The film's title is a combination of the title of Thomas Mann's novel Joseph and His Brothers and Rocco Scotellaro, an Italian poet who described the feelings of the peasants of southern Italy.[4] The screenplay, co-written by Visconti, is inspired by an episode from the novel Il ponte della Ghisolfa by Giovanni Testori.
A co-production between Italian studio Titanus and French production company Les Films Marceau,[1]Rocco and His Brothers suffered from multiple controversies and setbacks in its pre-release period.[5] It received a lukewarm response from Italian critics, but was more positively-received internationally, winning several accolades including the Special Jury Prize at the 21st Venice International Film Festival. Retrospective reviews were more positive, and the film is now highly regarded in the canon of Italian cinema.[6]
After the death of his father, Rocco Parondi, one of the five sons of a poor rural Italian family, travels north from Lucania with his widowed mother Rosaria and three of his brothers—Simone, Ciro, and Luca—to the industrial city of Milan. They expect to stay with Vincenzo, the eldest brother, in the Milan suburb of Lambrate, but the family of Vincenzo's fiancee, Ginetta, object to the presence of the unschooled and unemployed southerners, and the Parondis end up in an unheated basement. After Ginetta becomes pregnant by Vincenzo and they marry, Vincenzo sees little of his mother and four brothers, who have to make their own way.
Simone, the second brother, struggles to adapt to urban life. He becomes attracted to a prostitute named Nadia, who urges him to pursue a career in boxing, which his mother also encourages, as a fast way to achieve fame and wealth. Though he falls in love with Nadia and demands more than a casual relationship, she rejects him after returning jewelry he stole from Rocco's boss for her.
Rocco, the third brother, is called up for military service. Near the end of his enlistment, he runs into Nadia, who has just finished a prison sentence for prostitution. His innocence and purity of heart inspires her to give up her way of life and enter an exclusive relationship with him. When Simone learns of this, he attacks Rocco and Nadia with a gang of friends and rapes Nadia to "teach Rocco a lesson". Not having realized how much their relationship would hurt his brother, Rocco breaks up with Nadia and encourages her to return to Simone, which she eventually does, though only to try to hasten his downfall.
Ciro, the second-youngest brother, attends night school and finds steady work at the Alfa Romeo factory. He tries his best to help make his family a success in their new hometown, and becomes engaged to a local woman from a good family.
Rocco often acts to preserve the well-being of his family members at some cost to his own happiness. He frequently covers for Simone, in particular, such as when he returns the jewelry that Simone stole from his employer, or when, after Simone's obsession with Nadia has ended his boxing career by causing him to spiral into alcoholism and a generally dissolute lifestyle, Rocco agrees to sign a ten-year boxing contract in order to pay back Simone's debts, including to a homosexual man he robbed under compromising circumstances.
While Rocco is fighting in a championship bout, Simone visits Nadia, who has returned to working as a prostitute, near the Ponte della Ghisolfa (it) and kills her after she tells him how much she hates him. Rocco wins the fight, and, during the celebration with his family, he expresses a desire to return to their home in Lucania someday, and his mother indicates that she misses having all of her sons together. A bloody Simone interrupts the party and confesses to Nadia's murder. Rocco, despite his anguish, still wants to protect Simone, but Ciro refuses to go along and leaves to alert the police.
The youngest brother, Luca, does little most of the time other than watch as events unfold around him. When he visits Ciro at work to say that Simone has been caught and to invite Ciro home for dinner, he says he would like to return south with Rocco. Ciro responds that he does not think Rocco will ever make it back, and that, although Luca might, he will not find it the same as it was, due to the inevitable progress that will eventually reach everywhere. While many people fear a changing world, however, Ciro says he does not, and that he believes Luca will live a better life because of the changes. As Luca walks away, he passes a newspaper stand and sees Rocco's picture in an article about the many far-flung cities in which he has upcoming fights.
The film's controversial subject matter caused several setbacks. Filming permits were denied for multiple locations that had previously been approved, such as when provincial premier Adrio Casati learned that the climactic murder scene was to be filmed in a large recreational area in Idroscalo.[5] Casati claimed the scene bore an "inopportune resemblance to reality", as a young prostitute had recently been murdered in the area. Visconti moved shooting to Lazio, and the scene was filmed at Lago di Fondi.
During post-production, Visconti re-dubbed and re-edited the film to change the name of the main family from "Pafundi" to "Parondi" after a local judge named Pafundi, who had heard rumors about the film's content and did not want anyone to think it was about him, threatened to sue the producers.[5]
Release and reception
Censorship
On October 27, 1960, twenty days after the film opened in Italy, its release was blocked and the negative was seized after Domenico Tardini, the Cardinal Secretary of State, requested that Italian officials take action against "certain destructive films". It was decided that, unless four scenes, including the murder of Nadia, were cut, the film would be confiscated and the producer prosecuted. After negotiations, producer Goffredo Lombardo agreed to darken the criticized scenes with filters, and two of these darkened scenes were later omitted entirely;[8] Visconti was not informed of these changes. The deleted scenes were restored for later home video releases.[5]
Box office
The film was the 27th most popular film of the year in France.[9] It sold 10,220,365 tickets in Italy.
