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In computing, a compiler is a computer program that translates computer code written in one programming language into another language. The name "compiler" is primarily used for programs that translate source code from a high-level programming language to a low-level programming language to create an executable program.
In computing, an optimizing compiler is a compiler that tries to minimize or maximize some attributes of an executable computer program. Common requirements are to minimize a program's execution time, memory footprint, storage size, and power consumption.
In computer science, dynamic recompilation is a feature of some emulators and virtual machines, where the system may recompile some part of a program during execution. By compiling during execution, the system can tailor the generated code to reflect the program's run-time environment, and potentially produce more efficient code by exploiting information that is not available to a traditional static compiler.
In computing, binary translation is a form of binary recompilation where sequences of instructions are translated from a source instruction set to the target instruction set. In some cases such as instruction set simulation, the target instruction set may be the same as the source instruction set, providing testing and debugging features such as instruction trace, conditional breakpoints and hot spot detection.
In computing, just-in-time (JIT) compilation is compilation during execution of a program rather than before execution. This may consist of source code translation but is more commonly bytecode translation to machine code, which is then executed directly. A system implementing a JIT compiler typically continuously analyses the code being executed and identifies parts of the code where the speedup gained from compilation or recompilation would outweigh the overhead of compiling that code.
Valgrind is a programming tool for memory debugging, memory leak detection, and profiling.
In compiler theory, dead-code elimination is a compiler optimization to remove dead code. Removing such code has several benefits: it shrinks program size, an important consideration in some contexts, it reduces resource usage such as the number of bytes to be transferred and it allows the running program to avoid executing irrelevant operations, which reduces its running time. It can also enable further optimizations by simplifying program structure. Dead code includes code that can never be executed, and code that only affects dead variables, that is, irrelevant to the program.
SIGPLAN is the Association for Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group on programming languages.
In computer programming, a runtime system or runtime environment is a sub-system that exists both in the computer where a program is created, as well as in the computers where the program is intended to be run. The name comes from the compile time and runtime division from compiled languages, which similarly distinguishes the computer processes involved in the creation of a program (compilation) and its execution in the target machine.
In software engineering, profiling is a form of dynamic program analysis that measures, for example, the space (memory) or time complexity of a program, the usage of particular instructions, or the frequency and duration of function calls. Most commonly, profiling information serves to aid program optimization, and more specifically, performance engineering.
Thread Level Speculation (TLS), also known as Speculative Multi-threading, or Speculative Parallelization, is a technique to speculatively execute a section of computer code that is anticipated to be executed later in parallel with the normal execution on a separate independent thread. Such a speculative thread may need to make assumptions about the values of input variables. If these prove to be invalid, then the portions of the speculative thread that rely on these input variables will need to be discarded and squashed. If the assumptions are correct the program can complete in a shorter time provided the thread was able to be scheduled efficiently.
In the context of computer programming, instrumentation refers to the measure of a product's performance, in order to diagnose errors and to write trace information. Instrumentation can be of two types: source instrumentation and binary instrumentation.
Binary-code compatibility is a property of a computer system, meaning that it can run the same executable code, typically machine code for a general-purpose computer Central processing unit (CPU), that another computer system can run. Source-code compatibility, on the other hand, means that recompilation or interpretation is necessary before the program can be run on the compatible system.
Gprof is a performance analysis tool for Unix applications. It used a hybrid of instrumentation and sampling and was created as an extended version of the older "prof" tool. Unlike prof, gprof is capable of limited call graph collecting and printing.
Profile-guided optimization, also known as profile-directed feedback (PDF), and feedback-directed optimization (FDO) is a compiler optimization technique in computer programming that uses profiling to improve program runtime performance.
An object code optimizer, sometimes also known as a post pass optimizer or, for small sections of code, peephole optimizer, forms part of a software compiler. It takes the output from the source language compile step - the object code or binary file - and tries to replace identifiable sections of the code with replacement code that is more algorithmically efficient.
Tracing just-in-time compilation is a technique used by virtual machines to optimize the execution of a program at runtime. This is done by recording a linear sequence of frequently executed operations, compiling them to native machine code and executing them. This is opposed to traditional just-in-time (JIT) compilers that work on a per-method basis.
DynamoRIO is a BSD-licensed dynamic binary instrumentation framework for the development of dynamic program analysis tools. DynamoRIO targets user space applications under the Android, Linux, and Windows operating systems running on the AArch32, IA-32, and x86-64 instruction set architectures.
GraalVM is a Java Development Kit (JDK), written in Java. The open-source distribution of GraalVM is based on OpenJDK, and the enterprise distribution is based on Oracle JDK. As well as just-in-time (JIT) compilation, GraalVM can compile a Java application ahead-of-time so that it starts instantly, provides peak performance with no warmup, and uses fewer resources. It provides additional programming languages and execution modes. The first production-ready release, GraalVM 19.0, was distributed in May 2019. The most recent release is GraalVM for JDK 21, made available in September 2023.
The Computer Language Benchmarks Game is a free software project for comparing how a given subset of simple algorithms can be implemented in various popular programming languages.
References
- Moshe Bach; Mark Charney; Robert Cohn; Elena Demikhovsky; Tevi Devor; Kim Hazelwood; Aamer Jaleel; Chi-Keung Luk; Gail Lyons; Harish Patil & Ady Tal (March 2010). "Analyzing Parallel Programs With Pin". Computer. IEEE. 43 (3): 34–41. doi:10.1109/mc.2010.60. S2CID 15155077. Archived from the original on 2010-12-29. Retrieved 2010-07-05.
- Chi-Keung Luk; Robert Cohn; Robert Muth; Harish Patil; Artur Klauser; Geoff Lowney; Steven Wallace; Vijay Janapa Reddi & Kim Hazelwood (June 2005). "Pin: Building Customized Program Analysis Tools with Dynamic Instrumentation" (PDF). Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation. Chicago, Illinois, USA: ACM. pp. 190–120.
- Alex Skaletsky; Tevi Devor; Nadav Chachmon; Robert Cohn; Kim Hazelwood; Vladimir Vladimirov; Moshe Bach (April 2010). "Dynamic Program Analysis of Microsoft Windows Applications" (PDF). International Symposium on Performance Analysis of Software and Systems (ISPASS). White Plains, NY. pp. 2–12.