Roofer

Last updated
Roofer
Couvreurs de Brompton - panoramio (cropped).png
Roofers working on a bungalow in Brompton, Quebec
Occupation
Occupation type
 Vocational
Activity sectors
 Construction
Description
CompetenciesHeights, patience, steady hand, ability to read plans, physically strong
Education required
 Apprenticeship
Fields of
employment
Construction
Related jobs
 Carpenter, Electrician, Plumber, Welder
Roofers laying a tiled roof in Denver, Colorado Roofers in Denver Colorado.jpg
Roofers laying a tiled roof in Denver, Colorado
A German roofer installing a reed roof, wearing the traditional vest and trousers of a craftsperson Reetdach P7040055.JPG
A German roofer installing a reed roof, wearing the traditional vest and trousers of a craftsperson

A roofer, roof mechanic, or roofing contractor is a tradesperson who specializes in roof construction. Roofers replace, repair, and install the roofs of buildings, using a variety of materials, including shingles, bitumen, and metal. Roofing work includes the hoisting, storage, application, and removal of roofing materials and equipment, including related insulation, sheet metal, vapor barrier work, and green technologies rooftop jobs such as vegetative roofs, rainwater harvesting systems, and photovoltaic products, such as solar shingles and solar tiles. [1] [2]

Contents

Roofing work can be physically demanding because it may involve heavy lifting, climbing, bending, and kneeling, often in extreme weather conditions. [1] Roofers are also vulnerable to falls from heights due to working at elevated heights. Various protective measures are required in many countries. In the United States these requirement are established by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to address this concern. [3] [4] [5] Several resources from occupational health agencies are available on implementing the required and other recommended interventions. [6] [7] [8]

Global usage

According to data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), as of May 2022, there were 129,300 individuals working as roofers in the construction industry. Among that population, a majority of roofers (93%; 119,800) were contractors for Foundation, Structure, and Building Exterior projects. [9] [10] In terms of jobs outlook, it is predicted that there will only be a 2% increase in job growth from 2022 to 2032 in the United States. Approximately 12,200 openings are expected each year in this decade. Most of the new jobs are likely to be offered to replace roofers who retire or transition out of the trade. [1]

In Australia, this type of carpenter is called a roof carpenter and the term roofer refers to someone who installs the roof cladding (tiles, tin, etc.). The number of roofers in Australia was estimated to be approximately 15,000. New South Wales is the largest province with an 29% market share in the Australian Roofers industry (4,425 companies). Second is Victoria with 3,206 Roofers (21%). [11]

In the United States and Canada, they're often referred to as roofing contractors or roofing professionals. The most common roofing material in the United States is asphalt shingles. In the past, 3-tab shingles were used, but recent trends show "architectural" or "dimensional" shingles becoming very popular. [12]

Depending on the region, other commonly applied roofing materials installed by roofers include concrete tiles, clay tiles, natural or synthetic slate, single-ply (primarily EPDM rubber, PVC, or TPO), rubber shingles (made from recycled tires), glass, metal panels or shingles, wood shakes or shingles, liquid-applied, hot asphalt/rubber, foam, thatch, and solar tiles. "Living roof" systems, or rooftop landscapes, have become increasingly common in recent years in both residential and commercial applications. [13] [14]

Roles, responsibilities, and tasks

Roofers in Lichtenberg in 1984 Credit: Bernd Settnik, German Federal Archives Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1984-0803-028, Berlin, VEB Baureparaturen Lichtenberg Jugendbrigade.jpg
Roofers in Lichtenberg in 1984
Credit: Bernd Settnik, German Federal Archives

Roles and responsibilities of roofing professionals include: [1]

Beyond having common duties such as replacing, repairing, or installing roofs for buildings, roofers can also be involved in other tasks, including but is not limited to:

Hazards

Roofing is one of the most dangerous professions among construction occupations since it involves working at heights and exposes workers to dangerous weather conditions such as extreme heat. [15] In the United States as of 2017, the rate of fatalities from falls among roofers is 36 deaths per 100,000 full-time employees, ten times greater than all construction-related professions combined. [16] In the United States, the fatal injury rate in 2021 was 59.0 per 100,000 full-time roofers, compared to the national average of 3.6 per 100,000 full-time employees. [17] According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, roofing has been within the top 5 highest death rates of any profession for over 10 years in a row. [18] For Hispanic roofers, data from 2001–2008 show fatal injuries from falls account for nearly 80% of deaths in this population, the highest cause of death among Hispanics of any construction trade. [19] [20]

