Princeton School of Public and International Affairs

Last updated
Princeton School of Public and International Affairs
Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs.jpg
Robertson Hall, home to the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs
Type Private
Established1930
Parent institution
 Princeton University
Affiliation APSIA
Dean Amaney Jamal
Academic staff
85 full-time faculty members and approximately 45 visiting professors, lecturers, and practitioners
StudentsApproximately 300 undergraduate students and approximately 190 graduate students
Location
Princeton
,
New Jersey
,
United States
Website spia.princeton.edu

The Princeton School of Public and International Affairs (formerly the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs) is a professional public policy school at Princeton University. The school provides an array of comprehensive coursework in the fields of international development, foreign policy, science and technology, and economics and finance through its undergraduate (AB) degrees, graduate Master of Public Affairs (MPA), Master of Public Policy (MPP), and PhD degrees.

Contents

The school is consistently ranked as one of the best institutions for the study of international relations and public affairs in the country and world. [1] Foreign Policy ranks the Princeton School as second in the world for international relations at the undergraduate level (behind Harvard University), fourth at the masters level (behind the Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, Harvard Kennedy School at Harvard University, and the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University), and second at the doctoral level (behind Harvard University). [2]

History

In 1930, Princeton University established the School of Public and International Affairs, which was originally meant to serve as an interdisciplinary program for undergraduate students in Princeton's liberal arts college. On February 23, 1930, the front page of The Sunday New York Times announced:

Princeton Founds Statesmen's School – Institution Will Train Youths for Public Life and Will Stress Internationalism – Hoover Hails The Project. De W.C. Poole Quits Diplomatic Service to Be Its Liaison Officer With World Affairs. The establishment of a school of public and international affairs at Princeton University was announced today by President John Grier Hibben in his annual message to the National Alumni Association. The school's primary purpose is to train young men for public life and to equip them—and others—with a broad sense of "the fundamentals of citizenship." [3]

President Hibben made the announcement in Nassau Hall, "where in 1783 George Washington received the thanks of the Continental Congress for his conduct of the Revolutionary War." DeWitt Clinton Poole, a noted foreign service officer and "until recently counselor of the United States Embassy in Berlin" had been the prime advocate for the creation of the school. [3] The next year, in August 1931, the Fédération Interalliée Des Anciens Combattants (FIDAC), the most influential international veterans association of the interwar period (representing nine million Allied veterans), chose Princeton to receive its educational medal for promoting world peace and understanding. [3]

In 1948, the school added a graduate professional program and was renamed to honor Woodrow Wilson, [4] who was the 13th president of the university, governor of New Jersey and the 28th president of the United States. In two of Wilson's speeches at the university – first during its 150th anniversary celebration in 1896 and again at his inauguration as the university's president in 1902 – he mentioned "Princeton in the nation's service." [5] This phrase serves as the basis for the university's unofficial motto, which was amended in 2016 to "Princeton in the nation's service and in the service of humanity." [6]

In 2015, student protesters forced Princeton to reconsider having the school named after Wilson due to his racist views, of which they disapproved. The protesting efforts were largely due to the organizational efforts of the Black Justice League. Despite the group no longer existing, faculty and new student activists pled for the university to apologize to the original members to recognize the BJL's perseverance. [7] The Wilson Legacy Review Committee ultimately decided to keep his name attached to the school, observing that, as other notable men and women, Wilson had a "complex legacy of both positive and negative repercussions". [8] [9]

But on June 26, 2020, following the eruption of George Floyd protests and the resurgence of the Black Lives Matter movement, the Princeton University board of trustees decided to rename the Woodrow Wilson School the "Princeton School of Public and International Affairs," citing Wilson's "racist thinking and policies [that] make him an inappropriate namesake for a school or college whose scholars, students, and alumni must stand firmly against racism in all its forms." [10] [11] [12] [13] It was also announced that Wilson College, the first of Princeton's six undergraduate residential colleges, would be renamed First College. Woodrow Wilson opposed admitting African-American students to Princeton, and introduced racial segregation into the United States federal civil service as president. [14]

From 2012 to 2021, Cecilia Rouse served as dean of the Princeton School until her confirmation as Chair of the Council of Economic Advisors under the Biden Administration.

