Rosa rugosa

Last updated

Rosa rugosa
Rosa rugosa Tokyo.JPG
Rosa rugosa flower
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Rosa
Species:
R. rugosa
Binomial name
Rosa rugosa

Rosa rugosa (rugosa rose, beach rose, Japanese rose, Ramanas rose, or letchberry) is a species of rose native to eastern Asia, in northeastern China, Japan, Korea and southeastern Siberia, where it grows on beach coasts, often on sand dunes. [1] It should not be confused with Rosa multiflora , which is also known as "Japanese rose". The Latin word "rugosa" means "wrinkled", referring to the wrinkled leaves. [2] [3] Often used as an ornamental plant, it has become invasive in parts of Europe, North America and South America. [4] [5]

Contents

Description

Rosa rugosa is a suckering shrub which develops new plants from the roots and forms dense thickets 1–1.50 m tall with stems densely covered in numerous short, straight prickles 3–10 mm long. The leaves are 8–15 cm long, pinnate with 5–9 leaflets, most often 7, each leaflet 3–4 cm long, with a distinctly corrugated (rugose, hence the species' name) surface. The leaf is elliptical in shape with a rounded base or broadly cuneate with a leather feel, dark green top. The back of the leaf is composed of a green-grey colour with hair along the veins. The leaf margin is composed of teeth along the edges and is crenate-serrate. The flower has five petals that are usually 6–9 cm in width. The flower is composed of 200–250 stamens per flow and vary in style. [6] The flowers are pleasantly scented; range in color from dark pink to white (on R. rugosa f. alba(Ware) Rehder), 6–9 cm across, with somewhat wrinkled petals; flowering occurs in spring. [1]

The edible hips, which resemble cherry tomatoes, are large, 2–3 cm diameter, and often shorter than their diameter, not elongated. In late summer and early autumn, the plants often bear fruit and flowers at the same time. The leaves typically turn bright yellow before falling in autumn.[ citation needed ]

History

This rose species was introduced to America from Japan in the mid-19th century; it was valued because it can tolerate salt water spray. [2]

Cultivation and uses

Rosa rugosa is widely used as an ornamental plant. It has been introduced to numerous areas of Europe and North America. It has many common names, several of which refer to the fruit's resemblance to a tomato, including beach tomato or sea tomato; others include saltspray rose, beach rose, potato rose and Turkestan rose. [4] In parts of the US the fruits are also occasionally called beach plums, causing confusion with the plant properly bearing that name, Prunus maritima . [7]

The sweetly scented flowers are traditionally used to make flower jam and dessert in China. [8] They are also used to make pot-pourri in Japan and China. It is used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat irregular menstruation and gastritis. [9] Beach rose hips, like those of other rose species, are edible and can be used to make jams, syrups, tea, or eaten raw. [10]

This species hybridises readily with many other roses, [4] and is valued by rose breeders for its considerable resistance to the diseases rose rust and rose black spot. It is also extremely tolerant of seaside salt spray and storms, commonly being the first shrub in from the coast. It is widely used in landscaping, being relatively tough and trouble-free. Needing little maintenance due to its being very disease resistant, it is suitable for planting in large numbers; its salt-tolerance makes it useful for planting beside roads which need deicing with salt regularly. [11] It can control erosion. [12]

Numerous cultivars have been selected for garden use, with flower colour varying from white to dark red-purple, and with semi-double to double flowers where some or all of the stamens are replaced by extra petals. Popular examples include 'Rubra Plena' (semi-double variant, with strong clove scented dark pink petals and dark green wrinkled leaves and large round orange-red hips), [2] 'Hansa' (very fragrant, red-purple double), [3] 'Fru Dagmar Hastrup' (pink, single), 'Pink Grootendorst' (pink, semi-double), 'Blanc Double de Coubert' (white, double) and the more common 'Roseraie de L'Haÿ' (pink, double), [13] which is often used for its very successful rootstock and its ornamental rose hips. [14]

Invasive species

Dense thicket of R. rugosa in coastal New England, United States Rosa rugosa plant (08).jpg
Dense thicket of R. rugosa in coastal New England, United States