A major contributing factor to the high fatality rates among roofers in the United States is the nature of the craft which requires roofers to work on elevated, slanted roof surfaces. Findings from qualitative interviews with Michigan roofing contractors also found hand and finger injuries from handling heavy material and back injuries to be some of the more common task/injury combinations. [21]

Ladder falls contribute to the rates of injury and mortality. More than half a million people per year are treated for fall from ladder and over 3000 people die as a result. [22] In 2014 the estimated cost annual cost of ladder injuries, including time away from work, medical, legal, liability expenses was estimated to reach $24 billion. [22] Male, Hispanic, older, self-employed workers and those who work in smaller establishments, and work doing construction, maintenance, and repair experience higher ladder fall injury rates when compared with women and non-Hispanic whites and persons of other races/ethnicities. [23]

Ladders allow for roofers to access upper level work surfaces. For safe use, ladder must be inspected for damage by a competent person and must be used on stable and level surfaces unless they are secured to prevent displacement. [3]

Safety measures

Nearly every industrialized country has established specific safety regulations for work on the roof, ranging from the use of conventional fall protection systems including personal fall arrest systems, guardrail systems, and safety nets.

The European Agency for Safety and Health at Work describes scenarios of risk (fall prevention, falling materials, types of roofs), precautions, training needed and European legislation focused on roof work. [6] European directives set minimum standards for health and safety and are transposed into law in all Member States.

In the United States, OSHA standards require employers to have several means of fall protection available to ensure the safety of workers. In construction, this applies to workers who are exposed to falls of 6 feet or more above lower levels. [3] [24] In the United States, regulation of the roofing trade is left up to individual states. Some states leave roofing regulation up to city-level, county-level, and municipal-level jurisdictions. Unlicensed contracting of projects worth over a set threshold may result in stiff fines or even time in prison. In some states, roofers are required to meet insurance and roofing license guidelines. Roofers are also required to display their license number on their marketing material.

Canada's rules are very similar to those from the U.S., and regulatory authority depends on where the business is located and fall under the authority of their local province.

In 2009, in response to high rates of falls in constructions the Japanese Occupational Safety and Health Regulations and Guidelines amended their specific regulations. In 2013 compliance was low and the need for further research and countermeasures for preventing falls and ensuring fall protection from heights was identified. [25]

The United Kingdom has no legislation in place that requires a roofer to have a license to trade, although some do belong to recognized trade organizations. [26]

Personal fall arrest system (PFAS)

The purpose of a PFAS is to halt a fall and prevent the worker from making bodily contact with a surface below. The PFAS consists of an anchorage, connectors, body harness and may include a lanyard, deceleration device, lifeline or suitable combination of these.

Beyond these mandatory components of the PFAS, there are also specific fall distances associated with the functioning of the arrest system. Specifically, there is a total fall distance that the PFAS must allow for to assist the worker in avoiding contact with the ground or other surface below. The total fall distance consists of free fall distance, deceleration distance, D-ring shift, Back D-ring height, and Safety margin. In addition to the fall distance requirements for each component of the PFAS, the anchorage of the PFAS must also be able to support a minimum 5,000 pounds per worker. [4]

OSHA regulations have several requirements. The free fall distance, to the distance that the worker drops before the PFAS begins to work and slows the speed of the fall, must be 6 feet or less, nor contact any lower level. The deceleration, the length that the lanyard must stretch in order to arrest the fall must be no more than 3.5 feet. [4] The D-ring shift, the distance that the harness stretches and how far the D-ring itself moves when it encounters the full weight of the worker during a fall, is generally assumed to be 1 foot, depending on the equipment design and the manufacturer of the harness. For the back D-ring height, the distance between the D-ring and the sole of the worker's footwear, employers often use 5 feet as the standard height with the assumption that the worker will be 6 feet in height, but because the D-ring height variability can affect the safety of the system, the back D-ring height must be calculated based on the actual height of the worker. The safety margin, the additional distance that is needed to ensure sufficient clearance between the worker and the surface beneath the worker after a fall occurs, is generally considered to be a minimum of 2 feet. [3]