Academics

Undergraduate program

The school stresses a multidisciplinary approach to policy studies with undergraduate students at the Princeton School taking courses in at least four disciplines including economics, history, politics, psychology, sociology, and science policy. [15] In their junior year, students must enroll in and complete a Policy Task Force, which addresses a specific public policy issue. Students conduct research, propose recommendations, and issue final reports. [16] Students are also allowed to work towards certificates in an array of fields, including Global Health and Health Policy, Urban Studies, and the History and the Practice of Diplomacy.

Master's degrees

The two-year MPA program prepares students for international and domestic policy careers. All second-year MPA students must complete a Policy Workshop, which emphasizes policy implementation. Through the graduate policy workshops, students conduct field-based research and present their research and recommendations to clients. Students also develop analytical and quantitative skills through coursework emphasizing the political, economic, and behavioral aspects of complex policy issues. MPA candidates may select one of four fields of concentration:

The one-year MPP program is designed for mid-career professionals, PhD research scientists, lawyers, and physicians who are involved in international and domestic public policy.

Doctoral degrees

The PhD in public affairs focuses on two research areas: security studies; and science, technology and environmental policy. The school works with other departments at the university to offer a joint degree program that combines work in a social science with a multidisciplinary perspective on economics problems. [17] Graduate students also have the opportunity to pursue certificates in demography; health and health policy; science, technology and environmental policy; and urban policy/urban policy and planning. [18] In addition to the MPA, MPP and PhD degrees, [19] the school offers a four-year MPA/J.D. program, and has formal joint degree arrangements with law schools at Columbia University, [20] New York University [21] and Stanford University. [22] Students often refer to the Princeton School by its colloquial abbreviation, "SPIA". The school also offers a joint degree program (JDP) in social policy, allowing students to take courses in the departments of politics, psychology, sociology, and economics.

Robertson Hall

Robertson Hall with James FitzGerald's Fountain of Freedom in the foreground Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs - Robertson Hall.jpg
Robertson Hall with James FitzGerald's Fountain of Freedom in the foreground

In 1961, Charles '26 and Marie Robertson provided a gift to expand the graduate school. Their gift funded the construction of the School's current home, designed by Minoru Yamasaki, who also designed New York's original World Trade Center. [23] To the north of the building is James FitzGerald's Fountain of Freedom (1966). [24] "Before construction could begin [on Robertson], the building that had housed the School since 1952, then called Woodrow Wilson School Annex, had to be relocated." [3] In May after two months of preparation, "the 3-story, L-shaped, 7,000,000-pound building was moved 296 feet in 12 hours by 38 men and 9 hydraulic jacks..." [3] The Annex, renamed Corwin Hall, subsequently housed the department of political science and Center of International Studies. The new structure, completed in the fall of 1965, was originally named Woodrow Wilson Hall, but was "renamed Robertson Hall in 1988 to honor its benefactors" and as President Goheen characterized upon its completion, was "a fit embodiment and expression of the high aspiration we hold for the [SPIA]." [3]

In approximately 2005, the SPIA established the Bernstein Gallery in Robertson Hall. The gallery "presents art exhibitions to stimulate thinking about contemporary policy issues and to enable understanding the world beyond the power of words. Each year, six curated shows are presented ... and ... are complemented by ... panel discussions with experts from Princeton University, the School and outside organizations." The exhibits are "...Integrated with the School's multidisciplinary approach ... to enhance the impact of the course curriculum and to deepen people's commitment to the ideals of public service." [25] A retrospective of political art was held in 2017. [26] The lower level lobby and gallery are named for Marver Bernstein, SPIA's first dean [27] and his wife, Sheva. Bernstein participated in Robertson's architectural selection process and his wife, an interior designer, participated in its mid-century modern interior.[ citation needed ]

In 2012, [28] the Princeton University Art Museum announced the installation of the "Circle of Animals/Zodiac Heads" exhibit by Chinese artist Ai Weiwei [29] on Scudder Plaza.

