Prehensile tail

A prehensile-tailed spider monkey

A prehensile tail is the tail of an animal that has adapted to grasp or hold objects. ^[1] Fully prehensile tails can be used to hold and manipulate objects, and in particular to aid arboreal creatures in finding and eating food in the trees. If the tail cannot be used for this it is considered only partially prehensile; such tails are often used to anchor an animal's body to dangle from a branch, or as an aid for climbing. The term prehensile means "able to grasp" (from the Latin prehendere, to take hold of, to grasp). ^[2]

Evolution

One point of interest is the distribution of animals with prehensile tails. The prehensile tail is predominantly a New World adaptation, especially among mammals. ^[1] Many more animals in South America have prehensile tails than in Africa and Southeast Asia. It has been argued that animals with prehensile tails are more common in South America because the forest there is denser than in Africa or Southeast Asia. ^[3] In contrast, less dense forests such as in Southeast Asia have been observed to have more abundant gliding animals such as colugos or flying snakes; few gliding vertebrates are found in South America. South American rainforests also differ by having more lianas, as there are fewer large animals to eat them than in Africa and Asia; the presence of lianas may aid climbers but obstruct gliders. ^[4] Curiously, Australia-New Guinea contains many mammals with prehensile tails and also many mammals which can glide; in fact, all Australian mammalian gliders have tails that are prehensile to an extent.

Anatomy and physiology

Tails are mostly a feature of vertebrates; however, some invertebrates such as scorpions also have appendages that can be considered tails. However, only vertebrates are known to have developed prehensile tails. Many mammals with prehensile tails will have a bare patch to aid gripping. This bare patch is known as a "friction pad".

Animals with fully prehensile tails

Mammals

A northern tamandua ( Tamandua mexicana ) making use of its prehensile tail

• New World monkeys. Many New World monkeys in the family Atelidae, which includes howler monkeys, spider monkeys and woolly monkeys, have grasping tails often with a bare tactile pad. This is in contrast with their distant Old World monkey cousins who do not have prehensile tails. ^[1]
• Opossum. A marsupial group from the Americas. The tail is occasionally used as a grip to carry bunches of leaves or bedding materials to the nest. ^[5]
• Anteaters. Anteaters are found in Central and South America. Three of the four species of anteater, the silky anteater and the two species of tamandua, have prehensile tails.
• Binturong. One of the few Old World animals with fully prehensile tails, although they use only the tip of the tail.
• Kinkajou. The kinkajou of South and Central America is the only other animal of the order Carnivora, besides the binturong, to sport the adaptation. ^[3]
• Harvest mouse. Another old world mammal, the harvest mouse (Micromys minutus) also has a fully prehensile tail. It is commonly found amongst areas of tall grasses such as cereal crops (particularly wheat and oats), roadside verges, hedgerows, reedbeds, dykes and salt-marshes.
• New World porcupines of the genera Coendou and Chaetomys have fully prehensile tails that help them to climb and prevent them from falling from trees. ^[2]
• Tree pangolin. One of the few Old World mammals with a fully prehensile tail.
• Microgale longicaudata , an arboreal species of the tenrec family.

Fish

• Seahorses. Seahorses have fully prehensile tails, which they use to attach themselves to objects such as seagrass, algae, sponges, corals, or even man-made objects.

Animals with partially prehensile tails

Mammals

• New World monkeys. The capuchin monkey. The capuchin is more than intelligent enough to make full use of its prehensile tail, but since the tail lacks an area of bare skin for a good grip it is only used in climbing and dangling. Other reasons for partial prehensility might include the lack of strength or flexibility in the tail, or simply having no need to manipulate objects with it.
• Tree porcupines. The 15 species of tree porcupine (genus Coendou ). They are found in South America, with one species extending to Mexico. All have prehensile tails.
• Rats have been known to be able to wrap the tail around an object after running around it, therefore giving the creature a small bit of balance. They have also been seen to be able to briefly hang off an object, though not for long.
• Possums. This large, diverse group of 63 species forms the marsupial suborder Phalangeriformes, found in Australia, New Guinea, and some nearby islands. All members of the suborder have prehensile tails; however, the tails of some members such as the Acrobatidae have only limited prehensile capacity. Notably, all three marsupial glider groups belong to this suborder.
• Potoroidae. A marsupial group found in Australia that includes the bettongs and the potoroos. They have weakly prehensile tails.
• Monito del monte. A small South American marsupial with a prehensile tail.

Reptiles

Mediterranean chameleon using its prehensile tail

• Prehensile-tailed skink. Several kinds of skink (e.g. Corucia zebrata ) have partially prehensile tails. ^[6]
• Chameleons.
• Snakes. Many snakes have prehensile tails (or a prehensile body)
• Crested gecko and their relatives have prehensile tails
• Urocoyledon rasmusseni . A gecko recently discovered in the Udzungwa mountains. ^[7]
• Alligator lizard. Some alligator lizards such as the southern alligator lizard, the Texas alligator lizard, and the arboreal alligator lizards (genus Abronia ) have prehensile tails.
• Big-headed turtle, and juvenile specimens of the family Chelydridae.

Amphibians

• Salamanders. A number of North American forest-dwelling climbing salamanders have prehensile tails that help them climb. Some are from the genus Aneides such as the clouded salamander (Aneides ferreus), the wandering salamander (Aneides vagrans), and the arboreal salamander (Aneides lugubris). Others are the large Red Hills salamander (Phaeognathus hubrichti) and the cave salamander (Eurycea lucifuga). There are also the Central American Bolitoglossa sombra and Mexican and Central American Bolitoglossa mexicana salamanders.

Fish

• Syngnathidae. Many species from this group, which includes seahorses ^[8] and pipefish, have prehensile tails.

References

1. Fleagle, J. G. (1998). Primate Adaptation and Evolution (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp.  172. ISBN   978-0-12-260341-9.
2. Roze, U. (2012). Porcupines: The Animal Answer Guide. JHU Press. p. 32. ISBN   9781421407357.
3. Organ, J. M. (2008). The Functional Anatomy of Prehensile and Nonprehensile Tails of the Platyrrhini (Primates) and Procyonidae (Carnivora). Johns Hopkins University. ISBN   9780549312260.
4. "Life in the Rainforest". Archived from the original on 2006-05-06. Retrieved 2006-04-15.
5. González, E.M.; Claramunt, S. (2000). "Behaviors of captive short-tailed Opossums, Monodelphis dimidiata (Wagner, 1847) (Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae)". Mammalia. 64 (3): 271–286. doi:10.1515/mamm.2000.64.3.271. S2CID   84782113.
6. Badger, D. P. (2006). Lizards: A Natural History of Some Uncommon Creatures - Extraordinary Chameleons, Iguanas, Geckos, and More. Voyageur Press. ISBN   9781610604406.
7. Naish, D. (2008). "Chinese black rhinos and deinotheres, giant sengis, and yet more new lemurs". ScienceBlogs . Retrieved 2013-04-12.
8. Rosamond Gifford Zoo Volunteers (July 23, 2005). "Lined Seahorse" (PDF).

External links

• Canopy life
• More on canopy life