Fall restraint system

A fall restraint system is a type of fall protection system where, the goal is to stop workers from reaching the unprotected sides or edges of a working area in which a fall can subsequently occur. This system is useful where a worker may lose their footing near an unprotected edge or begin sliding. In such a case, the fall restraint system will restrain further movement of the worker toward the unprotected side or edge and prevent a serious fall. Although fall restraint systems are not explicitly defined or mentioned in OSHA's fall protection standards for construction, [24] [4] they are allowed by OSHA as specified in an OSHA letter of interpretation last updated in 2004. [27] OSHA does not have any specific requirements for fall restraint systems, but recommends that any fall restraint system be capable of withstanding 3,000 pounds or at least twice the maximum predicted force necessary to save the worker from falling to the lower surface. [3] There are no OSHA specifications on the distance from the edge the restraint system must allow for a falling worker, and although a likely very dangerous practice, the OSHA letter of interpretation states that as long as the restraint system prevents the employee from falling off an edge, the employee can be restrained to "within inches of the edge." [27]

Guardrail system

Guardrail systems serve as an alternative to PFAS and fall restraint systems by having permanent or temporary guardrails around the perimeter of the roof and any roof openings. OSHA requires the height of the top of the rail to be 39-45 inches above the working surface. Mid-rails must be installed midway between the top of the top rail and the walking/working surface when there is no parapet wall at least 21 inches high. Guardrail systems must be capable of withstanding 200-pounds of force in any outward or downward direction applied within 2 inches of the top edge of the rail. [3] [24]

Safety net system

Safety net systems use a tested safety net adjacent to and below the edge of the walking/working surface to catch a worker who may fall off the roof. Safety nets must be installed as close as practicable under the surface where the work is being performed and shall extend outward from the outermost projection of the work surface as follows: [4]

Vertical distance from working level to horizontal plane of netMinimum required horizontal distance of outer edge of net from the edge of net from the edge of the working surface
Up to 5 feet8 feet
More than 5 feet up to 10 feet10 feet
More than 10 feet13 feet

[4]

Safety nets must be drop-tested with a 400-pound bag of sand, or submit a certification record prior to its initial use. [4]

Warning line system

Warning lines systems consist of ropes, wires, or chains which are marked every 6 feet with high-visibility material, and must be supported in such a way so that it is between 34 and 39 inches above the walking/working surface. [4] Warning lines are passive systems that allow for a perimeter to be formed around the working area so that workers are aware of dangerous edges. Warning lines are only permitted on roofs with a low slope (having a slope of less than or equal to 4 inches of vertical rise for every 12 inches horizontal length (4:12)). [28] In the context of roofing fall protection, warning line systems may only be used in combination with a guardrail system, a safety net system, a personal fall arrest system, or a safety monitoring system. The warning line system must be erected around all sides of the roof work area. [4]

Safety monitoring systems

Safety monitoring systems use safety monitors to monitor the safety of other workers on the roof. Safety monitors must be competent to recognize fall hazards. The safety monitor is tasked to ensure the safety of other workers on the roof and must be able to orally warn an employee when they are in an unsafe situation. [4]

Resources

Multi-layered approaches to fall prevention and protection that use the hierarchy of controls can help to prevent fall injuries, incidents, and fatalities in the roofing industry. [7] [8] The hierarchy of controls is a way of determining which actions will best control exposures. The hierarchy of controls has five levels of actions to reduce or remove hazards – elimination, substitution, and engineering controls are among the preferred preventive actions based on general effectiveness.

Resources are available to assist with the implementation of fall safety measures in the roofing industry such as fall prevention plans, [23] [29] a ladder safety mobile application, [30] infographics and tipsheets, [31] toolbox talks, [32] videos and webinars, and safety leadership training. Many of these resources are available in Spanish and additional languages other than English. The recommended safety measures are described next.

Job outlook

In terms of job outlooks, it is predicted that there will only be an 1% increase in job growth from 2021 to 2032. The job openings (15,000) are expected to replace roofers who will retire or transition out of the trade. [9]

Solar roofs

Solar Roof installation is one of the fastest growing trends in the roofing industry due to the nature of solar roofs being environmentally friendly and a worthwhile economic investment. Specifically, solar roofs have been found to allow homeowners to potentially save 40-70% on electric bills depending on the number of tiles installed. [33] The US federal government has also begun incentivizing homeowners to install solar roofs with potential eligibility for 30% tax credit on the cost of a solar system based on federal income taxes. [34]

