Rodney S. Ruoff

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Rodney S. Ruoff
Rod Ruoff.jpg
Alma mater University of Illinois-Urbana, University of Texas at Austin
Awards Clarivate Citation Laureate, James C. McGroddy Prize for New Materials
Scientific career
FieldsCarbon and related materials
Institutions Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials
Thesis Fourier-Transform Microwave Spectroscopy of Hydrogen-bonded Trimers and of Conformer Relaxation in Free Jets  (1988)
Doctoral advisor Herbert S. Gutowsky
Website http://cmcm.ibs.re.kr

Rodney S. "Rod" Ruoff is an American physical chemist and nanoscience researcher. He is one of the world experts on carbon materials including carbon nanostructures such as fullerenes, nanotubes, graphene, diamond, and has had pioneering discoveries on such materials and others. Ruoff received his B.S. in chemistry from the University of Texas at Austin (1981) and his Ph.D. in chemical physics at the University of Illinois-Urbana (1988). After a Fulbright Fellowship at the MPI fuer Stroemungsforschung in Goettingen, Germany (1989) and postdoctoral work at the IBM T. J. Watson Research Center (1990–91), Ruoff became a staff scientist in the Molecular Physics Laboratory at SRI International (1991–1996). He is currently UNIST Distinguished Professor at the Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), and the director of the Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, an Institute for Basic Science Center located at UNIST.

Contents

Research

Rod Ruoff and his research groups have made seminal contributions to developing new synthesis techniques and improving our understanding of properties of novel materials including nanostructures and 2D materials, especially novel carbon materials (graphene, diamond, nanotubes, sp3-sp2 hybrids, negative curvature carbon, carbon nanofoams, boron nitride allotropes, fullerenes, etc.). Some examples of pioneering studies, among others, include:(i) of the mechanics of C60, [1] and of nanotubes, [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] including pullout of inner shell with respect to outer shell of the nanotube, [12] and of a connection between mechanical deformation and structure on the one hand, and chemical reactivity on the other; [13] [14] (ii) of solubility phenomena of fullerenes, nanotubes, and graphene; [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] (iii) of carbon-encapsulated metal nanoparticles; [21] [22] (iv) of patterned graphite and thus micromechanically exfoliated graphene-like flakes; [23] [24] (v) of scaled growth of graphene on copper and copper-nickel foils; [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] (vi) of isotopically labeled graphites (graphite oxide) and graphene; [33] [34] [35] [36] (vii) of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide and composites and paper-like films composed of them; [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] (viii) of the use of chemically modified graphene and graphite foam for electrode materials in electrical energy storage; [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] (ix) of graphene as a support film for biological TEM; [48] (x) of graphene as a protective coating against oxidation (and corrosion) (please also note Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 052506 (2008) and Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 022509 (2008)). [49] Ruoff provided some personal perspectives on graphene and new carbon materials 'on the horizon' in 2012. [50] As a graduate student at the University of Illinois-Urbana, Ruoff and colleagues published seminal papers on the structure of weakly bound clusters formed in supersonic jets, [51] and of relaxation processes in supersonic jets. [52]

His predictions with A. L. Ruoff about the mechanical response of fullerite under high pressure, [1] and his work with colleagues on the unique solvation phenomena of C60 in various solvent systems, [15] [16] and of synthesis and structural characterization of supergiant fullerenes containing single crystal metal 'encapsulates', [21] have demonstrated to the scientific community the novel properties of closed-shell carbon structures. He also co-developed a new in-situ mechanical testing device for measuring the tensile response of bundles of SWCNTs and individual MWCNTs inside of a scanning electron microscope. [4] [5] [6] [12] This work has yielded important insights into the mechanics and tribology of these systems, and suggested the possibility of very low friction linear bearings. [12] Similarly, Ruoff and collaborators were the first to use solubility parameters to rationalize the solubility of fullerenes, [15] of single-walled nanotubes, [18] and of chemically modified graphenes. [20] Furthermore, Rod is credited with first creating graphene by lithographic patterning to make single crystal graphite micropillars; he and his team achieved thereby single crystal multilayer graphene platelets. [23] [24]

