Power Gig: Rise of the SixString

Last updated
Power Gig: Rise of the SixString
Power-Gig.jpg
Cover art of Power Gig: Rise of the SixString
Developer(s) Seven45 Studios
Publisher(s) Seven45 Studios
Platform(s) PlayStation 3, Xbox 360
Release
  • NA: October 19, 2010
Genre(s) Rhythm
Mode(s) Single-player

Power Gig: Rise of the SixString is a rhythm game developed and published by Seven45 Studios, a subsidiary of musical instrument manufacturer First Act. Unveiled at the 2010 Game Developers Conference, it was released for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on October 19, 2010.

Contents

Similar to the Guitar Hero and Rock Band franchises, the game allows players to play songs using instrument controllers that mimic the lead guitar, drums, and vocals. The game was distinguished from its competitors by shipping with an actual electric guitar that could be used with the game and as a standalone instrument (as opposed to a simplified plastic analog), and by offering an "AirStrike" drum controller with floor-mounted sensors for air drumming, as opposed to a physical drumkit. The game is also compatible with standard guitar and drum controllers. Promotion for Power Gig also focused on the inclusion of songs from several artists that had never appeared in other music games before, including Eric Clapton, who endorsed the game due to their objections to the simplified interpretation of guitar playing used in Guitar Hero and Rock Band.

Power Gig received negative reviews. Criticism was directed primarily towards the quality of the bundled guitar, and that besides a mode that added power chords to songs, the game otherwise played identically to its competitors, with no other features or lessons designed specifically around realistic guitar play (in comparison to its main competitor on launch, Rock Band 3 ). The game's pad-free drum controller was criticized for its poor hit detection and lacking physical feedback due to its design, while the premise of the game's career storyline was also panned.

Gameplay

Power Gig plays similarly to other guitar-based games, with a note display divided into five colored lanes corresponding to different frets. The game ships with a 2/3 scale six-string electric guitar, designed to be usable with Power Gig and other games in a similar fashion to a standard guitar controller. The edge of its fretboard contains colored markings corresponding to in-game notes. In the game's basic mode, the player must hold down any string(s) in the colored fret areas that match the displayed note patterns on-screen and then strum the strings in time. In the game's "Power Chord" mode, the colored notes on-screen are replaced with colored numbers from 1 to 6, representing which string(s) must be held down in the colored fret area to make a chord, accompanied by strumming. While the guitar can detect every string and fret pressed, the gameplay is only designed to work with basic two-note chord intervals. It is possible to use the guitar controller separately as a standalone electric guitar by removing a dampener that is placed on the strings during gameplay to keep them from ringing out. Power Gig supports up to three players in a band, consisting of a guitarist, drummer, and vocalist; the game is compatible with guitars and drums that were designed for the Guitar Hero or Rock Band franchises. [1] [2] [3]

A drum controller known as the "AirStrike" was also developed for the game; unlike other drum controllers, it consists of an array of motion sensors placed on the ground in front of the player to detect the motion of a player's air drumming, rather than using physical drum pads. Seven45 promoted that the controller provided a quieter and "much more real and authentic" experience than other drum controllers with physical pads. [4] [5]

Story

The game's story mode, Unite the Clans, is centered on the world of Ohm, where music has special properties and public performances are banned by the tyrannical Martin Rothchild, the "Headliner". Three rebel clans oppose the Headliner and his order: the RiffRiders, a loosely organized clan that just loves to jam more than anything else, the Rise, an upstart clan who bucks tradition, and the Zehn, a mysterious and transcendental clan, focused on the self as the end-all be-all power in the universe. Each character has unique a "Mojo Power" (equivalent to the "Star Power" mechanic of Guitar Hero), which affects the band's score in different ways. [6] [7]

