Reverend Billy and the Church of Stop Shopping

Last updated

Reverend Billy performing in support of the movement at Occupy Wall Street. Day 40 Occupy Wall Street October 25 2011 Shankbone 19.JPG
Reverend Billy performing in support of the movement at Occupy Wall Street.

Reverend Billy and the Church of Stop Shopping is a radical performance community based in New York City. The Stop Shopping Choir is accompanied by a comic preacher, Reverend Billy, portrayed by performer William (Billy) Talen. The philosophy of the Church of Stop Shopping surrounds the imminent "Shopocalypse", which assumes the end of humanity will come about through manic consumerism. [1]

Contents

The Stop Shopping Choir accompanies Reverend Billy and stages guerrilla theater style actions, singing on the property of the Disney stores, [2] Monsanto facilities, [2] and Trump Tower, [3] among others. They are often considered part of the Culture jamming movement. [4]

The group uses the content from their direct actions to create songs that are performed on concert stages and in cabarets. The director of these shows is church co-founder Savitri D.

Reverend Billy and the Stop Shopping Choir routinely perform at Joe's Pub at The Public Theater in New York City. [5] In 2024 they joined Neil Young and Crazy Horse on their Love Earth tour across the country. [6]

Origins of Reverend Billy

Rev. Billy attempting to exorcise bad loans and toxic assets from Bank of America ATMs in New York City, 2009 RevBilly1.jpg
Rev. Billy attempting to exorcise bad loans and toxic assets from Bank of America ATMs in New York City, 2009

The character of Reverend Billy was developed in the early 1990s by actor and playwright, William Talen. His family was Dutch Calvinist, [7] from the Christian Reformed Church, a conservative protestant denomination.

Talen grew up in small towns throughout Minnesota, South Dakota and Wisconsin. He left home at 16, moving east with Charles and Patricia Gaines, a writer and painter who encouraged him as an artist. Talen began to perform his poems and stories, hitch-hiking from Philadelphia to New York to San Francisco. [8]

Talen's chief collaborator in developing the Reverend Billy character was the Reverend Sidney Lanier, a cousin of Tennessee Williams. [7] Lanier was vicar of The St. Clement's in the 1960s, an Episcopal Church in Hell's Kitchen in Manhattan. [7] In an effort to increase attendance at St. Clement's, Lanier had torn out the altar and pews, inviting actors to perform scenes from plays by Tennessee Williams and Terrence McNally, and founding the American Place Theater. Lanier described Talen as "more of a preacher with a gift for social prophecy than an actor." [7] In the early 1990s Talen moved with Lanier to New York City from the San Francisco Bay Area, branding his act as a "new kind of American preacher" [8]

The Reverend Billy character debuted on the sidewalk at Times Square in 1998, outside the Disney Store, where he proclaimed Mickey Mouse to be the anti-Christ. [7] He was arrested multiple times outside the Disney Store, where he duct-taped Mickey Mouse to a cross. [9] Reverend Billy's sermons decried the evils of consumerism and the racism of sweatshop labor, and what Talen saw as the loss of neighborhood spirit in Rudolph Giuliani's New York. [8]

The Reverend Billy character isn't so much a parody of a preacher, as a preacher motif used to blur the lines between performance and religious experience. "It's definitely a church service," Talen explained to Alternet, but, he added, it's "a political rally, it's theater, it's all three, it's none of them." [10] Alisa Solomon, the theater critic at the Village Voice, said of Reverend Billy's persona, "The collar is fake, the calling is real." [11] Along with the Church of Stop Shopping, they have been referred to by academics as "performance activism," [12] "carnivalesque protest," [1] and "commercial disobedience." [13]

Savitri D, church co-founder and theatrical director

Savitri D (née Durkee) is the co-founder and director of the Church of Stop Shopping, as well as Talen's partner. [14] She was born in Taos, New Mexico in 1972 and raised at The Lama Foundation, one of the earliest and longest lasting intentional spiritual communities in the US, founded by her parents, Steven and Barbara Durkee. [15]

Savitri D began dancing and performing at the University of Montana, studied at the Merce Cunningham Dance Company, and co-founded a dance collective called The Zen Monkey Project. [16] After moving to New York City in 1997, she staged her play SKY/NO SKY at 57 Walker Street. [17]

In 2000, she was a producer at The Culture Project, a theater in the East Village, where Talen was staging early Reverend Billy performances. [8] She took over direction of The Church of Stop Shopping performances from the dramatist Tony Torn [18] in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks in 2001, and married Talen the next year. [8]

Under Savitri D's leadership, the Church won the Alpert Award for Theater [19] and the Edwin Booth Award [20] from the City University of New York.