In its native China, Rosa rugosa has been labeled as an endangered species due to a noticeable high decline in population rates of the flower, but in other continents where introduced it has become naturalized and is considered invasive. [5] It can outcompete native flora and form dense thickets that completely cover large areas, thereby threatening biological diversity. [11] Because of its robustness, sprouting ability, and seeds that are easily spread and may survive for years, eradication is very difficult and in countries where well-established, full eradication is considered unlikely. [15] The species can also be spread by birds and mammals that eat the berries. [16]

It is naturalized in many parts of Europe, particularly in coastal areas of northern Europe. It was first introduced into England from Japan in 1796, and then in Germany in 1845. This was the first presence of the flower within the European continent. In 1875, Rosa rugosa was found in Denmark and then in Sweden in 1918. By 2001, the flower species had become well established within 16 European countries. [5] Because of its invasiveness, it is illegal to sell the plant in some countries, including Denmark and Finland. [17] [18] On Sylt, an island in the north of Germany, it is sufficiently abundant to have become known as the "Sylt rose". [4]

It is considered noxious in some states of the US. [19] R. rugosa was first introduced into North America in 1845. The first report of it being naturalized far from the location in which it was planted occurred on Nantucket in 1899 and was spreading rapidly by 1911. By 1920, the rose had been well established in Nantucket and in Connecticut. [16] Ten years later it was said to be "straying rapidly" and today it is naturalized on the entire coast of New England and in scattered locations around the Northeast and Pacific Northwest. [20] R. rugosa has also become naturalized in Argentina, Australia and New Zealand. [4] [5]

Potential allergen

Pollen or fragrance of rose may cause an allergic reaction. [12]

Vernacular names

In Japanese, it is called hamanasu (浜茄子) "beach aubergine", hamanashi (浜梨) "beach pear", or simply "bara" (玫瑰) "rose". [21] In Mandarin Chinese, it is called méiguì huā (玫瑰花) "rose" or cì méiguì (刺玫瑰) "thorned rose". In Korean, the species is called haedanghwa (Korean : 해당화, 海棠 花), literally "flowers near the seashore". [22] [ citation needed ]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rose</span> Genus of plants

A rose is either a woody perennial flowering plant of the genus Rosa, in the family Rosaceae, or the flower it bears. There are over three hundred species and tens of thousands of cultivars.They form a group of plants that can be erect shrubs, climbing, or trailing, with stems that are often armed with sharp prickles. Their flowers vary in size and shape and are usually large and showy, in colours ranging from white through yellows and reds. Most species are native to Asia, with smaller numbers native to Europe, North America, and northwestern Africa. Species, cultivars and hybrids are all widely grown for their beauty and often are fragrant. Roses have acquired cultural significance in many societies. Rose plants range in size from compact, miniature roses, to climbers that can reach seven meters in height. Different species hybridize easily, and this has been used in the development of the wide range of garden roses.

<i>Rosa laevigata</i> Species of vine

Rosa laevigata, the Cherokee rose, is a white, fragrant rose native to southern China and Taiwan south to Laos and Vietnam, and invasive in the United States.

<i>Rosa multiflora</i> Species of flowering plant in the rose family Rosaceae

Rosa multiflora is a species of rose known commonly as multiflora rose, baby rose, Japanese rose, many-flowered rose, seven-sisters rose, Eijitsu rose and rambler rose. It is native to eastern Asia, in China, Japan, and Korea. It should not be confused with Rosa rugosa, which is also known as "Japanese rose", or with polyantha roses which are garden cultivars derived from hybrids of R. multiflora. It was introduced to North America, where it is regarded as an invasive species.

<i>Hibiscus rosa-sinensis</i> Species of flowering plant in the mallow family Malvaceae

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, known colloquially as Chinese hibiscus, China rose, Hawaiian hibiscus, rose mallow and shoeblack plant, is a species of tropical hibiscus, a flowering plant in the Hibisceae tribe of the family Malvaceae. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in the tropics and subtropics.