Soundtrack

The game features a setlist comparable in size to that of Guitar Hero and Rock Band games, and is made up of only master recordings; the company released a limited amount of downloadable content after the game's release. Seven45 Studios claims that because Power Gig is closer to playing a real guitar compared to other rhythm games (with only Rock Band 3 's "Pro Mode" being more realistic), they have been able to attract artists that have otherwise shied away from the genre believing that the simplified note-matching mechanic is not equivalent to learning how to play a real instrument. [2] [3] The game includes music from Eric Clapton, Dave Matthews Band, and Kid Rock, who each have signed exclusive licenses with Seven45 Studios. [8] Both Dave Matthews and Kid Rock stated they felt that Power Gig was a superior game compared to previous music games as they move past the simple button-pressing mechanic; furthermore, the game "puts a real guitar into the hands of aspiring musicians", according to Matthews. [9]

The songs that are included in Power Gig are as follows: [10]

SongArtist
"A.V.H." Ozzy Osbourne
"Again" Flyleaf
"Alive" P.O.D.
"All Summer Long" Kid Rock
"Artifacts of Sound" So Many Dynamos
"Aspartame" Superdrag
"Awake" Godsmack
"Been Caught Stealing" Jane's Addiction
"Blood on My Hands" The Used
"Blurry" Puddle of Mudd
"Bombtrack" Rage Against the Machine
"Break" Three Days Grace
"Breath" Breaking Benjamin
"Camera Shy"School Boy Humor
"Chaos" Mutemath
"Cherub Rock" Smashing Pumpkins
"Chivaree" Channels
"Comfortably Confused" I See Stars
"Couldn't Stand the Weather" Stevie Ray Vaughan
"Crack the Skye" Mastodon
"Crossroads" John Mayer
"Cult of Personality" Living Colour
" The Devil Cried " Black Sabbath
"Don't Start Believing"The Fatal Flaw
"Everything" A Cursive Memory
"Fall Behind Me" The Donnas
"Funny The Way It Is" Dave Matthews Band
"Hands Open" Snow Patrol
"Head Up High" Firewind
"Headfirst in the River" Envy on the Coast
"His Girl Friday" The Academy Is...
"Hold On" Korn
"The Hollow" A Perfect Circle
"Hotel of Infidels"The Paris Riots
"I Know" The Willowz
"I Want to Conquer the World" Bad Religion
"Ignorance" Paramore
"Innocent Man" A Love Like Pi
"Lay Down Sally" Eric Clapton
"Layla" Eric Clapton
"Let It Rain" Eric Clapton
"Listen to Your Friends" New Found Glory
"Martyr Me" The Get Up Kids
"New Orleans Is Sinking" The Tragically Hip
" The Night " Disturbed
"No Such Thing" John Mayer
"Paper Wings" Rise Against
"Platinum Blonde Life" No Doubt
"Plush" Stone Temple Pilots
"Readers & Writers" Idlewild
"Retribution" Black Label Society
"Rock n Roll Jesus" Kid Rock
"She's A Genius" Jet
"She's Alchemy" Hounds Below
"Silvertongue" Damiera
"Son of Detroit" Kid Rock
"Spellbound" Lacuna Coil
"Strange Times" The Black Keys
"Substitution" Silversun Pickups
"Swim" Surfer Blood
"Tick Tick Boom" The Hives
"Tired of You" Buckcherry
"Tripping Billies" Dave Matthews Band
"When They Were Young"Taxpayer
"Who Did You Think I Was" John Mayer
"Why I Am" Dave Matthews Band
"Wish You Were Here" Incubus
"You Think I Ain't Worth a Dollar, But I Feel Like a Millionaire" Queens of the Stone Age
"You're Gonna Go Far, Kid" The Offspring
"You're Going Down" Sick Puppies

Downloadable content

Song titleArtistPack name
"Beer" a Reel Big Fish Alternative Rock Pack
"Dashboard" a Modest Mouse Alternative Rock Pack
"The Impression That I Get" a The Mighty Mighty Bosstones Alternative Rock Pack
"Hash Pipe" a Weezer Weezer Pack
"Perfect Situation" a Weezer Weezer Pack
"Surf Wax America" a Weezer Weezer Pack

^a Song is no longer available for purchase.

Two other unreleased DLC songs have also been located through the use of game files. Those being Megadeth's "Tornado Of Souls", and Rob Zombie's "Superbeast", the latter of which is unable to be played in-game.