Metal roofs

Across 14 researched markets, roofing contracting companies have reported that they have received more frequent calls regarding potential metal roof installations. For instance, one company used to receive 5-6 calls in total regarding metal installations but recently, they have received 5-6 calls weekly for inquiries regarding metal roof installations. [35]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roof</span> Top covering of a building

A roof is the top covering of a building, including all materials and constructions necessary to support it on the walls of the building or on uprights, providing protection against rain, snow, sunlight, extremes of temperature, and wind. A roof is part of the building envelope.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Personal protective equipment</span> Equipment designed to help protect an individual from hazards

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garments or equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury or infection. The hazards addressed by protective equipment include physical, electrical, heat, chemical, biohazards, and airborne particulate matter. Protective equipment may be worn for job-related occupational safety and health purposes, as well as for sports and other recreational activities. Protective clothing is applied to traditional categories of clothing, and protective gear applies to items such as pads, guards, shields, or masks, and others. PPE suits can be similar in appearance to a cleanroom suit.

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration is a regulatory agency of the United States Department of Labor that originally had federal visitorial powers to inspect and examine workplaces. The United States Congress established the agency under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, which President Richard M. Nixon signed into law on December 29, 1970. OSHA's mission is to "assure safe and healthy working conditions for working men and women by setting and enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach, education, and assistance." The agency is also charged with enforcing a variety of whistleblower statutes and regulations. OSHA's workplace safety inspections have been shown to reduce injury rates and injury costs without adverse effects on employment, sales, credit ratings, or firm survival.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mezzanine</span> Architectural element

A mezzanine is an intermediate floor in a building which is partly open to the double-height ceilinged floor below, or which does not extend over the whole floorspace of the building, a loft with non-sloped walls. However, the term is often used loosely for the floor above the ground floor, especially where a very high-ceilinged original ground floor has been split horizontally into two floors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)</span> United States labor law

The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 is a US labor law governing the federal law of occupational health and safety in the private sector and federal government in the United States. It was enacted by Congress in 1970 and was signed by President Richard Nixon on December 29, 1970. Its main goal is to ensure that employers provide employees with an environment free from recognized hazards, such as exposure to toxic chemicals, excessive noise levels, mechanical dangers, heat or cold stress, or unsanitary conditions. The Act created the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

Construction site safety is an aspect of construction-related activities concerned with protecting construction site workers and others from death, injury, disease or other health-related risks. Construction is an often hazardous, predominantly land-based activity where site workers may be exposed to various risks, some of which remain unrecognized. Site risks can include working at height, moving machinery and materials, power tools and electrical equipment, hazardous substances, plus the effects of excessive noise, dust and vibration. The leading causes of construction site fatalities are falls, electrocutions, crush injuries, and caught-between injuries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Safety harness</span> Equipment designed to protect from falling

A safety harness is a form of protective equipment designed to safeguard the user from injury or death from falling. The core item of a fall arrest system, the harness is usually fabricated from rope, braided wire cable, or synthetic webbing. It is attached securely to a stationary object directly by a locking device or indirectly via a rope, cable, or webbing and one or more locking devices. Some safety harnesses are used in combination with a shock-absorbing lanyard, which is used to regulate deceleration and thereby prevent a serious G-force injury when the end of the rope is reached.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Safety net</span> Type of net

A safety net is a net to protect people from injury after falling from heights by limiting the distance they fall, and deflecting to dissipate the impact energy. The term also refers to devices for arresting falling or flying objects for the safety of people beyond or below the net. Safety nets are used in construction, building maintenance, entertainment, or other industries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fall arrest</span> Equipment which safely stops a person already falling

Fall arrest is the form of fall protection which involves the safe stopping of a person already falling. It is one of several forms of fall protection, forms which also include fall guarding and fall restraint.

The American Society of Safety Professionals (ASSP), formerly known as American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE), is a global organization of occupational safety and health (OSH) professional members who manage, supervise, research and consult on work-related OSH concerns across all industries. Society members use risk-based approaches to prevent workplace fatalities, injuries and illnesses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roof edge protection</span> Rails installed on roofs to protect construction and roofing workers

Roof edge protection is fall protection equipment most commonly used during the construction of commercial buildings or residential housing. They can be used along with timber, steel, or concrete structures. It often consists of a toe board, a main guard rail and an intermediate rail.". Roof edge protection can take the form of personal fall arrest systems (PFAS), fall restraint systems, guardrail systems, warning line systems, safety monitors, or ladders. Since construction is one of the most dangerous professions in the world, roof edge protection offers much-needed protection against falls from heights which is one of the primary causes of fatalities for workers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fixed ladder</span>

A fixed ladder is a vertical ladder mounted permanently to a structure. These ladders are primarily used to access roofs or other structures for industrial purposes. In the United States, these ladders are covered by OSHA and ANSI standards.