In 2019–2020 Robertson Hall underwent a major renovation of its "offices, work areas, and gathering spaces" to provide more open, collaborative spaces. The exterior, auditorium, and lower-level classrooms were largely unchanged. [30] [31]

On October 5, 2019, the University dedicated a memorial marker, named Double Sights, on the west side of the Fountain of Freedom. [32] Designed by 2019 MacArthur Fellow and Gish Prize winner Walter Hood, the memorial was meant to catalyze “stimulus to reflection and an invitation to dialogue" about the controversial legacy of Woodrow Wilson. [32] The marker is a 39-foot statue consisting of a white column and a black column, coated in stone-like glass engraved with quotes displaying both the honorable and racist aspects of Wilson's legacy. [32] The marker was the product of a recommendation by a 2015 University committee to create a “permanent marker” that “educates the campus community and others about the positive and negative dimensions of Wilson’s legacy.” [32]

Centers and programs

The Princeton School has 19 unique centers and programs: [33]

PolicyNet is a network of prominent public policy schools around the world, founded in 2005 as a joint venture between the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs and the Centre for International Governance Innovation for interaction and collaboration on issues of common interest, curricular programs, joint research projects and other activities.

The school is a full member of the Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs (APSIA), a group of schools of public policy, public administration, and international studies.[ citation needed ]

Notable alumni

Faculty

Nearly all full-time Princeton School faculty members have dual appointments with other departments at the university. The school also has visiting professors, lecturers, and practitioners from the world of public and international affairs that teach. Faculty members at the school include Nobel Laureates, Pulitzer Prize winners, a university president, [40] and former ambassadors. [41] Nobel Laureates include Angus Deaton, Daniel Kahneman, Paul Krugman, and Arthur Lewis.

Controversy

In July 2002, dissenting family members of the Robertson Foundation board, which was established initially by a $35 million gift in 1961, filed suit seeking to more narrowly focus the SPIA curriculum on training for careers in government and public service vs. Princeton's broader conception of "public affairs" which "embraces some non-government activities, for example, certain types of work in journalism, in private foundations, and in business, labor and consumer organizations." [42] A settlement was reached in 2008. [43]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harvard Kennedy School</span> Public policy school of Harvard University

Harvard Kennedy School (HKS), officially the John F. Kennedy School of Government, is the school of public policy and government of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The school offers master's degrees in public policy, public administration, and international development, four doctoral degrees, and various executive education programs. It conducts research in subjects relating to politics, government, international affairs, and economics. As of 2021, HKS had an endowment of $1.7 billion. It is a member of the Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs (APSIA), a global consortium of schools that trains leaders in international affairs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs</span> Public policy school of Syracuse University

The Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs is the professional public policy school of Syracuse University, a private research university in Syracuse, New York. The school is organized in 11 academic departments and 13 affiliated research centers and offers coursework in the fields of public administration, international relations, foreign policy, political Science, science and technology policy, social sciences, and economics through its undergraduate (BA) degrees, graduate Master of Public Affairs (MPA), Master of Arts (MA), and PhD degrees.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anne-Marie Slaughter</span> American lawyer and political scientist

Anne-Marie Slaughter is an American international lawyer, foreign policy analyst, political scientist and public commentator. From 2002 to 2009, she was the dean of Princeton University's School of Public and International Affairs and the Bert G. Kerstetter '66 university professor of politics and international affairs. Slaughter was the first woman to serve as the director of policy planning for the U.S. State Department from January 2009 until February 2011 under U.S. secretary of state Hillary Clinton. She is a former president of the American Society of International Law and the current president and CEO of New America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Humphrey School of Public Affairs</span> Public policy school of the University of Minnesota

The Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs is a public policy and planning school at the University of Minnesota, a public land-grant research university in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota. It is named after Hubert H. Humphrey, former Vice President of the United States and presidential candidate. The school is located on the West Bank of the University of Minnesota, which is also home to the University of Minnesota Law School and Carlson School of Management in Minneapolis. The Humphrey School is accredited by the Network of Schools of Public Policy, Affairs, and Administration (NASPAA).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University</span> Public policy school of Columbia University

The School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA) is the international affairs and public policy school of Columbia University, a private Ivy League university located in Morningside Heights, Manhattan, New York City. SIPA offers Master of International Affairs (MIA) and Master of Public Administration (MPA) degrees in a range of fields, as well as the Executive MPA and PhD program in Sustainable Development.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">First College</span> Residential college at Princeton University

First College, the first of Princeton University's six residential colleges, was developed in the late 1950s when a group of students formed the Woodrow Wilson Lodge as an alternative to the eating clubs. The Woodrow Wilson Lodge members originally met and dined in Madison Hall, which is now part of John D. Rockefeller III College. Inspired by the ideas of Woodrow Wilson, president of Princeton from 1902–1910, the members advocated a more thorough integration of academic, social and residential life on campus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">University of Georgia School of Public and International Affairs</span> Public policy school at the University of Georgia

The School of Public and International Affairs, also referred to as SPIA, is a political science, international affairs and public policy school within The University of Georgia (UGA) in Athens, Georgia, United States. It is the fourth ranked public affairs school in the United States.

The School of Public and International Affairs (SPIA) at Virginia Tech offers graduate and undergraduate education in the fields of public administration, public policy, international affairs, urban affairs, and urban & regional planning. It has three campuses throughout Virginia: Arlington; Blacksburg and Richmond.

The Graduate School of Public and International Affairs (GSPIA) is one of 17 schools comprising the University of Pittsburgh. Founded in 1957 to study national and international public administration, GSPIA prides itself on its "Local to Global" distinction. As of 2018, it is one of only two policy schools with programs in the top 20 for both International Relations and City Management and Urban Policy. The former mayor of Pittsburgh, Bill Peduto, is a GSPIA alumnus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Glenn College of Public Affairs</span> Public policy school of Ohio State University

The John Glenn College of Public Affairs is a public policy and management school at Ohio State University. The Glenn College offers undergraduate, graduate and doctoral programs in public affairs. The Glenn College provides research, training and technical assistance to state, public and nonprofit organizations. The college is named after United States Senator and astronaut John Glenn. On January 30, 2015, the Ohio State University Board of Trustees approved a change of status of the former John Glenn School of Public Affairs making the new John Glenn College of Public Affairs the 15th college at The Ohio State University.

Robert Hutchings is the Walt and Elspeth Rostow Chair in National Security at the LBJ School of Public Affairs at the University of Texas at Austin and served as dean of the school from 2010 to 2015. Previously he was Diplomat-in-Residence at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University. Hutchings joined the Princeton faculty in 1997, and his research interests include international relations, diplomacy, and European affairs. Hutchings is best known as the former chair of the National Intelligence Council, a position he held from 2003 to 2005, during a leave of absence from Princeton. On December 15, 2009, Hutchings was appointed Dean of the LBJ School of Public Affairs at the University of Texas, Austin, a position he assumed effective March 22, 2010. Hutchings has returned to Princeton where he is a professor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">World Affairs Council of Washington, D.C.</span> Defunct U.S. nonprofit organization

The World Affairs Council of Washington, DC, founded in 1980, was a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization in Washington, DC. The group aimed at informing and educating the public about contemporary international affairs. Its corporate sponsors included Aramco Service Company, AIG, Raytheon, and ExxonMobil, and it relied primarily on dues from individual and corporate members. On December 31, 2018, after 38 years in the community, the World Affairs Council - Washington, DC ceased operations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration</span> Public policy school at George Washington University