The Stop Shopping Choir

A 2015 'exorcism' of corporate power in the offices of global law firm King & Spalding Exorcism parody by Reverend Billy.jpg
A 2015 'exorcism’ of corporate power in the offices of global law firm King & Spalding

The Stop Shopping Choir is a 35-member ensemble that performs an array of original gospel songs in theater performances and alongside Reverend Billy in public spaces during campaigns. [21] [22] The choir began accompanying Talen's sermons at concert shows shortly after the September 11 attacks, adding a musical influence to Reverend Billy performances. [8] Led by musical director Nehemiah Luckett, [21] the choir members are volunteers who rehearse weekly at the Lower Eastside Girl's Club in the East Village. [23]

The Choir often write songs that draw attention to the environmental and consumerist campaigns championed by the Church of Stop Shopping. They have accompanied Talen into the lobbies of multinational banks such as JP Morgan Chase or research facilities belonging to Monsanto, dressed as golden toads and honeybees, singing songs in support of the day's sermon. One of their best-known songs is "The First Amendment", an incantation of the 1st Amendment of the United States Constitution, sung rapturously by soprano Laura Newman. [24]

In April of 2024, Reverend Billy and the Stop Shopping Choir joined Neil Young and Crazy Horse on their Love Earth tour throughout the United States. [25]

Direct action campaigns

In addition to protest performances throughout a given year, Reverend Billy and the Church of Stop Shopping have organized various campaigns focused on consumerist or environmental issues, often highlighting a particular company they feel best symbolizes the issue. The group stage actions in public spaces near the targets of their actions, or in the lobbies, halls, and plazas of the building owned by the companies they protest. Their sermons and songs routinely draw the attention of police and security forces assigned to those spaces, leading to arrests and significant media coverage. Talen and Savitri D have been arrested more than 50 times during their actions, though their charges are almost always reduced or dropped. [8]

Early campaigns

Reverend Billy and the Church of Stop Shopping staged numerous actions around New York City in their formative years. In 2000, after performing a Christmas show the New School's Tishman Auditorium, Reverend Billy led the congregation and members of the audience from the stage to the Poe House on West 3rd Street in Manhattan's West Village. [26] There, the Reverend held a protest reading of "The Raven" atop the scaffolding over the soon-to-be-demolished home where some believe Edgar Allan Poe had finished writing the famous poem. After the reading, Talen was arrested and jailed. [27]

After September 11, the Church and Choir met routinely in the Path Station near Ground Zero and sang the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution into their phones as commuters passed by. The crowd of singers sometimes reached up to 200 participants. [28]

On June 29, 2007, just before the start of the monthly Critical Mass bike ride, Reverend Billy and Savitri D recited the First Amendment repeatedly to police officers through a megaphone in Manhattan's Union Square. Reverend Billy was arrested on charges of second-degree harassment. [29] The civil liberties lawyer Norman Siegel defended Reverend Billy in court, saying "Reverend Billy has a First Amendment right to recite the First Amendment." [30]

Starbucks

The Reverend Billy leading an anti-Starbucks protest in Austin, Texas in 2007 Reverend Billy protesting against Starbucks.jpg
The Reverend Billy leading an anti-Starbucks protest in Austin, Texas in 2007

The Church of Stop Shopping staged a series of actions across the country from 2002 to 2008, protesting against what they call Starbucks company's enactment of "fake bohemia." Reverend Billy and the singers tried to "exorcise the demon of cookie-cutter capitalism" from its cash registers, by laying hands on the register, weeping, and harmonizing. [9]

The Starbucks coffee chain has been a frequent target of the Church's actions, due to displacement of small local businesses, [31] union busting, [32] and exploitation of coffee farmers. [33]