Reception

Power Gig: Rise of the SixString received mostly negative reviews. It holds an aggregate score of 36/100 on Metacritic, indicating a "generally negative" reception. [11]

The game was primarily criticized for not including sufficient in-game functionality built around its guitar peripheral; Ars Technica pointed out that beyond a mode that adds power chords to sections of songs, Power Gig otherwise played identically to Guitar Hero and Rock Band (with note patterns that did not accurately reflect how a song would be played on an actual guitar), and made little effort in providing any education on the instrument's fundamentals (in contrast to Rock Band 3 , which offered similar "Pro Guitar" accessories and modes with more realistic gameplay, and in-game lessons). [14] Similarly, Griffin McElroy of Joystiq referred to Power Gig as "a dumbfounding product" that "settles for using a new toy to manipulate an old game—but still manages to categorically fail at both". As a standalone instrument, McElroy stated that the bundled guitar "plays about as well as you'd expect a $180 guitar to play. Which is to say, not well at all". [15] GamesRadar also criticized the AirStrike drum controller for having poor hit detection, and requiring "special" drumsticks and 6 AA batteries in order to function. [16]

IGN acknowledged that Power Gig only made a "basic and rudimentary attempt to teach players about the strings of a guitar", and also criticized the "laughably bad" premise of its career mode. Giving the game a 4/10, it was argued that "had this actually been a game that was comparable to Rock Band 3's Pro mode, but with a real six string guitar, then I would be thrilled. But instead it's an overpriced, low budget music game with tacked on power chords". [13] Although praising certain features, such as accuracy-based scoring, the presence of open strums on guitar charts (which, in Guitar Hero, were only present on bass), and its soundtrack, GamePro criticized Power Gig for the quality of its guitar, user interface (including using a flat, vertical tablature-like display for notes as opposed to the angled "highway" of Guitar Hero), and story mode. [12]

Giant Bomb criticized Power Gig for not "capitalizing" on its use of a real guitar, not being able to activate Mojo Power on a Rock Band or Guitar Hero guitar by tilting it, a "weirdo fantasy story mode" that spent too much time on the exposition of its universe (and was "corny and self-serious in equal measures"), its "deliberately befuddling" decision to exclude bass as a playable instrument, and that despite the inclusion of artists who had not been on such a game before, its soundtrack for being "100 percent leftovers". Although the reviewer was unable to obtain one, the AirStrike drum controller was also considered to be a "baffling counterpoint" to the game's promotion of realism as a selling point in regards to its guitar, as it lacks the physical feedback that is integral to the instrument. [17] Giant Bomb ultimately named Power Gig the worst video game of 2010, explaining that it was a "bad, lazy take on a style of game already being dominated by two fierce competitors who are more skilled, more experienced, and better funded. It's not just really, really bad, it's unnecessary". [18]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>GuitarFreaks and DrumMania</i> 1999 video game

Gitadora is a music video game series produced by Konami. The series consists of two games, GuitarFreaks and DrumMania, where players use game controllers modeled after musical instruments to perform the lead guitar, bass guitar and drums of numerous songs across a wide range of genres by matching scrolling musical notes patterns shown on screen. Players are scored for successfully-hit notes, but may fail a song if they miss too many notes. The series has featured numerous game modes, and supports both single-player and multiplayer modes where up to three players can perform together. Some earlier versions of the game could also be linked with Keyboardmania.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhythm game</span> Genre of music-themed action video game

Rhythm game or rhythm action is a genre of music-themed action video game that challenges a player's sense of rhythm. Games in the genre typically focus on dance or the simulated performance of musical instruments, and require players to press buttons in a sequence dictated on the screen. Many rhythm games include multiplayer modes in which players compete for the highest score or cooperate as a simulated musical ensemble. Rhythm games often feature novel game controllers shaped like musical instruments such as guitars and drums to match notes while playing songs. Certain dance-based games require the player to physically dance on a mat, with pressure-sensitive pads acting as the input device.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guitar synthesizer</span> Electronic system to modify guitar sound

A guitar synthesizer is any one of a number of musical instrument systems that allow a guitarist to access synthesizer capabilities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guitar controller</span> Type of video game controller

A guitar controller is a video game controller designed to simulate the playing of the guitar, a string musical instrument. Guitar controllers are often used for music games such as Guitar Hero, Rock Band, Um Jammer Lammy: NOW! and GuitarFreaks. The controllers are played by holding down a colored fret button that matches a colored, on-screen note, while pressing the strum bar as the note passes through the target. The controllers also feature a whammy bar, which is used to bend notes and collect each game's equivalent of bonus energy. Different games and models of controllers have introduced additional features, such as effects switches, additional fret buttons, and fret touch pads. The fret buttons are colored usually in the order of green, red, yellow, blue, and orange.

