that were observed, which included Physalis peruviana and Physalis ixocarpa. The same study found that fruit fixation and viable seed formation occurred in most inter-specific crosses. The authors did not grow offspring to the second generation. [29]

Menzel performed crosses between Physalis species to assess hybridization in 1951 which showed that perennial species are prone to hybridization while annual Physalis species exhibited barriers between crossing. Hinton identified natural hybridization events between Physalis virginiana Mill. and Physalis heterophylla Nees, which Hinton hypothesized could be the result of self-incompatibility and lack of Physalis virginiana pollen. Sullivan reported in 1985 that natural hybridization rarely occurs among four species from the Physalis viscosa complex. [30]

Physalis subgenus Physalodendron

Authority: (G. Don) M. Martinez

Physalis subgenus Rydbergis

Authority: Hendrych

Section Angulatae

Authority: (Rydberg) M. Martinez

Section Campanulae

Authority: M. Martinez

Section Coztomatae

Authority: M. Martinez

Section Epeteiorhiza

Authority: G. Don

Physalis pruinosa plants in bloom Physalis pruinosa1SHSU.jpg
Physalis pruinosa plants in bloom

Section Lanceolatae

Authority: (Rydberg) M. Y. Menzel

Section Rydbergae

Authority: M. Martinez

Section Tehuacanae

Authority: M. Martinez

Section Viscosae

Authority: (Rydberg) M. Y. Menzel

Physalis species not assigned to a subgenus or section

Formerly placed here

Related Research Articles

<i>Solanum</i> Genus of flowering plants

Solanum is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant. It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solanaceae, comprising around 1,500 species. It also contains the so-called horse nettles, as well as numerous plants cultivated for their ornamental flowers and fruit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sepal</span> Any of the separate parts of the calyx of a flower (excluding the bracts), usually green

A sepal is a part of the flower of angiosperms. Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tomatillo</span> Species of plant

The tomatillo, also known as the Mexican husk tomato, is a plant of the nightshade family bearing small, spherical, and green or green-purple fruit of the same name. Tomatillos originated in Mexico and were cultivated in the pre-Columbian era. A staple of Mexican cuisine, they are eaten raw and cooked in a variety of dishes, particularly salsa verde. The tomatillo is a perennial plant but is generally grown for agriculture each year as if it were an annual.

<i>Physalis peruviana</i> Species of cultivated South American fruit

Physalis peruviana is a species of plant in the nightshade family (Solanaceae) native to Chile and Peru. Within that region, it is called aguaymanto, uvilla or uchuva, in addition to numerous indigenous and regional names. In English, its common names include Cape gooseberry, goldenberry and Peruvian groundcherry.

<i>Physalis angulata</i> Species of flowering plant

Physalis angulata is an erect herbaceous annual plant belonging to the nightshade family Solanaceae. Its leaves are dark green and roughly oval, often with tooth shapes around the edge. The flowers are five-sided and pale yellow; the yellow-orange fruits are borne inside a balloon-like calyx. The exact native range is uncertain. The species may be naturally endemic to Australia or the Americas or the native range may encompass both the Americas and Australia. It is now widely distributed and naturalized in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide.

<i>Lycopersicon</i> Obsolete genus of flowering plants

Lycopersicon was a genus in the flowering plant family Solanaceae. It contained about 13 species in the tomato group of nightshades. First removed from the genus Solanum by Philip Miller in 1754, its removal leaves the latter genus paraphyletic, so modern botanists generally accept the names in Solanum. The name Lycopersicon is still used by gardeners, farmers, and seed companies. Collectively, the species in this group apart from the common cultivated plant are called wild tomatoes.

<i>Withania</i> Genus of flowering plants

Withania is a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family, Solanaceae, with 19 to 23 species that are native to parts of North Africa, western Asia, south Asia, southern Europe, the Mediterranean, and the Canary Islands. Withania was initially included within Physalis by Linnaeus in 1753 but has since become its own genus. This grouping was due to the shared feature of an inflated Calyx that surrounds and protects the fruit.