In 2002, Starbucks branches throughout New York City issued a document to its workers entitled "What Should I do If Reverend Billy Is in My Store?", [34] [ non-primary source needed ] which outlines an evacuation protocol and a series of scripted reassurances that workers are ordered to deliver to disturbed or inquisitive customers. The title of the document is also the title of a book written by Talen, published by The New Press. [34]

In 2004, Starbucks persuaded a Los Angeles judge to issue an injunction against Talen, demanding that he cease and desist from "stalking, contacting, or sexually harassing the computerized cash registers of the Starbucks Company." [34] [ non-primary source needed ]

Golden Toads and Bank Actions

In 2012 and 2013, Reverend Billy and the Church focused on the extinction of species brought by climate change, specifically targeting banks they said financed projects that worsened global warming. The symbolic centerpiece of these campaigns was the extinct Golden toad, originally native to Monteverde cloud forest in Costa Rica and a symbol of the crisis of declining amphibian species. Savitri D and the choir wore papier-mâché masks depicting golden toads as they entered JP Morgan Chase and HSBC banks. [35]

In one action in a Chase bank in New York City, Reverend Billy and choir director Nehemiah Luckett were arrested and charged with riot, trespass, unlawful assembly, and disorderly conduct. According to the bank manager in a complaint to police, Reverend Billy and the choir were "running about the bank while wearing frog masks … jumping on to the bank's furniture, running about the bank, and screaming loudly at others for a number of minutes." The manager also stated that he thought the bank was being robbed, that he feared for his safety, and that customers or bank employees even cried. [35]

Despite the complaints against them and what the New York prosecutor called a "criminal stunt," demanding that Talen go to prison for a year, their charges were eventually dropped. [14]

British Petroleum and Liberate Tate

As part of the Church of Stop Shopping's efforts to urge art institutions to reject sponsorship from petroleum companies, they have protested at a number of museums around the world. [36]

In July 2011, while on tour in the UK, Reverend Billy and the Choir staged an action at the Tate Modern in London to protest its sponsorship by the oil company British Petroleum (BP). The church was invited by a coalition of UK groups, including Liberate Tate, BP or Not BP, Platform, UK Tar Sands Network, London Rising Tide, Art Not Oil and Climate Rush. [36]

While crowds observed the scene in the Turbine Room of the Tate, the choir splashed Reverend Billy and the BP sunflower logo with bottles of black oil. [37] After the performance, the protesters exited the museum singing onto the lawn outside, and rallied on the shore of the Thames against oil companies and their involvement in the arts. [36]

Robobees

In 2014, Reverend Billy, Savitri D and the Choir turned their focus to colony collapse disorder affecting the world's honeybees. In one action, they entered the Micro-robotics Laboratory at Harvard's School of Engineering and Applied Science to confront scientists working on the invention of robot pollinators, popularly known as RoboBees. They purchased fruits and vegetables to place before a display case with a model of the RoboBee, singing and lamenting the focus of scientists replacing living bees with robots, rather than solving the collapse. [38]

“We ask you to place your genius, your research, your scientific know-how into saving the honeybee," Talen said to those assembled. Attending the event and writing for The New Yorker, Elizabeth Kolbert noted the confusion among some of the Harvard graduate students witnessing the singing and preaching. "We like people not to know if we're a political rally, a religious service, or a theatrical comedy about a church," Reverend Billy told Kolbert. "If they have all three spinning in their head, and they can't settle on one, then they're probably having a raw experience." [14]

Monsanto

The Church of Stop Shopping has also targeted chemical manufacturer Monsanto for its production of glysophate herbicides and neonicotinoid pesticides. [38] In November 2014, the Church traveled to Monsanto's headquarters in St. Louis, Missouri, where they held an "Organic Thanksgiving." [39] [ non-primary source needed ]

In 2015, Reverend Billy & The Stop Shopping Choir opened a series of shows for Neil Young during his tour in support of The Monsanto Years . [40]

On October 13, 2016, Reverend Billy was arrested while protesting the World Food Prize in Des Moines, Iowa. He was charged with trespass for leaving the "free speech area" set up near the event. [41] The prosecutor for the state requested "that the Court preclude evidence or argument regarding 'free speech rights,' 'free expression,'right to assemble,' and/or other First Amendment arguments and evidence that 'free speech rights' can constitute 'justification' under the Iowa's criminal trespass statute, Iowa Code §716.7 (2015)." [42] The judge in the case ultimately dismissed the charges. [43]