From 2009, Ruoff and collaborators have demonstrated synthesis of large area monolayer graphene on copper foil by chemical vapor deposition, [25] [27] [28] [29] for which relatively high carrier mobilities have been obtained, and subsequently have used isotopic labeling and micro-Raman mapping to map grains and grain boundaries in such atom thick layers and to elucidate growth mechanisms, [30] and studied their performance as transparent conductive electrodes. [26] Ruoff and his collaborators have also made a series of advances in novel composite systems comprising chemically modified graphene platelets. [38] [40] [41]

Ruoff and his team were the first to use graphene as electrodes of electrochemical capacitors, reporting on graphene supercapacitors in 2008. [43] In 2011, Ruoff and his group reported on a new carbon, potentially having regions of 'negative curvature carbon' (NCC) with a remarkably high specific surface area of 3100 m2 g−1, and atom-thick carbon sp2-bonded walls that define pores varying in diameter from about 0.6 to 5 nm. They showed that this type of porous carbon ('a-MEGO') works very well as an electrode material for double-layer supercapacitors, a very exciting advance. [44]

Ruoff and collaborators have reported advances in the synthesis of large-area single-crystal graphene by chemical vapor deposition on copper, Cu/Ni alloy, and sapphire. Their studies addressed orientation, adlayers, bilayer/trilayer stacking, and transfer. Demonstrations include wafer-scale monolayer graphene on sapphire, fold-free single crystals on Cu(111), and large AB-bilayer/ABA-trilayer domains. They also investigated surface oxygen and wet-oxidation effects, as well as grain-boundary and strain impacts on properties. [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73]

They reported growth of diamond and related phases in liquid metals, including ambient-pressure diamond synthesis, dissolution kinetics on Ni/Co, homoepitaxial diamond in liquid metal, and HF-CVD methods employing hot graphite plates. They also realized epitaxial single-crystal multilayer h‑BN on Ni(111). [74] [75] [76] [77] [55] [78] [79] [80]

In porous and functional carbons, contributions include zeolite‑templated carbons, long‑range ordered carbons from C60, graphene‑oxide aerogels with radial/centrosymmetric structures, composites with liquid gallium, and stage‑1 cationic C60‑intercalated graphene‑oxide films. [81] [82] [83] [84] [85] [86] [87]

Chemical transformations and functionalization studies covered direct electrochemical modification dependent on Cu facets, reductive functionalization and fluorination toward diamond‑like phases (made and characterized F-diamane), covalent halide reactions, graphitization and thickness control of graphene oxide under pressure or heat, and the identification of graphenol (C6OH). [88] [89] [90] [91] [92] [93]

Further advances include diamond‑like carbon nanofiber films, crystalline graphitic films with high stiffness and thermal conductivity, ultrathin‑graphite foams for phase‑change thermal storage, folding graphene films for Li‑ion batteries, carbon‑based electrical double‑layer capacitors, hybrid graphene–CNT films, studies of black phosphorus reactivity, and copper‑based MOFs. [94] [95] [96] [97] [98] [99] [100]

Conceptual and theoretical contributions included outlining objectives for carbon science and probing charge transfer in liquid gallium and diamondoids. [101] [102] [103]

In 2024, they introduced a novel method of synthetic diamond creation at 1 atmosphere of pressure in around 150 minutes without needing seeds. [104] [75]

Rod and his team continue to make contributions at the Institute for Basic Science Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials with a focus on carbon and related materials but also in some other research topics. [105]

Rod has a Hirsch factor of 167. [106] He is inventor or co-inventor on 60 issued patents. [107]

