Podonectria

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Podonectria
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Ascomycota
Class:
Dothideomycetes
Subclass:
Pleosporomycetidae
Order:
Pleosporales
Family:
Podonectriaceae
Genus:
Podonectria

Type species
Podonectria coccicola
(Ellis & Everh.) Petch

Podonectria is a genus in the monotypic Podonectriaceae family of fungi. [2] They are parasitic fungus on scale insects, other fungi, or on substrates that had previously colonized by other fungi.

Contents

The family of Podonectriaceae was introduced to accommodate genus Podonectria by Dao et al. in 2016. [3] This was later confirmed by ITS and LSU data. [4]

Description

They generally have a sexual morph that has a byssoid (wispy, cottony or teased wool appearance) stromata which is well-developed or scant and white to brown or dark-brown. The ascomata is solitary or aggregated, superficial on or immersed in the stroma. It is globose to subglobose, obpyriform or ovoid in shape, cream white to light yellow, or brown to dark brown in colour and covered with hairs or absent. The hamathecium (i.e., all of the fungal hyphae or other tissues between asci) consists of numerous reticulate, filiform, septate and branched pseudoparaphyses. The asci is 8-spored, bitunicate (double walled) and long clavate to cylindric in shape. The ascospores are long clavate to long cylindric, or vermiform in shape. They are also multiseptate. The species in the genus also have an asexual morph that is tetracrium-like. The sporodochia is formed directly on cushion-shaped, white, orange, or brown, and hard stroma. The conidiophores are moniliform (bead-shaped). The conidia are usually 1–4 'arm-like', narrowed toward the apex, joined at the basal cell and multiseptate. [4]

History

Genus Podonectria was introduced by Petch, [1] to accommodate species of Ophionectria (in the Nectriaceae family), which are parasitic on scale insects and have thick-walled asci, long, multiseptate ascospores, and a tetracrium-like conidial stage. The type species, Podonectria coccicola(Ellis and Everh.) Petch was transferred from Ophionectria coccicola(Ellis & Everh.) Berl. & Voglino and is associated with the scale insects of Aonidiella aurantia (Maskell), Aspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus), Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman), Lepidosaphes gloverii (Packard), Leucapsis sp., Parlatoria pergandii Comstock, Parlatoria ziziphi Lucas, and Unaspis citri (Comstock) which are all mainly found on Rutaceae species of plants. [5] [6] [3] Species Puttemansia aurantii(Henn.) Höhn, was initially found to be the type specimen of the asexual morph Tetracrium aurantiiHenn. and is associated with scale insect Parlatoria ziziphi which feeds on Citrus aurantium L., was also transferred to the Podonectria genus as Podonectria aurantii(Henn.) Petch. [1] A new species collected from Lepidosaphes sp. on Citrus nobilis Lour. was named as Podonectria echinata. [1] Additionally, two new species, Podonectria gahniaDingley and Podonectria novae-zelandiaeDingley, were reported by J.M. Dingley in 1954 from scale insects in New Zealand, [5] they were later followed by a new fungus Podonectria tenuisporaDennis collected from Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus) found on Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull. [7] Subsequently, Rossman transferred species Ophionectria coccorumPetch, associated with Fiorinia juniperi Kuwana, and also Lasiosphaeria larvaesporaCooke & Massee on an undetermined scale insect also to Podonectria, viz. Podonectria coccorum(Petch) Rossman and Podonectria larvaespora(Cooke & Massee) Rossman. [8] The fungal species Trichonectria bambusicolaRehm was referred as Podonectria bambusicola(Rehm) Piroz. on account of it having scolecosporous ascospores (having very long worm-like spores) and tetracrium-like conidia by Pirozynski. [9] However, Podonectria bambusicola was excluded because of its occurrence on living leaves of bamboo rather than scale insects and remained an unclassified loculoascomycete (class of fungi with bitunicate Ascomycota). [6] Rossman then published a monograph on Podonectria and accepted eight species in 1978. [6] A later examination of the type specimen of Trichonectria bambusicola further revealed that this was a synonym of Uredinophila erinaceae(Rehm) Rossman. [10] The genus Podonectria was characterized by having fleshy, white to brown, uninoculated ascomata with bitunicate asci and long, multiseptated ascospores and also being associated with scale insects. [6] Spatafora et al. transferred the previously reported species Podonectria cicadellidicolaKobayasi & Shimizu and Podonectria citrinaKobayasi & Shimizu to genus Ophiocordyceps (family Ophiocordycipitaceae, Order Hypocreales), [11] supported by the previous phylogenetic analyses presented in Quandt et al in 2014. [12] In 2019, Yang et al. found Podonectria sichuanensisC.L. Yang & X.L. Xu parasitic around the ascomata of fungus Neostagonosporella sichuanensis C.L. Yang, X.L. Xu & K.D. Hyde (in the Phaeosphaeriaceae family) on (water bamboo) Phyllostachys heteroclada Oliv in China. [13] In 2021, 3 fungi were associated with Kuwanaspis howardi , a scale insect on Phyllostachys heteroclada (fishscale bamboo) and Pleioblastus amarus (bitter bamboo) in China. New species Podonectria kuwanaspidisX.L. Xu & C.L. Yang sp. nov. and Podonectria novae-zelandiaeDingley, as well as Microcera kuwanaspidis X.L. Xu & C.L. Yang sp. nov. (Nectriaceae family, Hypocreales order), [4]

Species

As accepted by Species Fungorum; [14]

Former species; [14]

Related Research Articles

An ascocarp, or ascoma, is the fruiting body (sporocarp) of an ascomycete phylum fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven hyphae and millions of embedded asci, each of which typically contains four to eight ascospores. Ascocarps are most commonly bowl-shaped (apothecia) but may take on a spherical or flask-like form that has a pore opening to release spores (perithecia) or no opening (cleistothecia).