In 2016, the Church released a guide called "The United States Map of Poisoned Parks and Playgrounds," which shows the dosage and location of glyphosate applications around the U.S. [44]

Filmography

Bibliography

Discography

Notes

  1. 1 2 McClish, Carmen L. "Activism based in embarrassment: The anti-consumption spirituality of the Reverend Billy". Liminalities: A Journal of Performance Studies. 5.2 (2009): 1–20.
  2. 1 2 Burke, Monte (April 21, 2011). "Reverend Billy and His Crusade Against Consumerism". Forbes. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
  3. ↑ Moynihan, Colin (June 14, 2017). "The Activists Who Are Staging Protest in Trump Tower". The New Yorker. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
  4. ↑ Wettergren, Åsa (2003). Opel, Andrew; Pompper, Donnalyn (eds.). Like moths to a flame: culture jamming and the global spectacle. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. pp. 27–43.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ Viagas, Robert (October 5, 2017). "John Epperson, Reverend Billy, and Tori Scott Coming to Joe's Pub May 11–18".
  6. ↑ Greene, Andy (April 25, 2024). "Neil Young Stuns at 2024 Tour Launch, Unveils Lost 'Cortez the Killer' Verse". Rolling Stone. Retrieved May 9, 2024.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Kalb, Jonathan (February 27, 2000). "The Downtown Gospel According to Reverend Billy". The New York Times. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Jacobs, Harrison (February 4, 2015). "The craziest thing about this legendary singing, anti-corporate preacher is that he isn't real". Business Insider. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
  9. 1 2 Kasperkevic, Jana (November 27, 2015). "The Church of Stop Shopping doesn't pull punches on its return to New York". The Guardian. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
  10. ↑ Tytel, Brad (December 12, 2005). "The Reluctant Religion of Reverend Billy". Alternet. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
  11. ↑ Solomon, Alisa (March 14, 2000). "Never Can Say Good Buy". The Village Voice. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
  12. ↑ Perucci, Tony (2009). "What the Fuck is That?: The Poetics of Ruptural Performance". Liminalities: A Journal of Performance Studies. 5 (3): 1–18.
  13. ↑ Dee, Jonathan (August 22, 2004). "Reverend Billy's Unholy War". The New York Times Magazine.
  14. 1 2 3 Kolbert, Elizabeth (May 19, 2014). "Buzzkill". The New Yorker. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
  15. ↑ Banner, Lois W. "Finding Fran: History and Memory in the Lives of Two Women", Columbia University Press, 1998, p. 173. ISBN   0-231-11216-5
  16. ↑ "History of Past Performances". Zen Monkey Project.
  17. ↑ "Franklin Furnace's Goings On". Franklin's Furnace. March 13, 2003. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
  18. ↑ Josh, Godfrey (March 17, 2000). "Reviews: Reverend Billy". Theater Mania. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
  19. ↑ "The Herb Alpert Award in the Arts". The Herb Alpert Awards. March 23, 2013.
  20. ↑ "Booth Award, Previous Award Recipients". The Graduate Center, CUNY.
  21. 1 2 "About The Stop Shopping Choir". revbilly.com. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  22. ↑ Lee, A.C. (May 15, 2014). "Reverend Billy Brings a New Sermon to Joe's Pub". The New York Times. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  23. ↑ Bunge, Jacob (October 15, 2016). "If Monsanto Loses Its Name, What Will Its Haters Have Left to Hate?". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  24. ↑ "The First Amendment Song". revbilly.com.
  25. ↑ Greene, Andy (April 25, 2024). "Neil Young Stuns at 2024 Tour Launch, Unveils Lost 'Cortez the Killer' Verse". Rolling Stone. Retrieved May 9, 2024.
  26. ↑ Ehren, Christine (December 16, 2000). "Merry Christmas, Rev. Billy: Performance Preacher Hosts Poe Service Dec. 16". Playbill. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
  27. ↑ Post, Dietmar; Palacios, Lucía (2002). "Reverend Billy & The Church of Stop Shopping". playloud!.
  28. ↑ Ganahl, Jane (April 24, 2004). "He's a preacher -- of sorts -- who has found his calling: rooting out the evils of consumerism, block by entertaining block". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
  29. ↑ Hartocollis, Anemona (September 26, 2007). "A Street Performer Crusades for the First Amendment". The New York Times. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
  30. ↑ Wilensky-Lanford, Ethan (July 1, 2007). "A Pretend Preacher, a Real Arrest and a Debate About Free Speech". The New York Times. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