Workplace health surveillance or occupational health surveillance (U.S.) is the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and dissemination of exposure and health data on groups of workers. The Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health at its 12th Session in 1995 defined an occupational health surveillance system as "a system which includes a functional capacity for data collection, analysis and dissemination linked to occupational health programmes".

An occupational fatality is a death that occurs while a person is at work or performing work related tasks. Occupational fatalities are also commonly called "occupational deaths" or "work-related deaths/fatalities" and can occur in any industry or occupation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Physical hazard</span> Hazard due to a physical agent

A physical hazard is an agent, factor or circumstance that can cause harm with contact. They can be classified as type of occupational hazard or environmental hazard. Physical hazards include ergonomic hazards, radiation, heat and cold stress, vibration hazards, and noise hazards. Engineering controls are often used to mitigate physical hazards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fall protection</span> Controls for workplace fall hazards

Fall protection is the use of controls designed to protect personnel from falling or in the event they do fall, to stop them without causing severe injury. Typically, fall protection is implemented when working at height, but may be relevant when working near any edge, such as near a pit or hole, or performing work on a steep surface. Many of these incidents are preventable when proper precautions are taken, making fall protection training not only critical, but also required for all construction workers. Fall Protection for Construction identifies common hazards and explains important safety practices to help ensure every team member is prepared to recognize fall hazards on the job and understand how to keep themselves and others safe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Occupational safety and health</span> Field concerned with the safety, health and welfare of people at work

Occupational safety and health (OSH) or occupational health and safety (OHS), also known simply as occupational health or occupational safety, is a multidisciplinary field concerned with the safety, health, and welfare of people at work. These terms also refer to the goals of this field, so their use in the sense of this article was originally an abbreviation of occupational safety and health program/department etc. OSH is related to the fields of occupational medicine and occupational hygiene.

There are a number of occupational hazards of grain facilities. These hazards can be mitigated through diligence and following proper safety procedures. Grain Facility Occupation Exposure is the quantifiable expression of workplace health and safety hazards a grain-handling facility employee is vulnerable to in performing their assigned duties. Exposure represents the probability that a given hazard will have some level of effect of a receptor of interest. This page utilizes data and information regarding grain facility occupational exposure in the United States.

Engineering controls are strategies designed to protect workers from hazardous conditions by placing a barrier between the worker and the hazard or by removing a hazardous substance through air ventilation. Engineering controls involve a physical change to the workplace itself, rather than relying on workers' behavior or requiring workers to wear protective clothing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Occupational hazards of solar panel installation</span>