The Trachtenberg School, officially the Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration (TSPPPA), is the graduate public policy school in the Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of the George Washington University, in Washington, D.C.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bush School of Government and Public Service</span> Public policy school of Texas A&M University

The Bush School of Government and Public Service is an undergraduate and graduate college of Texas A&M University founded in 1997 under former US President George H. W. Bush's philosophy that "public service is a noble calling." Since then, the Bush School has continued to reflect that notion in curriculum, research, and student experience and has become a leading international affairs, political science, and public affairs institution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">University of Colorado Denver School of Public Affairs</span> American university in Denver, Colorado

The University of Colorado Denver School of Public Affairs is located in the Lower Downtown ("LoDo") district of Denver, Colorado. The School is fully accredited by the Network of Schools of Public Policy, Affairs, and Administration (NASPAA). The School offers graduate programs in public administration, public affairs, and criminal justice, and undergraduate programs in criminal justice and public service.

Susan L. Marquis is the Charles and Marie Robertson Visiting Professor at the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs. According to her biography on the Princeton University website, “She teaches and writes on new approaches to public policy and policy analysis with the intent of affecting change in our communities through the combined efforts of the government, nonprofit, philanthropic, and private sectors.”

The Graduate School of Princeton University is the main graduate school of Princeton University. Founded in 1869, the school is responsible for all of Princeton's master's and doctoral degree programs in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and engineering. The school offers Master of Arts (MA), Master of Science (MS), and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degrees in 42 disciplines. It also administers several pre-professional programs, including the Master in Finance (M.Fin.), Master of Science in engineering (M.S.E.), and Master of Engineering (M.Eng.), Master in Public Affairs (M.P.A.), Master in Public Policy (M.P.P.), and Master of Architecture (M.Arch.) degrees.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Julis-Rabinowitz Center for Public Policy and Finance</span> Economic research institute at Princeton University

The Julis-Rabinowitz Center for Public Policy and Finance (JRC) is a leading research center at the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs (SPIA) of Princeton University. Founded in 2011, the JRC primarily promotes research on public policy as it relates to financial markets and macroeconomics. The center has also expanded its research and teaching to multiple disciplines, including economics, operations research, political science, history, and ethics.

Marver Hillel Bernstein (1919-1990) was an American educator, Jewish lay leader, and the 4th President of Brandeis University. He served as a professor of political science at Princeton University and was its first Dean of the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. After retiring from Brandeis, Bernstein was a professor of politics and philosophy at Georgetown University’s School of Foreign Service. He was also former president of the National Federation for Jewish Culture and the American Professors for Peace in the Middle East.