  31. ↑ Macedo, Edber; Fang, Jimmy; Le, Thomas; Ong, Paul M. (July 1, 2014). "Impact of Big Businesses in Chinatown". UCLA Case Studies. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
  32. ↑ Heller, ZP (May 25, 2011). "Spilling the Beans About Starbucks' Union-Busting Tactics". HuffPost. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
  33. ↑ "Storm in a coffee cup: Starbucks vs Ethiopia". The Economist. November 30, 2006. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
  34. 1 2 3 Talen, Bill (April 1, 2005). "What Should I Do if Reverend Billy is in My Store". The New Press.
  35. 1 2 Vidal, John (November 25, 2013). "Reverend Billy faces year in prison for JP Morgan Chase toad protest". The Guardian. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
  36. 1 2 3 Vidal, John (July 19, 2011). "Reverend Billy leads exorcism of BP's 'evil spirit' from Tate Modern". The Guardian. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  37. ↑ Talen, Billy (July 19, 2011). "Reverend Billy exorcizes BP at Tate Modern". Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved April 24, 2018– via YouTube.
  38. 1 2 Forde, Kaelyn (June 2, 2014). "Taking off from Harvard Yard: Flight of the RoboBees". Al Jazeera. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  39. ↑ "Organic Thanksgiving at Monsanto World Headquarters". Facebook . November 24, 2014. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  40. ↑ Rossignol, Derrick (July 3, 2015). "Fellow Monsanto Opponent Reverend Billy to Open for Neil Young in NYC". Diffuser. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  41. ↑ Hamm, Theodore (December 2, 2016). "A Performance Troupe Takes on Immigration, Monsanto, and Standing Rock". Hyperallergenic. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  42. ↑ "STATE'S MOTION IN LIMINE, AND/OR FOR 5.104(A) RULING" (PDF). January 2, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  43. ↑ Talen, Billy (January 24, 2017). "On Monsanto and the First Amendment". Al Jazeera. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  44. ↑ "U.S. Map of Poisoned Parks and Playgrounds". revbilly.com. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  45. ↑ Sharpe, Jill (May 31, 2002). "Culture Jam: Hijacking Commercial Culture". IMDb. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
  46. ↑ Post, Dietmar; Palacios, Lucía (2002). "Reverend Billy & The Church of Stop Shopping". Play Loud!. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
  47. ↑ 2006 Sundance Film Festival Announces Awards for Documentary and Dramatic Films in Independent Film and World Cinema Competitions (PDF)
  48. ↑ "The Last Televangelist: Reverend Billy and the Church of Stop Shopping". TV Guide. 2013. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
  49. ↑ BWW News Desk (February 27, 2014). "Reverend Billy & The Stop Shopping Choir to Bring THE HONEYBEELUJAH SHOW to Joe's Pub, 5/4-6/22". Broadway World. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
  50. ↑ Kern, Laura (November 16, 2007). "The Gospel of Stop Shopping". The New York Times. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
  51. ↑ Talen, Bill (2005). What Should I Do if Reverend Billy Is in My Store?. New York City: The New Press. ISBN   978-1-56584-979-2.
  52. ↑ Talen, Bill (2006). What Would Jesus Buy?: Reverend Billy's Fabulous Prayers in the Face of the Shopocalypse . New York: Public Affairs. ISBN   978-1-58648-447-7.
  53. ↑ Talen, Bill; D, Savitri (2011). The Reverend Billy Project: From Rehearsal Hall to Super Mall with the Church of Life After Shopping. Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN   978-0472051564.
  54. ↑ Talen, Bill (2014). The End of the World. New York: Stop Shopping Publishing. ISBN   978-1935928935.
  55. ↑ Talen, Reverend Billy (2016). The Earth Wants YOU. San Francisco: City Lights Publishing. ISBN   978-0872867079.
  56. ↑ Producer: Kevin Eggers (2004). "Reverend Billy and the Church of Stop Shopping Gospel Choir". discogs. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
  57. ↑ Talen, Billy Talen; D, Savitri (January 1, 2008). "The Shopocalypse". Bandcamp. Engineer: William Moses. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
  58. ↑ Luckett, Nehemiah; Newman, Laura (April 1, 2012). "The Declaration of Occupation of NYC". Bandcamp. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
  59. ↑ "Declaration of OWS Set to Music". occupy.com. April 11, 2012. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
  60. ↑ Talen, Bill; D, Savitri (May 17, 2013). "Earthalujah!". Bandcamp. Producer: Juno Black. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
  61. ↑ Music News Desk (March 4, 2016). "Activists Reverend Billy & the Stop Shopping Choir Announce 'The Earth Wants YOU!'". Broadway World. Retrieved April 30, 2018.