<i>Physalis longifolia</i> Species of flowering plant

Physalis longifolia, known by the common names common groundcherry, longleaf groundcherry, and wild tomatillo, is a species of flowering plant in the nightshade family, Solanaceae. It is native to North America, where it is native to eastern Canada, much of the continental United States, and northern Mexico. It has also been noted as an introduced species in other regions, including parts of the United States outside its native range. In some areas, such as California, it is an occasional noxious weed.

<i>Quincula</i> Genus of flowering plants

Quincula is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family, Solanaceae. The sole species it contains, Quincula lobata, is commonly known as Chinese lantern, lobed groundcherry, or purple groundcherry.

<i>Physalis pubescens</i> Species of fruit and plant

Physalis pubescens is a species of flowering plant in the nightshade family known by many common names, including husk tomato, low ground-cherry and hairy groundcherry in English, and muyaca and capulí in Spanish. It is native from Brazil, but also found in southern half of the United States, Mexico, Central and much of South America. It can be found elsewhere as an introduced species and sometimes a weed. It can grow in many types of habitat, including disturbed areas. This is an annual herb producing a glandular, densely hairy stem up to about 60 cm (24 in) in maximum height from a taproot. The oval or heart-shaped leaves are 3–9 cm (1.2–3.5 in) long and have smooth or toothed edges. The flowers blooming from the leaf axils are bell-shaped and about a centimeter long. They are yellow with five dark spots in the throats, and have five stamens tipped with blue anthers. The five-lobed calyx of sepals at the base of the flower enlarges as the fruit develops, becoming an inflated, ribbed, lanternlike structure 2–4 cm (0.79–1.57 in) long which contains the berry.

<i>Physalis viscosa</i> Species of flowering plant

Physalis viscosa is a species of flowering plant in the nightshade family known by many common names, including starhair groundcherry, stellate ground-cherry and grape groundcherry in English, and arrebenta-cavalo, balãozinho, and camambú in Portuguese and Spanish. It is native to South America, and it is known on other continents as an introduced species and sometimes a weed. It can grow in many types of habitat, including disturbed areas.

<i>Physalis virginiana</i> Species of flowering plant

Physalis virginiana, the Virginia groundcherry, is a rhizomatous perennial with a deeply buried stem base. It is found mostly in eastern North America as far west as Wyoming.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solanaceae</span> Family of flowering plants that includes tomatoes, potatoes and tobacco

The Solanaceae, or the nightshades, are a family of flowering plants that ranges from annual and perennial herbs to vines, lianas, epiphytes, shrubs, and trees, and includes a number of agricultural crops, medicinal plants, spices, weeds, and ornamentals. Many members of the family contain potent alkaloids, and some are highly toxic, but many—including tomatoes, potatoes, eggplant, bell and chili peppers—are used as food. The family belongs to the order Solanales, in the asterid group and class Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons). The Solanaceae consists of about 98 genera and some 2,700 species, with a great diversity of habitats, morphology and ecology.

<i>Physalis pruinosa</i> Species of flowering plant

Physalis pruinosa is a plant in the genus Physalis in the nightshade family Solanaceae, often referred to as ground cherry or husk tomato. It is a native species in a range extending from northern Mexico through Central America. The plant has a low, spreading habit, and fruits develop in a papery husk, as is characteristic of the genus. While most parts of the plant are toxic to humans due to the presence of solanine and solanidine, the fruit becomes edible once it has ripened to yellow. The fruit's flavor is similar in some respects to that of a ripe tomatillo, but notably has a strong flavor of pineapple as well, a fact reflected in the name of a common commercial variety, "Cossack Pineapple". The ripe fruit of Physalis pruinosa var. argentinaJ. M. Toledo & Barboza is a food source for the Pilagá ethnic group.