References

  1. ↑ "International Affairs Grad School Guide" (PDF). Foreign Policy Association.
  2. ↑ "The Best International Relations Schools in the World". Foreign Policy. 27 December 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gellman, Barton; English, Beth (2005). In the Nation's Service, Seventy-Five Years at the Woodrow Wilson School. Woodrow Wilson School of and International Affairs. ISBN   0-9773544-0-7.
  4. ↑ "Princeton Timeline".
  5. ↑ "Princeton in the Nation's Service". Archived from the original on 2015-02-22. Retrieved 2014-07-03.
  6. ↑ "Our History".
  7. ↑ "PART I | 'Resurfacing History': A Look Back at the Black Justice League's Campus Activism". Department of African American Studies. Retrieved 2022-12-13.
  8. ↑ Hannon, Elliot (April 4, 2016). "Princeton Decides to Keep Woodrow Wilson's Name on Campus Buildings Despite Racist Past". Slate.
  9. ↑ Markovich, Alexandra (April 4, 2016). "Princeton Board Votes to Keep Woodrow Wilson's Name on Campus Buildings". The New York Times.
  10. ↑ "U. renames Woodrow Wilson School and Wilson College". The Princetonian. Retrieved 2020-06-27.
  11. ↑ "President Eisgruber's message to community on removal of Woodrow Wilson name from public policy school and Wilson College". Princeton University. Retrieved 2020-06-27.
  12. ↑ "Board of Trustees' decision on removing Woodrow Wilson's name from public policy school and residential college". Princeton University. Retrieved 2020-06-27.
  13. ↑ Pietsch, Bryan (2020-06-27). "Princeton Will Remove Woodrow Wilson's Name From School". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2020-06-27.
  14. ↑ Slotkin, Jason (2020-06-27). "Princeton to Remove Woodrow Wilson's Name From Public Policy School". NPR. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
  15. ↑ "Undergraduate Academics". Archived from the original on 2014-07-03. Retrieved 2014-07-03.
  16. ↑ "Policy Task Forces". Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-07-03.
  17. ↑ "Graduate Academics". Archived from the original on 2014-07-03. Retrieved 2014-07-03.
  18. ↑ "Programs". Archived from the original on 2014-07-03. Retrieved 2014-07-03.
  19. ↑ "Joint MPA/JD". Archived from the original on 2014-07-15. Retrieved 2014-07-03.
  20. ↑ "Joint Degree Programs". Columbia Law School. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-07-03.
  21. ↑ "Dual Degree with Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University". NYU Law.
  22. ↑ "Overview of Joint Degree and Cooperative Programs". Stanford Law School.
  23. ↑ Zielenziger, David (10 September 2012). "Miss The World Trade Center? Princeton's Robertson Hall Remains Reminder". International Business Times.
  24. ↑ "Fountain of Freedom". Campus Art at Princeton. Princeton Art Museum. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  25. ↑ "Bernstein Gallery". spia.princeton.edu. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
  26. ↑ "Bernstein Gallery Retrospective: 15 Years of Political Art". issu.com. Princeton School of Public and International Affairs. 12 Feb 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  27. ↑ "Marver Hillel Bernstein" . Retrieved 1 October 2020.
  28. ↑ "Welcome to Ai Weiwei at Princeton". princeton.edu.
  29. ↑ "Ai Weiwei - Circle of Animals / Zodiac Heads".
  30. ↑ Shevin, Zachary (15 Dec 2020). "Here's what happened at the last CPUC meeting of 2020". Daily Princetonian. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  31. ↑ "Robertson Hall Renovations Begin". Princeton Alumni Weekly. 6 March 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  32. 1 2 3 4 "University dedicates marker addressing the complex legacy of Woodrow Wilson". Princeton University. Retrieved 2022-11-06.
  33. ↑ "Centers and Programs". Archived from the original on 2014-06-25. Retrieved 2014-05-30.
  34. ↑ "People Who Studied Abroad #438: Samuel Alito, United States Supreme Court justice". Tumblr. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  35. ↑ "Gov. Christopher S. Bond". National Governors Association. 8 January 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  36. ↑ "Press Release: Ravens President Dick Cass to Retire, Sashi Brown Named Successor". www.baltimoreravens.com. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
  37. ↑ "Mitch Daniels to receive Princeton University's top alumni award". TheStatehouseFile.com. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  38. ↑ "Tiger of the Week: Jeff Merkley *82". Princeton Alumni Weekly. 21 January 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  39. ↑ "Memorial: Paul S. Sarbanes '54". Princeton Alumni Weekly. 28 February 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  40. ↑ Marver H. Bernstein, first Dean of the Woodrow Wilson School and 4th president of Brandeis University
  41. ↑ "Faculty & Research". wws.princeton.edu.
  42. ↑ "Robertson Foundation lawsuit Q&A". Princeton University News. 26 March 2007. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  43. ↑ "Settlement retains Princeton's control, use of Robertson funds". Princeton University News. 10 December 2008. Retrieved 6 September 2022.

40°20′54″N74°39′17″W / 40.34835°N 74.65467°W / 40.34835; -74.65467

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.