Positions

Awards and fellowships

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Ruoff, R. S.; Ruoff, A. L. (1991). "Is C60 stiffer than diamond?". Nature. 350 (6320): 663. Bibcode:1991Natur.350..663R. doi:10.1038/350663b0. S2CID   4238403.
  2. ↑ Ruoff, R. S.; Tersoff, J.; Lorents, D. C.; Subramoney, S.; Chan, B. (1993). "Radial deformation of carbon nanotubes by van der Waals forces". Nature. 364 (6437): 514–516. Bibcode:1993Natur.364..514R. doi:10.1038/364514a0. S2CID   4264362.
  3. ↑ Tersoff, J.; Ruoff, R. (1994). "Structural Properties of a Carbon-Nanotube Crystal". Physical Review Letters. 73 (5): 676–679. Bibcode:1994PhRvL..73..676T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.73.676. PMID   10057509.
  4. 1 2 Yu, M.; Dyer, M. J.; Skidmore, G. D.; Rohrs, H. W.; Lu, X.; Ausman, K. D.; Ehr, J. R. V.; Ruoff, R. S. (1999). "Three-dimensional manipulation of carbon nanotubes under a scanning electron microscope". Nanotechnology. 10 (3): 244. Bibcode:1999Nanot..10..244Y. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/10/3/304. S2CID   250789342.
  5. 1 2 Yu, M.; Lourie, O.; Dyer, M. J.; Moloni, K.; Kelly, T. F.; Ruoff, R. S. (2000). "Strength and Breaking Mechanism of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Under Tensile Load". Science. 287 (5453): 637–640. Bibcode:2000Sci...287..637Y. doi:10.1126/science.287.5453.637. PMID   10649994. S2CID   10758240.
  6. 1 2 Yu, M. F.; Files, B.; Arepalli, S.; Ruoff, R. (2000). "Tensile Loading of Ropes of Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes and their Mechanical Properties". Physical Review Letters. 84 (24): 5552–5555. Bibcode:2000PhRvL..84.5552Y. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.5552. PMID   10990992.
  7. ↑ Yu, M. F.; Kowalewski, T.; Ruoff, R. (2000). "Investigation of the Radial Deformability of Individual Carbon Nanotubes under Controlled Indentation Force". Physical Review Letters. 85 (7): 1456–9. Bibcode:2000PhRvL..85.1456Y. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.1456. PMID   10970528.
  8. ↑ Yu, M. F.; Kowalewski, T.; Ruoff, R. (2001). "Structural Analysis of Collapsed, and Twisted and Collapsed, Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes by Atomic Force Microscopy". Physical Review Letters. 86 (1): 87–90. Bibcode:2001PhRvL..86...87Y. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.87. PMID   11136100.
  9. ↑ Yu, M. F.; Dyer, M. J.; Ruoff, R. S. (2001). "Structure and mechanical flexibility of carbon nanotube ribbons: An atomic-force microscopy study". Journal of Applied Physics. 89 (8): 4554. Bibcode:2001JAP....89.4554Y. doi:10.1063/1.1356437.
  10. ↑ Xu, T. T.; Fisher, F. T.; Brinson, L. C.; Ruoff, R. S. (2003). "Bone-Shaped Nanomaterials for Nanocomposite Applications". Nano Letters. 3 (8): 1135. Bibcode:2003NanoL...3.1135X. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.659.9826 . doi:10.1021/Nl0343396.