<i>Physalis infinemundi</i> Species of flowering plant

Physalis infinemundi is an extinct species of the genus Physalis known from two fossilised fruit found in the Laguna del Hunco Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina dating to the Eocene, around 52 million years old. The species name derives from "in fine mundi" means "at the end of the earth" referring to the fact that it grew in the far south. The fossil was considerably older than the diversification ages predicted by previous molecular clock studies of Solanaceae, which estimated that the family as a whole originated 30 million years ago. The fossils are very similar to modern Physalis species, with 5 distinct lobes. The environment at the time of deposition is thought to have been a rainforest.

Joyce Van Eck is a plant biologist and faculty member at the Boyce Thompson Institute in Ithaca, NY. She is an Adjunct Professor in the Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics at Cornell University.

<i>Calliphysalis</i> Species of edible flowering plant

Calliphysalis is a genus of perennial plants in the nightshade family Solanaceae. It is monotypic, being represented by the single species Calliphysalis carpenteri, commonly known as Carpenter's groundcherry.Calliphysalis carpenteri is native to sandy soils on the coastal plain regions of south-eastern North America from northern Florida to Louisiana and Arkansas, it was first described from specimens collected in West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana. Its species name honors the botanical contributions of early Louisiana naturalist William Marbury Carpenter (1811-1848).

Physalis grisea is a species of flowering plant in the nightshade family known by common names including strawberry ground-cherry, downy ground-cherry, and strawberry-tomato in English. The name downy ground-cherry is due to the soft hairs that give the plant a gray cast. This downy gray coloration is the origin of the specific epithet grisea. Physalis grisea is native to northeastern North America.

<i>Alkekengi</i> Species of edible flowering plant native to Eurasia

Alkekengi officinarum, the bladder cherry, Chinese lantern, Japanese-lantern, strawberry groundcherry, winter cherry, alchechengi berry, or Klabuster cherry is a species of flowering plant in the nightshade family Solanaceae. It is a close relative of the new world Calliphysalis carpenteri and a somewhat more distant relative to the members of the Physalis genus. This species is native to the regions covering Southern Europe to South Asia and Northeast Asia.