<i>Rosa glauca</i> Species of plant

Rosa glauca, the red-leaved rose or redleaf rose, is a species of rose native to the mountains of central and southern Europe, from the Spanish Pyrenees east to Bulgaria, and north to Germany and Poland. It is also found as an introduced species as far north as Scandinavia and Finland.

<i>Rosa rubiginosa</i> Species of plant in the family Rosaceae

Rosa rubiginosa is a species of rose native to Europe and western Asia.

<i>Rosa gallica</i> Species of plant

Rosa gallica, the Gallic rose, French rose, or rose of Provins, is a species of flowering plant in the rose family, native to southern and central Europe eastwards to Turkey and the Caucasus. Rosa gallica was one of the first species of rose to be cultivated in central Europe. It is a parent of several important cultivars.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jules Gravereaux</span> French rosarian (1844–1916)

Jules Léopold Gravereaux was a French rosarian. He was a top executive at the department store Le Bon Marché and in 1892 purchased land at the village of L'Haÿ about 8 km south of Paris. There, he built the first ever complete garden devoted exclusively to roses, the Roseraie de L'Haÿ. It became so popular that a few years later the village changed its name to L'Haÿ-les-Roses.

<i>Rosa chinensis</i> Species of flowering plant

Rosa chinensis, known commonly as the China rose, Chinese rose, or Bengal rose, is a member of the genus Rosa native to Southwest China in Guizhou, Hubei, and Sichuan Provinces. The first publication of Rosa chinensis was in 1768 by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin in Observationum Botanicarum, 3, p. 7 & plate 55.

<i>Rosa gymnocarpa</i> Species of flowering plant

Rosa gymnocarpa is a species of rose native to western North America. It is known by the common names dwarf rose, baldhip rose, and wood rose. It grows in shady, damp, and rich forests.

<i>Rosa</i> Mrs Fred Danks Rose cultivar

Rosa 'Mrs Fred Danks' is a hybrid tea rose cultivar which was bred by Alister Clark (1864–1949), and introduced after his death in Australia in 1952. The plant was named after a friend of Clark's.

<i>Rosa woodsii</i> Species of flowering plant

Rosa woodsii is a species of wild rose known by the common names Woods' rose, interior rose, common wild rose, mountain rose, pear-hip rose, and prairie rose.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Garden roses</span> Ornamental roses

Garden roses are predominantly hybrid roses that are grown as ornamental plants in private or public gardens. They are one of the most popular and widely cultivated groups of flowering plants, especially in temperate climates. An enormous number of garden cultivars have been produced, especially over the last two centuries, though roses have been known in the garden for millennia beforehand. While most garden roses are grown for their flowers, often in dedicated rose gardens, some are also valued for other reasons, such as having ornamental fruit, providing ground cover, or for hedging.

<i>Rosa blanda</i> Species of flowering plant

Rosa blanda, commonly known as the smooth rose, meadow/wild rose, or prairie rose, is a species of rose native to North America. Among roses, it is closest to come to a "thornless" rose, with just a few thorns at the base. The meadow rose occurs as a colony-forming shrub growing to 1 m (3.3 ft) high, naturally in prairies and meadows. The roses are quite variable, the characteristics such as leaf tip number of prickles and glandular hairs usually do not always remain constant, thus it is often confused with Rosa arkansana or Rosa carolina, the two other prairie rose species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stevenston Beach</span>

Stevenston Beach is a Local Nature Reserve (LNR), located between Stevenston and Saltcoats in Scotland. It is situated on the coast, west of the Stevenston Burn. The park covers an area of 12 ha, and consists mostly of sand dunes, with an area of coal mining spoil derived from Auchenharvie Colliery No. 5 pit which produced Ladyha' coal. It is ranked as the fifth most important sand dune system in Ayrshire. The dunes are also designated as a wildlife site by the Scottish Wildlife Trust.

<i>Rosa</i> Line Renaud Hybrid tea rose cultivar

Rosa 'Line Renaud', rose code name MEIclusif, is a hybrid tea rose cultivar bred in France by Meilland International SA and introduced in 2006. It was named for French actress Line Renaud.

