| Pyrenomonadaceae | |
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| Rhodomonas salina | |
| Scientific classification | |
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| Family: | Pyrenomonadaceae Novarino & Lucas 1993 |
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Pyrenomonadaceae is a family of cryptomonads which includes three or four known genera. They are distinguished from other cryptomonads by their nucleomorphs being imbedded into the pyrenoid, and the presence of distinctive pigment phycoerythrin 545. [1]
Rhodomonas was the first genus within today's Pyrenomonadaceae identified, being described in 1898. [2] For most of the 20th century, all other genera now recognized as Pyrenomonadaceae were placed into various other taxa (ex. Rhinomonas fulva as Cryptochrysis fulva) [3] Adolf Pascher placed Rhodomonas within his subfamily Cryptochrysideae in 1913. [4] Butcher's highly influential 1967 phylogeny of all then-known Cryptophytes did not recognize Rhodomonas, reclassifying all previously described Rhodomonas species as Chroomonas . [5]
Between 1982 and 1986, a series of ultrastructure studies by Uwe J. Santore found considerable morphological inconsistencies within Butcher's Chroomonas, leading him to identify the new genus Pyrenomonas in 1984. [6] [7] Two years later, he revived genus Rhodomonas and proposed the existence of a clade largely consisting of "reddish-brown cryptomonads". [8] [9] Expanding upon Santore's research, in 1988 D.R.A. Hill and R. Wetherbee analyzed various cryptomonads that had been treated as Cryptochrysis by early 20th century researchers. From this they identified several new species of Rhodomonas, and introduced the new genus Rhinomonas . [3] Hill would identify another "reddish-brown cryptomonad" genus in 1991, Storeatula . [10] In 1989, Hill and Wetherbee argued that Rhodomonas was synonymous with Pyrenomonas, triggering an academic debate regarding whether or not each genus should be treated separately. [11] This debate remains unresolved as of 2019. [12]
The earliest reference to Pyrenomonadaceae in an approximately modern sense was made by Gianfranco Novarino and Ian Lucas in their 1993 classification scheme for the Cryptophyceae. [1] In this classification scheme, the family included Rhinomonas and Pyrenomonas. An updated scheme in 1999 added Storeatula as well. [13]
Overall monophyly of the Pyrenomonadaceae has been universally supported by electron-microscope and molecular-based studies in the 1990s and 2000s. [12] A 2002 phylogenic study of 18s rDNA suggested that, while the family itself was monophyletic, Rhodomonas was not, with R. abbreviata forming a clade with Storeatula while all other Rhodomonas species examined formed a clade with Rhinomonas. [14] A more comprehensive phylogenetic study in 2014 largely agreed with and expanded upon earlier findings, presenting a preliminary classification scheme with three unnamed clades. [15]
| Pyrenomonadaceae | |
| "Clade E" Cryptomonads | |
The cryptomonads are a group of algae, most of which have plastids. They are common in freshwater, and also occur in marine and brackish habitats. Each cell is around 10–50 μm in size and flattened in shape, with an anterior groove or pocket. At the edge of the pocket there are typically two slightly unequal flagella. Some may exhibit mixotrophy. They are classified as clade Cryptomonada, which is divided into two classes: heterotrophic Goniomonadea and phototrophic Cryptophyceae. The two groups are united under three shared morphological characteristics: presence of a periplast, ejectisomes with secondary scroll, and mitochondrial cristae with flat tubules. Genetic studies as early as 1994 also supported the hypothesis that Goniomonas was sister to Cryptophyceae. A study in 2018 found strong evidence that the common ancestor of Cryptomonada was an autotrophic protist.
Cryptomonas is the name-giving genus of the Cryptomonads established by German biologist Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg in 1831. The algae are common in freshwater habitats and brackish water worldwide and often form blooms in greater depths of lakes. The cells are usually brownish or greenish in color and are characteristic of having a slit-like furrow at the anterior. They are not known to produce any toxins. They are used to feed small zooplankton, which is the food source for small fish in fish farms. Many species of Cryptomonas can only be identified by DNA sequencing. Cryptomonas can be found in several marine ecosystems in Australia and South Korea.