"A fine Italian film to stand alongside the American classic, The Grapes of Wrath, opened last night... It is Luchino Visconti's Rocco and His Brothers (Rocco e i suoi fratelli), and it comes here garlanded with laurels that are quite as appropriate in this context as they are richly deserved... Signor Visconti has clearly conceived his film and that is what his brilliant handling of events and characters makes one feel. There's a blending of strong emotionalism and realism to such an extent that the margins of each become fuzzy and indistinguishable... Alain Delon as the sweet and loyal Rocco...is touchingly pliant and expressive, but it is Renato Salvatori...who fills the screen with the anguish of a tortured and stricken character. His raw and restless performance is overpowering and unforgettable...[and the] French actress Annie Girardot is likewise striking as the piteous prostitute."[10]
Variety lauded the drama, and wrote: "With all its faults, this is one of the top achievements of the year in Italy... Scripting shows numerous hands at work, yet all is pulled together by Visconti's dynamic and generally tasteful direction. Occasionally, as in the near-final revelation to the family of Simone's crime, the action gets out of hand and comes close to melodrama. Yet the impact of the main story line, aided by the sensitive, expertly guided playing of Alain Delon as Rocco, Annie Girardot as Nadia, and Renato Salvatori as Simone, is great. Katina Paxinou at times is perfect, at others she is allowed to act too theatrically and off-key."[11]
Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic wrote that he found the film "distended, sententious, ostentatiously frank, fundamentally trite, and thematically unsuccessful".[12]
Retrospective reviews
When the film was released in DVD format, critic Glenn Erickson wrote: "A major pleasure of Rocco and His Brothers is simply seeing its portrait of life in working-class Milan in 1960. Beautifully directed in the housing projects and streets of the city, this is a prime example of a film which will accrue historical interest simply because it shows so much of how people lived and what places looked like (now) 40 years ago."[13]
The German artist collective Rocco und seine Brüder[19] take their name from the film.
Related Research Articles
Katina Paxinou was a Greek film and stage actress.
Vittorio Gassman, popularly known as Il Mattatore, was an Italian actor, director, and screenwriter.
Luchino Visconti di Modrone, Count of Lonate Pozzolo was an Italian filmmaker, theatre and opera director, and screenwriter. He was one of the fathers of cinematic neorealism, but later moved towards luxurious, sweeping epics dealing with themes of beauty, decadence, death, and European history, especially the decay of the nobility and the bourgeoisie. Critic Jonathan Jones wrote that “no one did as much to shape Italian cinema as Luchino Visconti.”
Francesco "Nino" Castelnuovo was an Italian actor of film, stage and television, best known for his starring role as Guy Foucher in the French musical film The Umbrellas of Cherbourg (1964).
Annie Suzanne Girardot was a French actress. She often played strong-willed, independent, hard-working, and often lonely women, imbuing her characters with an earthiness and reality that endeared her to women undergoing similar daily struggles.
Renato Salvatori was an Italian actor.
Walter Annicchiarico, known as Walter Chiari, was an Italian stage and screen actor, mostly in comedy roles.
Caliber 9 is a 1972 Italian noir-poliziottesco film written and directed by Fernando Di Leo and starring Gastone Moschin, Mario Adorf, Barbara Bouchet, Philippe Leroy, Frank Wolff, Luigi Pistilli, and Lionel Stander. The film takes its title from the short story collection of the same name by Giorgio Scerbanenco, and is partially based on three of its stories. The musical score was composed by Luis Enriquez Bacalov and performed by the progressive rock band Osanna.
The Nastro d'Argento for Best Director is a film award bestowed annually as part of the Nastro d'Argento awards since 1946, organized by the Italian National Association of Film Journalists, the national association of Italian film critics.
Vasco Pratolini was an Italian writer of the 20th century. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature three times.
Pasquale Festa Campanile was an Italian screenwriter, film director and novelist, best known as a prominent exponent of the commedia all'italiana genre.
Alessandra Panaro was an Italian film actress of the late 1950s and early 1960s.
Vittorio Mezzogiorno was an Italian actor.
Spiros Focás was a Greek actor.
Michel Altieri is an Italian actor, singer, and musician. After a career in musical theatre, straight plays, TV, and film in Italy and Europe, he is now primarily based in New York City where he continues to work and teach. Altieri became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 2016.
The Shortest Day is a 1963 Italian comedy film. It is a parody of the war movie The Longest Day and stars the popular duo Franco and Ciccio in the leading roles. Dozens of other well-known actors, from both European and American cinema, agreed to appear in the movie in cameo roles for free to avert the bankruptcy of the production company, Titanus.
Lino Capolicchio was an Italian actor, screenwriter, and director. He won a special David di Donatello acting award for his role in Vittorio de Sica's 1970 film, The Garden of the Finzi-Contini.
The list of the 100 Italian films to be saved was created with the aim to report "100 films that have changed the collective memory of the country between 1942 and 1978". Film preservation, or film restoration, describes a series of ongoing efforts among film historians, archivists, museums, cinematheques, and non-profit organizations to rescue decaying film stock and preserve the images they contain. In the widest sense, preservation assures that a movie will continue to exist in as close to its original form as possible.
The Gypsy is a 1975 French-Italian crime-drama film written and directed by José Giovanni. It is based on Giovanni's novel Histoire de fou.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