<i>Ophiocordyceps sinensis</i> Species of fungus

Ophiocordyceps sinensis, known colloquially as caterpillar fungus, is an entomopathogenic fungus in the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It is mainly found in the meadows above 3,500 metres (11,500 ft) on the Tibetan Plateau in Tibet and the Himalayan regions of Bhutan and Nepal. It parasitizes larvae of ghost moths and produces a fruiting body which is valued in traditional Chinese medicine as an aphrodisiac. Caterpillar fungus contains the compound cordycepin, an adenosine derivative. However, the fruiting bodies harvested in nature usually contain high amounts of arsenic and other heavy metals, so they are potentially toxic and sales have been strictly regulated by China's State Administration for Market Regulation since 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hypocreales</span> Order of fungi

The Hypocreales are an order of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. In 2008, it was estimated that it contained some 237 genera, and 2647 species in seven families. Since then, a considerable number of further taxa have been identified, including an additional family, the Stachybotryaceae. Wijayawardene et al. in 2020 added more families and genera to the order. According to the Catalog of Life, As of April 2021 the Hypocreales contains 6 families, 137 genera, and 1411 species. Hyde et al. (2020a) listed 14 families under Hypocreales, while, Wijayawardene et al. (2022) accepted 15 families in the order, where Cylindriaceae was additionally added. Earlier, Hyde et al. (2020a) had placed Cylindriaceae in class Xylariomycetidae. Samarakoon et al. (2022) agreed. Hence, Cylindriaceae should have been excluded from Hypocreales and placed in Xylariomycetidae. Xiao et al. (2022) recently introduced a new family Polycephalomycetaceae to Hypocreales.

<i>Nectria</i> Genus of fungi

Nectria is a genus of Ascomycete fungi. They are most often encountered as saprophytes on decaying wood but some species can also occur as parasites of trees, especially fruit trees and a number of other hardwood trees. Some species are significant pests causing diseases such as apple canker, Nectria twig blight, and coral spot in orchards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nectriaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Nectriaceae comprise a family of fungi in the order Hypocreales. It was circumscribed by brothers Charles and Louis René Tulasne in 1865. In 2020, an Outline of fungi was produced and listed 70 genera and about 1,336 species.

Phyllostachys heteroclada, the fishscale bamboo, also known as "water bamboo", is a running bamboo. The water bamboo name comes from the air canals in the rhizomes and roots that allow this bamboo to grow in more saturated conditions as compared to similar species. This species can also have abrupt kinks at the base of the culms. Maximum height can reach 35 ft with a diameter of 2 in. It is cold hardy to around -5 °F. It grows well in USDA zones 6b-10.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hypocreomycetidae</span> Subclass of fungi

Hypocreomycetidae is a subclass of sac fungi.

<i>Metarhizium</i> Genus of fungi

Metarhizium is a genus of entomopathogenic fungi in the Clavicipitaceae family. With the advent of genetic profiling, placing these fungi in proper taxa has now become possible. Most turn out to be the asexual forms (anamorphs) of fungi in the phylum Ascomycota, including Metacordyceps spp.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arthoniales</span> Order of fungi

The Arthoniales is the second largest order of mainly crustose lichens, but fruticose lichens are present as well. The order contains around 1500 species, while the largest order with lichenized fungi, the Lecanorales, contains more than 14000 species.

Myriangium is a genus of fungi within the family Myriangiaceae.

Tubeufia is a genus in the Tubeufiaceae family of fungi.

<i>Purpureocillium</i> Genus of fungi

Purpureocillium is a fungal genus in the Ophiocordycipitaceae family. The genus now contains at least 5 species with the type species Purpureocillium lilacinum, a common soil mold. It has been isolated from a wide range of habitats, including cultivated and uncultivated soils, forests, grassland, deserts, estuarine sediments and sewage sludge, and insects. It has also been found in nematode eggs, and occasionally from females of root-knot and cyst nematodes. In addition, it has frequently been detected in the rhizosphere of many crops. The species can grow at a wide range of temperatures – from 8 to 38 °C for a few isolates, with optimal growth in the range 26 to 30 °C. It also has a wide pH tolerance and can grow on a variety of substrates. P. lilacinum has shown promising results for use as a biocontrol agent to control the growth of destructive root-knot nematodes.