References

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  2. ↑ Physalis L. Plants of the World Online . Retrieved 24 April 2024
  3. ↑ "Physalis | Definition of physalis in English by Oxford Dictionaries". Archived from the original on September 22, 2018.
  4. 1 2 3 Vargas, O.; et al. (2001). "Two new species of Physalis (Solanaceae) endemic to Jalisco, Mexico". Brittonia. 53 (4): 505–10. doi:10.1007/bf02809650. S2CID   11564.
  5. 1 2 Whitson, M.; Manos, P. S. (2005). "Untangling Physalis (Solanaceae) from the physaloids: a two-gene phylogeny of the Physalinae". Systematic Botany. 30 (1): 216–30. doi:10.1600/0363644053661841. JSTOR   25064051. S2CID   86411770.
  6. ↑ Morton JF (1987). "Cape gooseberry, Physalis peruviana L. in Fruits of Warm Climates". Purdue University, Center for New Crops & Plant Products.
  7. 1 2 Vargas-Ponce, Ofelia; Sánchez Martínez, José; Zamora Tavares, María del Pilar; Valdivia Mares, Luis Enrique (2016-12-01). "Traditional management of a small-scale crop of Physalis angulata in Western Mexico". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 63 (8): 1383–1395. doi:10.1007/s10722-015-0326-3. ISSN   1573-5109. S2CID   41108248.
  8. ↑ "Physalis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 2011-05-21.
  9. ↑ Doctor, Vikram (4 March 2013). "Golden berry: Decoding the acid freshness and wild sweet taste of physalis". The Economic Times. Retrieved 6 Sep 2014.
  10. ↑ bbc.com/news/science-environment-38511034
  11. ↑ Wilf, Peter (6 Jan 2017). "Eocene lantern fruits from Gondwanan Patagonia and the early origins of Solanaceae". Science. 355 (6320): 71–75. Bibcode:2017Sci...355...71W. doi:10.1126/science.aag2737. PMID   28059765. S2CID   206651318.
  12. ↑ Jennings, Jesse D. (April 1970). "The Prehistory of the Tehuacan Valley, Vol. 1: Environment and Subsistence. Edited by Douglas S. Byers. University of Texas Press, Austin, 1967. - The Prehistory of the Tehuacan Valley, Vol. 2: The Non-Ceramic Artifacts. Richard S. MACNEISH, Antoinette Nelken-Terner, and Irmgard W. Johnson. University of Texas, Austin, 1967". American Antiquity. 35 (2): 234–236. doi:10.2307/278167. ISSN   0002-7316. JSTOR   278167.
  13. ↑ Ruz Sosa, Mario Humberto (2013-02-15). "El añil en el Yucatán del siglo XVI". Estudios de Cultura Maya. 12. doi: 10.19130/iifl.ecm.1979.12.525 . ISSN   2448-5179.
  14. ↑ Le Paige, Gustavo (1977). "Recientes descubrimientos arqueológicos en la zona de San Pedro de Atacama". Estudios Atacameños (5): 111–126. doi: 10.22199/s07181043.1977.0005.00008 . ISSN   0716-0925.
  15. ↑ McClung de Tapia, Emily; Martínez Yrízar, Diana; Ibarra Morales, Emilio; Adriano Morán, Carmen Cristina (January 2014). "Los orígenes prehispánicos de una tradición alimentaria en la cuenca de méxico". Anales de Antropología. 48 (1): 97–121. doi: 10.1016/s0185-1225(14)70491-6 . ISSN   0185-1225.
  16. ↑ Angier, Bradford (1974). Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 90. ISBN   0-8117-0616-8. OCLC   799792.
  17. ↑ Gibbons, Euell (1962). Stalking the Wild Asparagus. Chambersburg, Pennsylvania: Alan C. Hood & Company, Inc. p. 104. ISBN   978-0-911469-03-5.
  18. 1 2 Arenas, Pastor; Kamienkowski, Nicolás Martín (December 2013). "Ethnobotany of the Genus Physalis L. (Solanaceae) in the South American Gran Chaco". Candollea. 68 (2): 251–266. doi:10.15553/c2012v682a9. hdl: 11336/8358 . ISSN   0373-2967. S2CID   84218461.
  19. 1 2 3 Whitson, Maggie; Manos, Paul S. (2005). "Untangling Physalis (Solanaceae) from the Physaloids: A Two-Gene Phylogeny of the Physalinae". Systematic Botany. 30 (1): 216–230. doi:10.1600/0363644053661841. ISSN   0363-6445. JSTOR   25064051. S2CID   86411770.
  20. ↑ Solanaceae IV : advances in biology and utilization. Michael Nee, International Solanaceae Congress. [Richmond, England]: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 1999. ISBN   1-900347-90-3. OCLC   44910181.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  21. ↑ Whitson, Maggie (April 2011). "(2016) Proposal to conserve the name Physalis ( Solanaceae ) with a conserved type". Taxon. 60 (2): 608–609. doi:10.1002/tax.602047.