  11. ↑ Ding, W.; Eitan, A.; Fisher, F. T.; Chen, X.; Dikin, D. A.; Andrews, R.; Brinson, L. C.; Schadler, L. S.; Ruoff, R. S. (2003). "Direct Observation of Polymer Sheathing in Carbon Nanotube−Polycarbonate Composites". Nano Letters. 3 (11): 1593. Bibcode:2003NanoL...3.1593D. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.659.9130 . doi:10.1021/Nl0345973.
  12. 1 2 3 Yu, M. F.; Yakobson, B. I.; Ruoff, R. S. (2000). "Controlled Sliding and Pullout of Nested Shells in Individual Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 104 (37): 8764. doi:10.1021/Jp002828d.
  13. ↑ Srivastava, D.; Brenner, D. W.; Schall, J. D.; Ausman, K. D.; Yu, M.; Ruoff, R. S. (1999). "Predictions of Enhanced Chemical Reactivity at Regions of Local Conformational Strain on Carbon Nanotubes: Kinky Chemistry". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 103 (21): 4330. doi:10.1021/Jp990882s.
  14. ↑ Ausman, K. D.; Rohrs, H. W.; Yu, M.; Ruoff, R. S. (1999). "Nanostressing and mechanochemistry". Nanotechnology. 10 (3): 258. Bibcode:1999Nanot..10..258A. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/10/3/306. S2CID   250903443.
  15. 1 2 3 Ruoff, R. S.; Tse, D. S.; Malhotra, R.; Lorents, D. C. (1993). "Solubility of fullerene (C60) in a variety of solvents". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 97 (13): 3379. doi:10.1021/J100115a049.
  16. 1 2 Ruoff, R. S.; Malhotra, R.; Huestis, D. L.; Tse, D. S.; Lorents, D. C. (1993). "Anomalous solubility behaviour of C60". Nature. 362 (6416): 140. Bibcode:1993Natur.362..140R. doi:10.1038/362140a0. S2CID   4240927.
  17. ↑ Korobov, M. V.; Mirakian, A. L.; Avramenko, N. V.; Valeev, E. F.; Neretin, I. S.; Slovokhotov, Y. L.; Smith, A. L.; Olofsson, G.; Ruoff, R. S. (1998). "C60·Bromobenzene Solvate: Crystallographic and Thermochemical Studies and Their Relationship to C60Solubility in Bromobenzene". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 102 (19): 3712. doi:10.1021/Jp9804401.
  18. 1 2 Ausman, K. D.; Piner, R.; Lourie, O.; Ruoff, R. S.; Korobov, M. (2000). "Organic Solvent Dispersions of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Toward Solutions of Pristine Nanotubes". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 104 (38): 8911. doi:10.1021/Jp002555m.
  19. ↑ Park, S.; An, J.; Piner, R. D.; Jung, I.; Yang, D.; Velamakanni, A.; Nguyen, S. T.; Ruoff, R. S. (2008). "Aqueous Suspension and Characterization of Chemically Modified Graphene Sheets". Chemistry of Materials. 20 (21): 6592. doi:10.1021/Cm801932u.
  20. 1 2 Park, S.; An, J.; Jung, I.; Piner, R. D.; An, S. J.; Li, X.; Velamakanni, A.; Ruoff, R. S. (2009). "Colloidal Suspensions of Highly Reduced Graphene Oxide in a Wide Variety of Organic Solvents". Nano Letters. 9 (4): 1593–7. Bibcode:2009NanoL...9.1593P. doi:10.1021/Nl803798y. PMID   19265429. S2CID   28472164.
  21. 1 2 Ruoff, R. S.; Lorents, D. C.; Chan, B.; Malhotra, R.; Subramoney, S. (1993). "Single Crystal Metals Encapsulated in Carbon Nanoparticles". Science. 259 (5093): 346–8. Bibcode:1993Sci...259..346R. doi:10.1126/science.259.5093.346. PMID   17832348. S2CID   30733131.