Acetabularia is a genus of green algae in the family Polyphysaceae. Typically found in subtropical waters, Acetabularia is a single-celled organism, but gigantic in size and complex in form, making it an excellent model organism for studying cell biology. In form, the mature Acetabularia resembles the round leaves of a nasturtium, is 4 to 10 centimetres tall and has three anatomical parts: a bottom rhizoid that resembles a set of short roots; a long stalk in the middle; and a top umbrella of branches that may fuse into a cap. Unlike other giant unicellular organisms, which are multinucleate, members of this genus possess a single nucleus located in the rhizoid, which allows the cell to regenerate completely if its cap is removed. The caps of two Acetabularia may also be exchanged, even from two different species. In addition, if a piece of the stem is removed, with no access to the nucleus in the rhizoid, this isolated stem piece will also grow a new cap.
The cryptophyceae are a class of algae, most of which have plastids. About 230 species are known, and they are common in freshwater, and also occur in marine and brackish habitats. Each cell is around 10–50 μm in size and flattened in shape, with an anterior groove or pocket. At the edge of the pocket there are typically two slightly unequal flagella.
Astrephomene is a genus of green algae in the family Goniaceae, order Chlamydomonadales. The genus was first described in 1937 by Pocock and named by Pockock in 1953.
Crustomastix is a genus of green algae in the class Mamiellophyceae.
Goniaceae is a family of algae in the order Chlamydomonadales, that includes the genera Astrephomene and Gonium. Members of the Goniaceae are distinguished from those of the Volvocaceae by having each cell surrounded by a tripartite boundary of the extracellular matrix, as opposed to the entire colony being surrounded by the tripartite boundary in Volvocaceae.
Pyrenomonas is a genus of cryptomonad.
Rhodomonas is a genus of cryptomonads. It is characterized by its red colour, the square-shaped plates of its inner periplast, its short furrow ending in a gullet, and a distinctly shaped chloroplast closely associated with its nucleomorph. Historically, Rhodomonas was characterized by its red chloroplast alone, but this no longer occurs as its taxonomy has become increasingly based on molecular and cellular data. Currently, there is some debate about the taxonomic validity of Rhodomonas as a genus and further research is needed to verify its taxonomic status. Rhodomonas is typically found in marine environments, although freshwater reports exist. It is commonly used as a live feed for various aquaculture species.
Geminigera /ˌdʒɛmɪnɪˈdʒɛɹə/ is a genus of cryptophyte from the family Geminigeraceae. Named for its unique pyrenoids, Geminigera is a genus with a single mixotrophic species. It was discovered in 1968 and is known for living in very cold temperatures such as under the Antarctic ice. While originally considered to be part of the genus Cryptomonas, the genus Geminigera was officially described in 1991 by D. R. A. Hill.
Plagioselmis is a genus of cryptophytes, including the species Plagioselmis punctata.
Batrachospermaceae is a family of fresh water red algae (Rhodophyta). Genera within the Batrachospermaceae generally have a "Lemanea-type" life history with carpospores germinating to produce chantransia. Sporophyte phase with meiosis occurs in an apical cell to produce the gametophyte stage. Pit connections have two pit plug cap layers with the other layer enlarged. This family of freshwater red algae is uniaxial, meaning each filament with a single apical cell. The genera included within Batrachospermaceae are listed in the table below.
Tetragonidiaceae is a family of cryptomonads which includes two genera. Members of Tetragonidiaceae are distinguished from other cryptomonads by reproduction occurring in a non-motile vegetative phase, as well as the formation of multicellular filaments unlike any other cryptomonad family.
Chroomonadaceae is a family of cryptomonads first recognized by Clay et al in 1999 as including genera Chroomonas, Falcomonas, and Komma. Following a molecular phylogenic study in 2002, Hemiselmis was also placed within the Chroomonadaceae. Today, the family is generally recognized as sister to the Pyrenomonadaceae.
Cryptochrysis is a formerly recognized genus of cryptomonads first proposed by Adolf Pascher in 1911. He initially treated it as the sole genus in family Cryptochrysidaceae, but later treated it as a member of the Cryptochrysideae subfamily of Cryptomonadaceae, along with Rhodomonas, Chroomonas, and Cyanomonas. In 1967, R.W. Butcher relegated the group to a subgenus within Chroomonas.
Bjornbergiella hawaiiensis is a Hawaiian species of cryptomonad described in 1965. It is the sole member of the genus Bjornbergiella.
Rhinomonas fulva is a phytoplanktonic species of cryptomonad given its current designation in 1988.
Rhinomonas lateralis is a species of cryptomonad given its current designation in 1988.
Greta Albrecht Fryxell was a marine scientist known for her work on the biology and taxonomy of diatoms. In 1996, she was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Linda Karen Medlin is a molecular biologist known for her work on diatoms. She is an elected member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.
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