  22. ↑ Lu, Jiangjie; Luo, Meifang; Wang, Li; Li, Kunpeng; Yu, Yongyi; Yang, Weifei; Gong, Pichang; Gao, Huihui; Li, Qiaoru; Zhao, Jing; Wu, Lanfeng (December 2021). "The Physalis floridana genome provides insights into the biochemical and morphological evolution of Physalis fruits". Horticulture Research. 8 (1): 244. doi:10.1038/s41438-021-00705-w. ISSN   2662-6810. PMC   8602270 . PMID   34795210.
  23. ↑ Azeez, Sekinat Okikiola; Faluyi, Julius Olaoye; Oziegbe, Mathew (2019-11-08). "Cytological, foliar epidermal and pollen grain studies in relation to ploidy levels in four species of Physalis L. (Solanaceae) from Nigeria". International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences. 13 (4): 1960–1968. doi: 10.4314/ijbcs.v13i4.4 . ISSN   1997-342X. S2CID   209597935.
  24. ↑ Escobar-Guzmán, Rocío; Ochoa-Alejo, Neftalí (2021), Segui-Simarro, Jose M. (ed.), "Anther Culture of the Gametophytic Self-Incompatible Species Physalis ixocarpa Brot", Doubled Haploid Technology, vol. 2288, New York, NY: Springer US, pp. 319–326, doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-1335-1_20, ISBN   978-1-0716-1334-4, PMID   34270021, S2CID   235961279 , retrieved 2022-08-07
  25. ↑ Venkateswarlu, J.; Rao, K. G. Raja (1979). "Morphology of the Pachytene Chromosomes of Physalis pubescens L." Cytologia. 44 (1): 161–166. doi: 10.1508/cytologia.44.161 . S2CID   84930570.
  26. ↑ Liberato, Sara; Sánchez-Betancourt, Erika; Argüelles Cárdenas, Jorge Humberto; Gonzólez, Carolina; Núñez, Víctor (2015-12-30). "Citogenética de genotipos de uchuva, Physalis peruviana L., y Physalis floridana Rydb., con respuesta diferencial a Fusarium oxysporum". Ciencia & Tecnología Agropecuaria. 15 (1): 51–61. doi: 10.21930/rcta.vol15_num1_art:396 . ISSN   2500-5308.
  27. ↑ Azeez, Sekinat Okikiola; Faluyi, Julius Olaoye (2018-06-29). "Hybridization in Four Nigerian Physalis (Linn.) Species". Notulae Scientia Biologicae. 10 (2): 205–210. doi: 10.15835/nsb10210241 . ISSN   2067-3264. S2CID   90292809.
  28. ↑ Peña-Lomelí, Aureliano; Magaña-Lira, Natanael; Gámez-Torres, Adrián; Mendoza-Celino, Fredy Ángel; Pérez-Grajales, Mario (2018). "Polinización manual en dos variedades de tomate de cáscara (Physalis ixocarpa Brot. ex Horm.) en invernadero". Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura. 24 (1). doi: 10.5154/r.rchsh.2017.02.011 . ISSN   1027-152X.
  29. ↑ Junior, André Dutra Silva; Zeist, André Ricardo; da Silva, Daniel Fernandes; de Souza Leal, Murilo Henrique; Oliveira, Guilherme José Almeida; de Oliveira, Joana Nascimento Merces; Youssef, Khamis; Da Rocha Toroco, Bruno (2022-05-18). "Reproductive biology and hybridization of Physalis L. species". Brazilian Journal of Botany. 45 (3): 1037–1045. doi:10.1007/s40415-022-00811-6. S2CID   248902866 – via Springer Link.
  30. ↑ Pretz, Chelsea; Deanna, Rocío (February 2020). "Typifications and nomenclatural notes in Physalis (Solanaceae) from the United States". Taxon. 69 (1): 170–192. doi:10.1002/tax.12159. ISSN   0040-0262. S2CID   214125933.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 Pretz, Chelsea; Deanna, Rocío (February 2020). "Typifications and nomenclatural notes in Physalis (Solanaceae) from the United States". Taxon. 69 (1): 170–192. doi:10.1002/tax.12159. ISSN   0040-0262. S2CID   214125933.
  32. ↑ Pyne, Milo; Orzell, Steve L.; Bridges, Edwin L.; Poindexter, Derick (2019). "Physalis Macrosperma (Solanaceae: Physalinae), A New Psammophyte Endemic to the West Gulf Coastal Plain of the Southeastern U.S.A., A Global Biodiversity Hotspot". Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. 13 (1): 31–50. doi: 10.17348/jbrit.v13.i1.824 . ISSN   1934-5259. JSTOR   26783957. S2CID   244520017.
  33. ↑ Switek, Brian. "Paleo Profile: Tomatillo from the End of the World".
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