  22. ↑ Subramoney, S.; Ruoff, R. S.; Lorents, D. C.; Chan, B.; Malhotra, R.; Dyer, M. J.; Parvin, K. (1994). "Magnetic separation of GdC2 encapsulated in carbon nanoparticles". Carbon. 32 (3): 507. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(94)90173-2.
  23. 1 2 Lu, X.; Huang, H.; Nemchuk, N.; Ruoff, R. S. (1999). "Patterning of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite by oxygen plasma etching". Applied Physics Letters. 75 (2): 193. Bibcode:1999ApPhL..75..193L. doi:10.1063/1.124316.
  24. 1 2 Lu, X.; Yu, M.; Huang, H.; Ruoff, R. S. (1999). "Tailoring graphite with the goal of achieving single sheets". Nanotechnology. 10 (3): 269. Bibcode:1999Nanot..10..269L. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/10/3/308. S2CID   250802837.
  25. 1 2 Li, X.; Cai, W.; An, J.; Kim, S.; Nah, J.; Yang, D.; Piner, R.; Velamakanni, A.; Jung, I.; Tutuc, E.; Banerjee, S. K.; Colombo, L.; Ruoff, R. S. (2009). "Large-Area Synthesis of High-Quality and Uniform Graphene Films on Copper Foils". Science. 324 (5932): 1312–1314. arXiv: 0905.1712 . Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1312L. doi:10.1126/science.1171245. PMID   19423775. S2CID   17942323.
  26. 1 2 Cai, W.; Zhu, Y.; Li, X.; Piner, R. D.; Ruoff, R. S. (2009). "Large area few-layer graphene/graphite films as transparent thin conducting electrodes". Applied Physics Letters. 95 (12): 123115. Bibcode:2009ApPhL..95l3115C. doi:10.1063/1.3220807.
  27. 1 2 Li, X.; Zhu, Y.; Cai, W.; Borysiak, M.; Han, B.; Chen, D.; Piner, R. D.; Colombo, L.; Ruoff, R. S. (2009). "Transfer of Large-Area Graphene Films for High-Performance Transparent Conductive Electrodes". Nano Letters. 9 (12): 4359–63. Bibcode:2009NanoL...9.4359L. doi:10.1021/Nl902623y. PMID   19845330.
  28. 1 2 Li, X.; Magnuson, C. W.; Venugopal, A.; An, J.; Suk, J. W.; Han, B.; Borysiak, M.; Cai, W.; Velamakanni, A.; Zhu, Y.; Fu, L.; Vogel, E. M.; Voelkl, E.; Colombo, L.; Ruoff, R. S. (2010). "Graphene Films with Large Domain Size by a Two-Step Chemical Vapor Deposition Process". Nano Letters. 10 (11): 4328–4334. arXiv: 1010.4731 . Bibcode:2010NanoL..10.4328L. doi:10.1021/Nl101629g. PMID   20957985. S2CID   15786442.
  29. 1 2 Li, X.; Magnuson, C. W.; Venugopal, A.; Tromp, R. M.; Hannon, J. B.; Vogel, E. M.; Colombo, L.; Ruoff, R. S. (2011). "Large-Area Graphene Single Crystals Grown by Low-Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition of Methane on Copper". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 133 (9): 2816–2819. Bibcode:2011JAChS.133.2816L. doi:10.1021/Ja109793s. PMID   21309560.
  30. 1 2 Chen, S.; Cai, W.; Piner, R. D.; Suk, J. W.; Wu, Y.; Ren, Y.; Kang, J.; Ruoff, R. S. (2011). "Synthesis and Characterization of Large-Area Graphene and Graphite Films on Commercial Cu–Ni Alloy Foils". Nano Letters. 11 (9): 3519–3525. Bibcode:2011NanoL..11.3519C. doi:10.1021/Nl201699j. PMID   21793495.