<i>Rosa</i> Bonica 82 Pink shrub rose cultivar

Rosa 'Bonica 82',, is a shrub rose cultivar, bred by Marie-Louise Meilland in France in 1982. The cultivar was named an All-America Rose Selections winner in 1987.

<i>Rosa</i> Albertine Rose cultivar

Rosa 'Albertine' is a salmon-pink hybrid wichurana, a large-flowered rambling rose that blooms in clusters once a year. The cultivar was bred by René Barbier before 1921 and introduced into Australia by Hazlewood Bros. Pty. Ltd. in 1923 as "Albertine". It has been awarded the Award of Garden Merit (AGM) by the Royal National Rose Society (RNRS) in 1993.

<i>Rosa</i> Alexandre Girault Rose cultivar

Rosa 'Alexandre Girault' is a deep cherry pink hybrid wichurana, a large-flowered climbing rose. The cultivar was bred by René Barbier in 1907. The rose was awarded the Award of Garden Merit (AGM) by the Royal National Rose Society (RNRS) in 2012.

<i>Rosa</i> Paul Transon Rose cultivar

Rosa 'Paul Transon' is a salmon-pink hybrid wichurana. The cultivar was bred by French rose hybridizer, René Barbier in 1900. The rose was awarded the Award of Garden Merit (AGM) by the Royal National Rose Society (RNRS) in 1993.

References

  1. 1 2 "Flora of China". eFlora. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
  2. 1 2 3 Jo Ann Gardner Living with Herbs: A Treasury of Useful Plants for the Home and Garden ... , p. 220, at Google Books
  3. 1 2 Sara Williams Creating the Prairie Xeriscape , p. 156, at Google Books
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "Rosa rugosa". Invasive Species Compendium. CAB International . Retrieved 17 September 2014.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Breed, Martin; Wenhao Gan; Isermann, Maike; Zhang, Shuping (2018-04-10). "Invasive Rosa rugosa populations outperform native populations, but some populations have greater invasive potential than others". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 5735. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.5735Z. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-23974-3. ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   5893583 . PMID   29636551.
  6. ↑ "Rosa rugosa (Rugosa Rose)". Gardenia.net. Retrieved 2019-04-06.
  7. ↑ "Beach rose hips are NOT beach plums and other things | Mary Richmond's Cape Cod Art and Nature". www.capecodartandnature.com. Retrieved 2017-12-25.
  8. ↑ "【餐桌物种日历】玫瑰". 果壳网. 物种日历. August 5, 2016. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
  9. ↑ "Mei gui hua". TCM Wiki . Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  10. ↑ "Beach rose (Rosa rugosa)". www.edc.uri.edu. Retrieved 2021-07-23.
  11. 1 2 Weidema, I. (2006). "NOBANIS — Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet — Rosa rugosa" (PDF). Online Database of the European Network on Invasive Alien Species — NOBANIS. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
  12. 1 2 Weidema, I (2006). "Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet –Rosa rugosa" (PDF). Agency for Spatial and Environmental Planning, Ministry of the Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.
  13. ↑ "ROSE, ROSERAIE DE L'HAY (Rosa rugosa Roseraie de L'Hay). Hedging Plants, Trees, Shrubs and Conifers". www.hedging.co.uk. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  14. ↑ "Rugosa Roses - Shrub Roses - Type". www.davidaustinroses.co.uk. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  15. ↑ "Rynket rose". Danish Ministry of Environment . Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  16. 1 2 "Rosa rugosa". EDDMapS.org. Retrieved 2019-04-06.
  17. ↑ "Rynket rose - hyben". Danish Ministry of Environment . Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  18. ↑ "Finland bans imports, sales of invasive rose species". Yle. 1 July 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  19. ↑ USDA, NRCS. National Plant Data Team (13 May 2002). "Rugosa Rose" (PDF). The Plants Database. Greensboro, NC: USDA, NRCS.
  20. ↑ "Rosa rugosa". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  21. ↑ "Flower Calendar". Imperial Household Agency . Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  22. ↑ "Haedanghwa (해당화)" (in Korean). Korea National Arboretum. Retrieved 2008-08-06.[ dead link ]
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.