The introduction and rapid expansion of solar technology has brought with it a number of occupational hazards for workers responsible for panel installation. Guidelines for safe solar panel installation exist, however the injuries related to panel installation are poorly quantified.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Roofers : Occupational Outlook Handbook: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics". www.bls.gov. Retrieved 2023-11-01.
  2. ↑ OSHA Reg Source: OSHA [2014]. Safety and Health Regulations for Construction 1926 subpart M, fall protection, OSHA Standard 1926.500 - Scope, application, and definitions applicable to this subpart. | Occupational Safety and Health Administration (osha.gov) Federal Register 79 FR 20696, July 10, 2014 1926.500(b) Definitions. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1926/1926.500
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Occupational Safety and Health Administration. "Protecting Roofing Workers" (PDF). Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "1926.502 - Fall protection systems criteria and practices. | Occupational Safety and Health Administration". www.osha.gov. Retrieved 2023-07-06.
  5. ↑ "About the Stand-Down | Stop Construction Falls". stopconstructionfalls.com. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
  6. 1 2 "Safe roofwork" (PDF). European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. Retrieved 2023-11-01.
  7. 1 2 "Planning a Multi-Layered Approach to Fall Prevention and Protection" (PDF). Center for Construction Research and Training. 2023. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
  8. 1 2 Prevent construction falls from roofs, ladders, and scaffolds (Report). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2019-11-01. doi: 10.26616/nioshpub2019128revised112019 .
  9. 1 2 "Employment by industry, occupation, and percent distribution, 2022 and projected 2032". U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
  10. ↑ "Occupational Employment and Wages: Roofers". U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. May 2022. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
  11. ↑ "Roofing Services in Australia - Market Size, Industry Analysis, Trends and Forecasts (2023-2028)| IBISWorld". www.ibisworld.com. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
  12. ↑ "Architectural Shingles vs 3 tab Shingles". roofpedia.com. Retrieved 2018-08-14.
  13. ↑ See List of commercially available roofing material
  14. ↑ "How Roofing Materials Work". HowStuffWorks. 2009-01-09. Retrieved 2018-08-14.
  15. ↑ Christie, Les (September 11, 2014). "America's most dangerous jobs". CNN Business. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
  16. ↑ Dong, Xiuwen Sue; Jackson, Rebecca; Varda, Danielle; Betit, Eileen; Bunting, Jessica (2019). "Trends of Fall Injuries and Prevention in the Construction Industry" (PDF). The Center for Construction Research and Training. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  17. ↑ "Fatal occupational injuries, total hours worked, and rates1 of fatal occupational injuries by selected worker characteristics, occupations, and industries, civilian workers, 2021". U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
  18. ↑ "2011-2021 Archived Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries News Releases". U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
  19. ↑ Dong, Xiuwen Sue; Wang, Xuanwen; Daw, Christina (December 2010). "Fatal and Nonfatal Injuries among Hispanic Construction Workers, 1992-2008" (PDF). The Center for Construction Research and Training. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
  20. ↑ "Archived news releases : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics". www.bls.gov. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
  21. ↑ Fredericks, Tycho K.; Abudayyeh, Osama; Choi, Sang D.; Wiersma, Mike; Charles, Marcia (November 2005). "Occupational Injuries and Fatalities in the Roofing Contracting Industry". Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 131 (11): 1233–1240. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2005)131:11(1233). ISSN   0733-9364.
  22. 1 2 CPSC, Consumer Product Safety Commission (2014-10-19). "Estimates from the CPSC injury cost model". National Injury Information Clearinghouse. Retrieved 2023-07-07.
  23. 1 2 Socias, Christina M.; Chaumont Menéndez, Cammie K.; Collins, James W.; Simeonov, Peter; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2014-04-25). "Occupational ladder fall injuries - United States, 2011". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 63 (16): 341–346. ISSN   1545-861X. PMC   4584774 . PMID   24759655.
  24. 1 2 3 "1926.501 - Duty to have fall protection". www.osha.gov. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Retrieved 2023-07-06.
  25. ↑ OHDO, Katsutoshi; HINO, Yasumichi; TAKAHASHI, Hiroki (2014). "Research on Fall Prevention and Protection from Heights in Japan". Industrial Health . 52 (5): 399–406. doi:10.2486/indhealth.2014-0137. ISSN   0019-8366. PMC   4246528 . PMID   25098387.
  26. ↑ "7.2.18 Roof coverings". NHBC Standards 2023. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
  27. 1 2 "If a fall restraint system could be considered a form of fall protection to be used instead of guardrails, safety lines, or fall arrest systems. | Occupational Safety and Health Administration". www.osha.gov. Retrieved 2023-07-06.
  28. ↑ "1926.500 - Scope, application, and definitions applicable to this subpart. | Occupational Safety and Health Administration". www.osha.gov. Retrieved 2023-07-06.
  29. ↑ Prevent construction falls from roofs, ladders, and scaffolds (Report). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2019-11-01. doi: 10.26616/nioshpub2019128revised112019 .
  30. ↑ "Falls in the Workplace: Ladder Safety Mobile App | NIOSH | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2023-06-05. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
  31. ↑ "Infographics & Tip Sheets | Stop Construction Falls". stopconstructionfalls.com. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
  32. ↑ "CPWR Toolbox Talks". CPWR. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
  33. ↑ Zito, Barbara (2023-05-15). "The Only Solar Shingles Buying Guide You Need". Forbes Home. Retrieved 2023-06-26.
  34. ↑ "Homeowner's Guide to the Federal Tax Credit for Solar Photovoltaics". Energy.gov. Retrieved 2023-06-26.
  35. ↑ "New Trends in Roofing for 2023 | Roofing Contractor". www.roofingcontractor.com. Retrieved 2023-06-26.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.