Guitar Hero is a series of rhythm games first released in 2005, in which players use a guitar-shaped game controller to simulate playing primarily lead, bass, and rhythm guitar across numerous songs. Players match notes that scroll on-screen to colored fret buttons on the controller, strumming the controller in time to the music in order to score points, and keep the virtual audience excited. The games attempt to mimic many features of playing a real guitar, including the use of fast-fingering hammer-ons and pull-offs and the use of the whammy bar to alter the pitch of notes. Most games support single player modes, typically a Career mode to play through all the songs in the game, as well as competitive and cooperative multiplayer modes. With the introduction of Guitar Hero World Tour in 2008, the game includes support for a four-player band including vocals and drums. The series initially used mostly cover versions of songs created by WaveGroup Sound, but most recent titles feature soundtracks that are fully master recordings, and in some cases, special re-recordings, of the songs. Later titles in the series feature support for downloadable content in the form of new songs.

<i>Rock Band</i> (video game) 2007 music video game

Rock Band is a 2007 rhythm game developed by Harmonix, published by MTV Games, and distributed by Electronic Arts. It is the first installment in the Rock Band series. The Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions were released in North America on November 20, 2007, while the PlayStation 2 version was released on December 18, 2007 and the Wii version on June 22, 2008. Harmonix previously developed the first two games in the Guitar Hero series, which popularized gameplay of rock music with guitar-shaped controllers. After development of the series was shifted to Neversoft, Harmonix conceived Rock Band as a new title that would offer multi-instrument gameplay.

<i>Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock</i> 2007 video game

Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock is a 2007 rhythm game developed by Neversoft and published by Activision. It is the third main installment and the fourth overall installment in the Guitar Hero series. It is the first game in the series to be developed by Neversoft after Activision's acquisition of RedOctane and MTV Games' purchase of Harmonix, the previous development studio for the series. The game was released worldwide for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Wii in October 2007. Aspyr published the Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X versions of the game, releasing them later in 2007.

<i>Guitar Hero World Tour</i> 2008 video game

Guitar Hero World Tour is a 2008 rhythm game developed by Neversoft and published by Activision. It is the fourth main installment and the sixth overall installment in the Guitar Hero series. The game was launched in North America in October 2008 for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Wii, and Xbox 360 consoles, and a month later for Europe and Australia. A version of World Tour for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X was published by Aspyr in July 2009.

<i>Guitar Hero Mobile</i> series Rhythm video game series

Guitar Hero Mobile is a series of rhythm video games in the Guitar Hero series, adapting the normal console-based gameplay which uses a guitar-shaped controller to match notes of popular rock music songs to work with the face buttons on advanced mobile phones, including BlackBerry devices and those supporting the Windows Mobile platform. The first three games in the series—Guitar Hero III Mobile, Guitar Hero Backstage Pass, and Guitar Hero World Tour Mobile—were developed by MachineWorks Northwest LLC and published by Hands-On Mobile, while a mobile version of Guitar Hero 5 was developed by Glu Mobile. The series has proven to be popular; the Guitar Hero III Mobile game has been downloaded more than 2 million times, and over 250,000 songs are played each day across the series.

<i>Rock Revolution</i> 2008 video game

Rock Revolution is a music video game developed by Zoë Mode and HB Studios and published by Konami. The game was released on 15 October 2008 for the Nintendo DS, PlayStation 3, Wii and Xbox 360. As with similar titles, the game uses various controllers to simulate the performance of rock music, primarily using guitar and drum controllers on its Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions.

