Polypodium vulgare

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Polypodium vulgare
Tupfelfarn (Polypodium vulgare).jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Division: Polypodiophyta
Class: Polypodiopsida
Order: Polypodiales
Suborder: Polypodiineae
Family: Polypodiaceae
Genus: Polypodium
Species:
P. vulgare
Binomial name
Polypodium vulgare
L.
Frond with round dark sori on the underslde Tupfelfarn mit uberjahrigen Sori.jpg
Frond with round dark sori on the underslde
Sporangium showing the many thick-walled ('indurated') cells forming the backbone ('annulus') with 1 basal cell Polypodium vulgare s. str. sl48.jpg
Sporangium showing the many thick-walled ('indurated') cells forming the backbone ('annulus') with 1 basal cell
Frequently found on damp tree trunks Rhedyn a Mwsogl ar Goeden - Ferns and Moss on a Tree - geograph.org.uk - 684138.jpg
Frequently found on damp tree trunks
Colony Tupfelfarn.jpg
Colony
Sycamore covered entirely with the fern Sycamore and epiphytic ferns.JPG
Sycamore covered entirely with the fern

Polypodium vulgare, the common polypody, is an evergreen fern of the family Polypodiaceae. The name is derived from poly (many) and pous, podos (a foot). Polypody has traditional uses in cooking for its aroma and sweet taste, and in herbal medicine as a purgative and vermifuge.

Contents

Description

Polypodium vulgare, the common polypody, is a fern developing in isolation from along a horizontal rhizome. The fronds with triangular leaflets measure 10 to 50 centimetres (3.9 to 19.7 in). They are divided all the way back to the central stem in 10 to 18 pairs of segments or leaflets.

The leaflets become much shorter at the end of the frond. The leaflets are generally whole or slightly denticulated and somewhat wider at their base, where they often touch each other. They have an alternating arrangement, those on one side being slightly offset from those on the other side. The petioles have no scales.

The sori are found on the lower side of the fronds and range in colour from bright yellow to orange. They became dark grey at maturity.

Geographical distribution

The common polypody occurs throughout western Europe and North Africa. [1] It is very common in France, where it is found up to an altitude of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft).[ citation needed ] It is also quite common in Scandinavia and Carpathian Mountains. It is an introduced species in New Zealand, that has begun to spread into the wild as an invasive species. [2]

Habitat

This fern is found in shaded and semi-shaded locations. It is a lithophyte (grows on rocks), and is found growing in the moss on old walls, cliffs, cracks in rocks, and in rocky undergrowth; also as an epiphyte on mossy trees.

Origins

Polypodium vulgare is an allotetraploid species, believed to have arisen by chromosome doubling of a sterile diploid hybrid between two ferns which are not known in Europe. The fern's proposed parents are the northern Asian and northern North American Polypodium sibiricum and western North American Polypodium glycyrrhiza . [3] Biochemical data point to a species from eastern Asia as the second possible parent.

Uses

Research

P. vulgare plays the primary role in understanding of plant stomata responses to humidity. The Otto Lange group at the University of Würzburg first showed that stomatal opening and closing was performed in response to environmental humidity with Lange et al 1971, [6] [7] and continued to use it to further illuminate stomatal-humidity responses in stomata-humidty-temperature dynamics in Lösch 1977 & 1979, [8] and metabolic energy supply to fuel stomatal articulation in Lösch & Tenhunen 1981. [9]

Note

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Osladin</span> Chemical compound

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<i>Polypodium</i> Genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae

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References

  1. Map
  2. "Appendix one: Invasive weeds". www.doc.govt.nz. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
  3. Haufler, Christopher H.; Windham, Michael D.; Rabe, Eric W. (1995). "Reticulate Evolution in the Polypodium vulgare Complex". Systematic Botany. 20 (2): 89–109. doi:10.2307/2419442. JSTOR   2419442.
  4. (in English) J Jizba, L Dolejs, V Herout & F Sorm, "The structure of osladin — The sweet principle of the rhizomes of Polypodium vulgare L.", in Tetrahedron Lett., vol. 18, 1971, p. 1329-1332. doi : 10.1016/S0040-4039(01)96701-2.
  5. Camps, F.; Claveria, E.; Coll, J.; Marco, M. P.; Messeguer, J.; Mela, E. (1990). "Ecdysteroid production in tissue cultures of Polypodium vulgare". Phytochemistry. 29 (12): 3819. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(90)85339-H.
  6. Mooney, H. A. (1999). "On the Road to Global Ecology". Annual Review of Energy and the Environment . Annual Reviews. 24 (1): 1–31. doi: 10.1146/annurev.energy.24.1.1 . ISSN   1056-3466.
  7. Raschke, K (1975). "Stomatal Action". Annual Review of Plant Physiology . Annual Reviews. 26 (1): 309–340. doi:10.1146/annurev.pp.26.060175.001521. ISSN   0066-4294.
  8. Berry, J; Bjorkman, O (1980). "Photosynthetic Response and Adaptation to Temperature in Higher Plants". Annual Review of Plant Physiology . Annual Reviews. 31 (1): 491–543. doi:10.1146/annurev.pp.31.060180.002423. ISSN   0066-4294.
  9. Zeiger, E (1983). "The Biology of Stomatal Guard Cells". Annual Review of Plant Physiology . Annual Reviews. 34 (1): 441–474. doi:10.1146/annurev.pp.34.060183.002301. ISSN   0066-4294.

Further reading