Related Research Articles

<i>The Bishops Wife</i> 1947 film directed by Henry Koster

The Bishop's Wife is a 1947 American supernatural romantic comedy film directed by Henry Koster, starring Cary Grant, Loretta Young and David Niven. The plot is about an angel who helps a bishop with his problems. The film was adapted by Leonardo Bercovici and Robert E. Sherwood from the 1928 novel of the same name by Robert Nathan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fred Phelps</span> American pastor and activist (1929–2014)

Fred Waldron Phelps Sr. was an American minister and disbarred lawyer who served as the pastor of the Westboro Baptist Church, worked as a civil rights attorney, and ran for statewide election in Kansas. A divisive and controversial figure, he gained national attention for his homophobic views and protests near the funerals of gay people, AIDS victims, military veterans, and disaster victims who he believed were killed as a result of God punishing the U.S. for having "bankrupt values" and tolerating homosexuality. Phelps founded the Westboro Baptist Church, a Topeka, Kansas-based independent Primitive Baptist congregation, in 1955. It has been described by the Southern Poverty Law Center as "arguably the most obnoxious and rabid hate group in America". Its signature slogan, "God Hates Fags", remains the name of the group's principal website.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Starbucks</span> American multinational coffeehouse chain

Starbucks Corporation is an American multinational chain of coffeehouses and roastery reserves headquartered in Seattle, Washington. It was founded in 1971, and is currently the world's largest coffeehouse chain.

<i>The Preachers Wife</i> 1996 American film

The Preacher's Wife is a 1996 American Christmas comedy-drama film directed by Penny Marshall and starring Denzel Washington, Whitney Houston, and Courtney B. Vance. It is a remake of the 1947 film The Bishop's Wife, which in turn was based on the 1928 novel of the same name by Robert Nathan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Billy Graham</span> American evangelist (1918–2018)

William Franklin Graham Jr. was an American evangelist, an ordained Southern Baptist minister, and a civil rights advocate whose broadcast and live sermons became well known internationally in the mid-to-late 20th century. During a career spanning six decades, Graham was a prominent evangelical Christian figure in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Artivism</span> Art activism

Artivism is a portmanteau word combining art and activism, and is sometimes also referred to as Social Artivism.

"Shouting fire in a crowded theater" is a popular analogy for speech or actions whose principal purpose is to create panic, and in particular for speech or actions which may for that reason be thought to be outside the scope of free speech protections. The phrase is a paraphrasing of a dictum, or non-binding statement, from Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.'s opinion in the United States Supreme Court case Schenck v. United States in 1919, which held that the defendant's speech in opposition to the draft during World War I was not protected free speech under the First Amendment of the United States Constitution. The case was later partially overturned by Brandenburg v. Ohio in 1969, which limited the scope of banned speech to that which would be directed to and likely to incite imminent lawless action.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hungry March Band</span> American brass band

The Hungry March Band is an American brass band with approximately 15-20 active musicians and performers. In performance, the group's size can vary from five to fifty: from a quintet to a large corps of musicians, dancers, baton twirlers, and hula hoopers.