<i>Rock Band 2</i> 2008 music video game

Rock Band 2 is a 2008 rhythm game developed by Harmonix, published by MTV Games, and distributed by Electronic Arts. It is the sequel to Rock Band (2007) and the second installment in the Rock Band series. The game allows up to four players to simulate the performance of popular songs by playing with controllers modeled after musical instruments. Players can play the lead guitar, bass guitar, and drums parts to songs with "instrument controllers", as well as sing through a USB microphone. Players are scored on their ability to match scrolling musical "notes" while playing instruments, or by their ability to match the singer's pitch on vocals.

<i>Guitar Hero: Metallica</i> 2009 video game

Guitar Hero: Metallica is a 2009 rhythm game developed by Neversoft and published by Activision. It is the seventh installment in the Guitar Hero series and the second to focus on the career and songs of one rock band, Metallica, following Guitar Hero: Aerosmith (2008). The game was released in North America on the PlayStation 3, Wii, and Xbox 360 on March 29, 2009, and on PlayStation 2 on April 14, 2009, with an Australian and European release in May 2009.

<i>Rock Band</i> Series of rhythm video games

Rock Band is a series of rhythm games first released in 2007 and developed by Harmonix. Based on their previous development work from the Guitar Hero series, the main Rock Band games has players use game controllers modeled after musical instruments and microphones to perform the lead guitar, bass guitar, keyboard, drums and vocal parts of numerous licensed songs across a wide range of genres though mostly focusing on rock music by matching scrolling musical notes patterns shown on screen. Certain games support the use of "Pro" instruments that require special controllers that more closely mimic the playing of real instruments, providing a higher challenge to players. Players score points for hitting notes successfully, but may fail a song if they miss too many notes. The series has featured numerous game modes, and supports both local and online multiplayer modes where up to four players in most modes can perform together.

<i>Guitar Hero 5</i> 2009 video game

Guitar Hero 5 is a 2009 rhythm game developed by Neversoft and published by Activision. It is the fifth main installment and the ninth overall installment in the Guitar Hero series. The game was released internationally in September 2009 for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Wii and Xbox 360 consoles. Similar to the preceding title, Guitar Hero World Tour (2008), Guitar Hero 5 is geared towards playing in a four-person band experience, including lead and bass guitar, drums, and vocals. The game is available as a standalone title, allowing players to use existing compatible instrument controllers, and as a bundle that provides these controllers. Guitar Hero 5 adds several new features, such as drop-in/drop-out play, bands composed of any combination of available instruments, a Rockfest competitive mode consisting of several various scoring mechanisms, and both song-specific and general Challenges to unlock new avatars, clothing, and other extras in the game. Many of these changes were added to make the game a more social experience, allowing players across a range of skill levels to be able to play cooperatively and competitively against each other both locally and online. The PlayStation 2 version is based on Guitar Hero World Tour, using the same gameplay UI as Guitar Hero: Metallica (2009), Guitar Hero Smash Hits (2009), and Guitar Hero: Van Halen (2009), albeit with a different Rock Meter design.

MIDItar Hero is a software application developed by Brian Westbrook, which enables the use of Guitar Hero or Rock Band instruments as MIDI controllers. The software is built using Max/MSP. The application is compatible with Windows XP/Vista and Mac OS X operating systems, and its initial release, version 1.0, was published on April 7 of 2009.

<i>Rock Band 3</i> 2010 music video game

Rock Band 3 is a 2010 rhythm game developed by Harmonix. The game was initially published and distributed by MTV Games and Electronic Arts, respectively, on October 26, 2010. Mad Catz took over both roles and re-released the title on November 23, 2011. It is the third main installment and the seventh console release in the Rock Band series. As with the previous titles, Rock Band 3 allows players to simulate the playing of rock music and many other subgenres using special instrument controllers mimicking lead and bass guitar, keyboard, drums, and vocals. Rock Band 3 expands upon previous games by including three-part vocal harmonies — previously used in The Beatles: Rock Band and Green Day: Rock Band — plus support for MIDI-compatible keyboards, electronic drumkits, and even use of a real guitar in "Pro" mode.