<i>Neonectria</i> Genus of fungi

Neonectria is a genus of fungi in the family Nectriaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cordycipitaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Cordycipitaceae are a family of parasitic fungi in the Ascomycota, class Sordariomycetes and order Hypocreales. The family was first published in 1969 by mycologist Hanns Kreisel, but the naming was invalid according to the code of International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. It was validly published in 2007.

<i>Ophiocordyceps formicarum</i> Species of fungus

Ophiocordyceps formicarum is an entomopathogenic fungus belonging to the order Hypocreales (Ascomycota) in the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. The fungus was first described by mycologist George S. Kobayashi in 1939 as a species of Cordyceps. Originally found in Japan growing on an adult Hercules ant, it was reported from Guizhou, China, in 2003. It was transferred to the new genus Ophiocordyceps in 2007 when the family Cordycipitaceae was reorganized. A technique has been developed to grow the fungus in an agar growth medium supplemented with yeast extract, inosine, and glucose.

Clonostachys is a genus of fungi in the order Hypocreales and family Bionectriaceae.

<i>Cordyceps gunnii</i> Species of fungus

Cordyceps gunni is a species of fungus in the family Cordycipitaceae, and is of the genus Cordyceps. It was originally found and recorded by Gunn in Tasmania and named as Sphaeria gunnii and later moved into the Cordyceps genus and renamed Cordyceps gunnii. This fungus and its sisters in the genus Cordyceps are known for growing out of insect bodies. C. gunnii can be found at ground level poking out of caterpillar burrows, attached to a caterpillar's head.

<i>Stilbella</i> Genus of fungi

Stilbella is a genus of fungi in the order Hypocreales. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the order is unknown, and it has not yet been placed with certainty into any family. It is sometimes placed in the family Bionectriaceae.

Microcera is a genus of Ascomycete fungi in the Nectriaceae family.

Amy Yarnell Rossman is an American mycologist and a leading expert in identifying fungi.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Petch, Studies in entomogenous fungi. The Nectriae parasitic on scale insects. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 7(3): 146 (1921).
  2. ↑ Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM. (December 2007). "Outline of Ascomycota – 2007". Myconet. Chicago, USA: The Field Museum, Department of Botany. 13: 1–58.
  3. 1 2 Dao, H.T.; Beattie, G.A.C.; Rossman, A.Y.; Burgess, L.W.; Holford, P. (2016). "Four putative entomopathogenic fungi of armoured scale insects on Citrus in Australia". Mycol. Prog. 15: 47.
  4. 1 2 3 Xu, Xiu-Lan; Zeng, Qian; Lv, Yi-Cong; Jeewon, Rajesh; Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S.N.; Wanasinghe, Dhanushka N.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Xiao, Qian-Gang; Liu, Ying-Gao; Yang, Chun-Lin (2021). "Insight into the Systematics of Novel Entomopathogenic Fungi Associated with Armored Scale Insect, Kuwanaspis howardi (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in China". J. Fungi. 7 (8): 628. doi: 10.3390/jof7080628 . PMC   8401669 . PMID   34436167.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Dingley, J.M. (1954). "The Hypocreales of new zealand VI. The genera Hypocrella, Barya, Claviceps and Podonectria". Trans. R. Soc. N. Z. 81: 489–499.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Rossman, A.Y. (1978). "Podonectria, a genus in the Pleosporales on scale insects". Mycotaxon. 7: 163–182.
  7. 1 2 Dennis, R.W.G. (1957). "New British fungi". Kew Bull. 12: 399–404.
  8. ↑ Rossman, A.Y. (1977). "The genus Ophionectria (Euascomycetes, Hypocreales)". Mycologia. 69: 355–391.
  9. ↑ Pirozynski, K.A. (1977). "Notes on Hyperparasitic Sphaeriales, Hypocreales and 'Hypocreoid Dothideales'". Kew Bull. 31: 595–610.
  10. ↑ Rossman, A.Y. (1987). The Tubeufiaceae and Similar Loculoascomycetes. Farnham Royal, UK: C.A.B. International. p. 43.
  11. ↑ Spatafora, J.W.; Quandt, C.A.; Kepler, R.M.; Sung, G.H.; Shrestha, B.; Hywel-Jones, N.L.; Luangsa-ard, J.J. (2015). "New 1F1N species Combinations in Ophiocordycipitaceae (Hypocreales)". IMA Fungus. 6: 357–362.
  12. ↑ Quandt, C.A.; Kepler, R.M.; Gams, W.; Araújo, J.P.M.; Ban, S.; Evans, H.C.; Hughes, D.; Humber, R.; Hywel-Jones, N.; Li, Z.Z.; Luangsa-Ard, J.J. (2014). "Phylogenetic-based nomenclatural proposals for Ophiocordycipitaceae (Hypocreales) with new combinations in Tolypocladium". IMA Fungus. 5: 121–134.
  13. ↑ Yang, C.L.; Xu, X.L.; Liu, Y.G. (2019). "Podonectria sichuanensis, a potentially mycopathogenic fungus from Sichuan Province in China". Phytotaxa. 402: 219–231.
  14. 1 2 "Species Fungorum - Search Page - Podonectria". www.speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved 11 August 2023.


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