  31. ↑ Wu, Y.; Chou, H.; Ji, H.; Wu, Q.; Chen, S.; Jiang, W.; Hao, Y.; Kang, J.; Ren, Y.; Piner, R. D.; Ruoff, R. S. (2012). "Growth Mechanism and Controlled Synthesis of AB-Stacked Bilayer Graphene on Cu–Ni Alloy Foils". ACS Nano. 6 (9): 7731–7738. doi:10.1021/Nn301689m. PMID   22946844.
  32. ↑ Hao, Y.; Bharathi, M. S.; Wang, L.; Liu, Y.; Chen, H.; Nie, S.; Wang, X.; Chou, H.; Tan, C.; Fallahazad, B.; Ramanarayan, H.; Magnuson, C. W.; Tutuc, E.; Yakobson, B. I.; McCarty, K. F.; Zhang, Y. -W.; Kim, P.; Hone, J.; Colombo, L.; Ruoff, R. S. (2013). "The Role of Surface Oxygen in the Growth of Large Single-Crystal Graphene on Copper". Science. 342 (6159): 720–723. Bibcode:2013Sci...342..720H. doi:10.1126/science.1243879. PMID   24158906. S2CID   17683306.
  33. ↑ Cai, W.; Piner, R. D.; Stadermann, F. J.; Park, S.; Shaibat, M. A.; Ishii, Y.; Yang, D.; Velamakanni, A.; An, S. J.; Stoller, M.; An, J.; Chen, D.; Ruoff, R. S. (2008). "Synthesis and Solid-State NMR Structural Characterization of 13C-Labeled Graphite Oxide". Science. 321 (5897): 1815–1817. Bibcode:2008Sci...321.1815C. doi:10.1126/science.1162369. PMID   18818353. S2CID   8908114.
  34. ↑ Li, X.; Cai, W.; Colombo, L.; Ruoff, R. S. (2009). "Evolution of Graphene Growth on Ni and Cu by Carbon Isotope Labeling". Nano Letters. 9 (12): 4268–4272. arXiv: 0907.1859 . Bibcode:2009NanoL...9.4268L. doi:10.1021/Nl902515k. PMID   19711970. S2CID   5056875.
  35. ↑ Casabianca, L. B.; Shaibat, M. A.; Cai, W. W.; Park, S.; Piner, R.; Ruoff, R. S.; Ishii, Y. (2010). "NMR-Based Structural Modeling of Graphite Oxide Using Multidimensional13C Solid-State NMR and ab Initio Chemical Shift Calculations". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 132 (16): 5672–5676. Bibcode:2010JAChS.132.5672C. doi:10.1021/Ja9030243. PMC   2857913 . PMID   20359218.
  36. ↑ Chen, S.; Wu, Q.; Mishra, C.; Kang, J.; Zhang, H.; Cho, K.; Cai, W.; Balandin, A. A.; Ruoff, R. S. (2012). "Thermal conductivity of isotopically modified graphene". Nature Materials. 11 (3): 203–207. arXiv: 1112.5752 . Bibcode:2012NatMa..11..203C. doi:10.1038/Nmat3207. PMID   22231598. S2CID   119228971.
  37. ↑ Stankovich, S.; Piner, R. D.; Chen, X.; Wu, N.; Nguyen, S. T.; Ruoff, R. S. (2006). "Stable aqueous dispersions of graphitic nanoplatelets via the reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide in the presence of poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)". Journal of Materials Chemistry. 16 (2): 155–158. doi:10.1039/B512799h.
  38. 1 2 Stankovich, S.; Dikin, D. A.; Dommett, G. H. B.; Kohlhaas, K. M.; Zimney, E. J.; Stach, E. A.; Piner, R. D.; Nguyen, S. T.; Ruoff, R. S. (2006). "Graphene-based composite materials". Nature. 442 (7100): 282–6. Bibcode:2006Natur.442..282S. doi:10.1038/Nature04969. PMID   16855586. S2CID   37536.