<i>Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock</i> 2010 video game

Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock is a 2010 rhythm game developed by Neversoft and published by Activision. It is the sixth main installment and the eleventh overall installment in the Guitar Hero series. The game was released in September 2010 for PlayStation 3, Wii, and Xbox 360. Similar to previous entries in the series it is geared towards playing in a four-person band experience, including lead and bass guitar, drums, and vocals. The game is available as a standalone title, allowing players to use existing compatible instrument controllers, and as a bundle that provides these controllers.

<i>Rocksmith</i> 2011 video game

Rocksmith is a music video game produced by Ubisoft, released in October 2011 for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 platforms in North America. Rocksmith was released on PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 during September 2012 in Australian and European markets and October 2012 in Japan. A Windows version was released on October 16, 2012, after several delays. The game's main feature is that, unlike other rhythm games such as Guitar Hero that require proprietary controllers to play, Rocksmith instead allows players to plug in virtually any electric guitar and play along via a USB adapter.

Rhythm game accessories are often required to play rhythm games available for various consoles, such as the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Wii, and Xbox 360. These include dance pads, guitar controllers, drum controllers, microphones and turntable controllers. With the exception of microphones, these controllers can generally be used to control any game, but have limited inputs, making them impractical for most games.

<i>Guitar Hero Live</i> 2015 video game

Guitar Hero Live is a 2015 rhythm game developed by FreeStyleGames and published by Activision. It is the seventh main installment and the twelfth overall instalment in the Guitar Hero series. The game was released for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Wii U, Xbox 360, and Xbox One in October 2015. As with previous games in the series, the goal is to use a special guitar controller to match fret patterns displayed on a scrolling note pattern on screen in time with the music.

References

  1. ↑ Ackerman, Dan (2010-03-09). "Power Gig, a music game with real guitars". CNet . Retrieved 2010-04-22.
  2. 1 2 Murph, Darren (2010-03-09). "Seven45 Studios talks Power Gig details, we go hands-on with its six string guitar peripheral". Engadget . Retrieved 2010-04-20.
  3. 1 2 Kuchera, Ben (2010-03-10). "Power Gig: it's a rhythm game... with a real guitar". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
  4. ↑ Hatfield, Daemon (2010-06-08). "E3 2010: Power Gig Preview". IGN. Retrieved 2010-06-08.
  5. ↑ Kuchera, Ben (2010-06-08). "Power Gig rhythm game debuts drumless drums... wait, what?". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2010-06-08.
  6. ↑ Fletcher, JC (July 20, 2010). "Power Gig: The Story Behind the Music". Joystiq. Retrieved 2011-02-19.
  7. ↑ "Power Gig--Game Characters" . Retrieved 2011-02-19.
  8. ↑ "News" (Press release).
  9. ↑ Graft, Kris (2010-06-08). "Clapton, Dave Matthews, Kid Rock On Board With Upcoming Guitar Game". Gamasutra . Retrieved 2010-06-08.
  10. ↑ "Track list released for Power Gig: Rise of the SixString". GamePro. 2010-09-03. Archived from the original on 2012-08-06. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
  11. 1 2 "Power Gig: Rise of the SixString (Xbox360: 2010)". Metacritic . Retrieved 2010-11-03.
  12. 1 2 Rybicki, Joe (November 15, 2010). "Power Gig: Rise of the SixString". GamePro. Archived from the original on 2011-12-03. Retrieved 2010-11-17.
  13. 1 2 DeVries, Jack (October 28, 2010). "IGN: Power Gig: Rise of the SixString Review". IGN. Retrieved 2010-11-03.
  14. ↑ "Power Gig comes with real guitar, horrid gameplay". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2018-06-04.
  15. ↑ McElroy, Griffin (October 29, 2010). "Power Gig: Rise of the SixString review: God took rock 'n' roll from you". Joystiq. Retrieved 2010-11-03.
  16. ↑ Bratcher, Eric (November 9, 2010). "Power Gig: Rise of the SixString review". GamesRadar . Retrieved 2010-11-17.
  17. ↑ Davis, Ryan (November 9, 2010). "Power Gig: Rise of the SixString review". Giant Bomb . Retrieved 2011-02-19.
  18. ↑ "Giant Bomb's Game of the Year 2010: Day Six". Giant Bomb. January 1, 2011. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.