<i>The Gospel at Colonus</i> Musical

The Gospel at Colonus is an African-American musical version of Sophocles's tragedy, Oedipus at Colonus. The show was created in 1983 by the experimental-theatre director Lee Breuer, one of the founders of the seminal American avant-garde theatre company Mabou Mines, and composer Bob Telson. The musical was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. The show had a brief run on Broadway in 1988.

<i>What Would Jesus Buy?</i> 2007 American film

What Would Jesus Buy? is a 2007 documentary film produced by Morgan Spurlock and directed by Rob VanAlkemade. The title is a take-off on the phrase, "what would Jesus do?". The film debuted on the festival circuit on March 11, 2007, at the South By Southwest (SXSW) conference in Austin, Texas. It went into general U.S. release on November 16, 2007.

Guerrilla theatre, generally rendered "guerrilla theater" in the US, is a form of guerrilla communication originated in 1965 by the San Francisco Mime Troupe, who, in spirit of the Che Guevara writings from which the term guerrilla is taken, engaged in performances in public places committed to "revolutionary sociopolitical change." The group performances, aimed against the Vietnam war and capitalism, sometimes contained nudity, profanity and taboo subjects that were shocking to some members of the audiences of the time.

James David Manning is an American pastor at the ATLAH World Missionary Church. Manning grew up in Red Springs, North Carolina, and has been with ATLAH since 1981. ATLAH stands for All The Land Anointed Holy, which is Manning's name for Harlem.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Granny Peace Brigade</span> American anti-war demonstration group

The Granny Peace Brigade (GPB) is an active anti-war demonstration group in New York City made up of older women dedicated to the goal of peace with justice domestically and globally. The GPB frequently collaborates with Code Pink, The Raging Grannies and Peace Action and is one of many local activist groups seeking a safe and peaceful world for all people, especially children.

Naomi Lynn Reice Buchwald is a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metropolitan Opera House (Philadelphia)</span> Theater in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States

The Metropolitan Opera House is a historic opera house and current pop concert venue located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It has been used for many different purposes over its history. Now known as The Met, the theatre reopened in December 2018, after a complete renovation, as a concert venue. It is managed by Live Nation Philadelphia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ross Spur Services</span>

Ross Spur Services is a southbound-only service area on the A449 at the end of the M50 motorway. Formerly operated by BP, it is now owned by Euro Garages and was planning to be expanding to incorporate drive-through restaurants with a seating area and a shop. A Starbucks was added with a drive through but the Burger King was not added at the time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ATLAH World Missionary Church</span> Church in New York City, United States

ATLAH World Missionary Church is a Christian church and ministry located in Harlem, New York. James David Manning is the chief pastor. The church campus is the site of the unaccredited ATLAH Theological Seminary, where classes are offered on preaching and prophecy. The church also has a studio that Manning uses for his Internet radio program The Manning Report. The church's YouTube channel had over 72,000 subscribers as of March 2018 but was shut down by YouTube later that year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">River Oaks Shopping Center</span>

The River Oaks Shopping Center is a shopping center in Neartown, Houston, adjacent to River Oaks. As of 2012 the more than 322,000-square-foot (29,900 m2) center includes one grocery store, one movie theater, 14 restaurants, and 76 stores. The center, owned by Weingarten Realty, is the third oldest shopping center of its type in the United States.

<i>The Monsanto Years</i> 2015 studio album by Neil Young and Promise of the Real

The Monsanto Years is the 37th studio album by Canadian singer-songwriter Neil Young and the American rock group Promise of the Real, released on June 29, 2015 on Reprise Records. A concept album which criticizes the agribusiness company Monsanto, it is Young's thirty-fifth studio album and the third by Promise of the Real. The album is the first collaboration between Young and Promise of the Real. The group is fronted by Lukas Nelson and features his brother Micah, both sons of Willie Nelson.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Criticism of Starbucks</span> Criticisms of Starbucks corporation

Starbucks, an American coffee company and coffeehouse chain, is the subject of multiple controversies. Public and employee criticism against the company has come from around the world, including a wide range issues from tax avoidance in Europe, anti-competitive practices in the United States, human rights issues in multiple countries and labor issues involving union busting, questions about pay equity and ethics in partnerships in Africa.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.