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  40. 1 2 Watcharotone, Supinda; Dikin, Dmitriy A.; Stankovich, Sasha; Piner, Richard; Jung, Inhwa; Dommett, Geoffrey H. B.; Evmenenko, Guennadi; Wu, Shang-En; Chen, Shu-Fang; Liu, Chuan-Pu; Nguyen, Sonbinh T.; Ruoff, Rodney S. (2007). "Graphene−Silica Composite Thin Films as Transparent Conductors". Nano Letters. 7 (7): 1888–1892. Bibcode:2007NanoL...7.1888W. doi:10.1021/Nl070477+. PMID   17592880.
  41. 1 2 Dikin, D. A.; Stankovich, S.; Zimney, E. J.; Piner, R. D.; Dommett, G. H. B.; Evmenenko, G.; Nguyen, S. T.; Ruoff, R. S. (2007). "Preparation and characterization of graphene oxide paper". Nature. 448 (7152): 457–460. Bibcode:2007Natur.448..457D. doi:10.1038/Nature06016. PMID   17653188. S2CID   4347694.
  42. ↑ Jung, I.; Pelton, M.; Piner, R.; Dikin, D. A.; Stankovich, S.; Watcharotone, S.; Hausner, M.; Ruoff, R. S. (2007). "Simple Approach for High-Contrast Optical Imaging and Characterization of Graphene-Based Sheets". Nano Letters. 7 (12): 3569–3575. arXiv: 0706.0029 . Bibcode:2007NanoL...7.3569J. doi:10.1021/Nl0714177. S2CID   846947.
  43. 1 2 Stoller, M. D.; Park, S.; Zhu, Y.; An, J.; Ruoff, R. S. (2008). "Graphene-Based Ultracapacitors". Nano Letters. 8 (10): 3498–502. Bibcode:2008NanoL...8.3498S. doi:10.1021/Nl802558y. PMID   18788793.
  44. 1 2 Zhu, Y.; Murali, S.; Stoller, M. D.; Ganesh, K. J.; Cai, W.; Ferreira, P. J.; Pirkle, A.; Wallace, R. M.; Cychosz, K. A.; Thommes, M.; Su, D.; Stach, E. A.; Ruoff, R. S. (2011). "Carbon-Based Supercapacitors Produced by Activation of Graphene". Science. 332 (6037): 1537–1541. Bibcode:2011Sci...332.1537Z. doi:10.1126/science.1200770. PMID   21566159. S2CID   10398110.
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  46. ↑ Ji, H.; Zhang, L.; Pettes, M. T.; Li, H.; Chen, S.; Shi, L.; Piner, R.; Ruoff, R. S. (2012). "Ultrathin Graphite Foam: A Three-Dimensional Conductive Network for Battery Electrodes". Nano Letters. 12 (5): 2446–2451. Bibcode:2012NanoL..12.2446J. doi:10.1021/Nl300528p. PMID   22524299. S2CID   22298570.
  47. ↑ Tsai, W. Y.; Lin, R.; Murali, S.; Li Zhang, L.; McDonough, J. K.; Ruoff, R. S.; Taberna, P. L.; Gogotsi, Y.; Simon, P. (2013). "Outstanding performance of activated graphene based supercapacitors in ionic liquid electrolyte from −50 to 80°C" (PDF). Nano Energy. 2 (3): 403–411. doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.11.006.
  48. ↑ Pantelic, R. S.; Suk, J. W.; Hao, Y.; Ruoff, R. S.; Stahlberg, H. (2011). "Oxidative Doping Renders Graphene Hydrophilic, Facilitating Its Use As a Support in Biological TEM". Nano Letters. 11 (10): 4319–23. Bibcode:2011NanoL..11.4319P. doi:10.1021/Nl202386p. PMID   21910506.
  49. ↑ Chen, S.; Brown, L.; Levendorf, M.; Cai, W.; Ju, S. Y.; Edgeworth, J.; Li, X.; Magnuson, C. W.; Velamakanni, A.; Piner, R. D.; Kang, J.; Park, J.; Ruoff, R. S. (2011). "Oxidation Resistance of Graphene-Coated Cu and Cu/Ni Alloy". ACS Nano. 5 (2): 1321–7. arXiv: 1011.3875 . doi:10.1021/Nn103028d. PMID   21275384. S2CID   5260622.
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