Royaner

Male leaders of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy at the Grand River in Ontario in 1871, including hereditary royaner and non-hereditary leaders.

The Royaner are the hereditary male clan leaders within the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. They are chosen by their respective Yakoyaner to represent their clan at the confederacy level. ^{[1] [2]} The specific name-titles held by the royaner belong to the matrilineal lineages headed by the clan mothers. These male leaders are expected to serve their community for life, although there are ways of removing a royaner if he does not live up to his lineage's expectations. ^[1] With the clan mothers, the royaner form the hereditary leadership that distinguishes itself from the elected Band Council imposed by the Canadian state. ^[2]

Etymology

The term royaner (plural form: rotiyaneson; ^[3] meaning: "caretakers of peace" ^[1] ), comes from the root word ioánere (meaning nice or good) in the Mohawk Language. ^[3] The term royaner has a variety of different spellings, including (but not limited to): hoyaneh, ^[1] royaa'nehr, ^[4] hoyaa'neh, ^[4] yaa'nehr, ^[4] royanni ^[5]

In published historical accounts, the title of royaner has often been translated into English as chief, lord or sachem. However, many Haudenosaunee have expressed that those terms are not appropriate as they relay the wrong spirit of the role. ^[3] Indeed, royaner is meant to designate a humble leader who is generous materially, psychologically, spiritually and politically, ^[3] which the English terms are not able to convey.

Elements of the role

Tadodaho (shown entangled in snakes) became the first Royaner and keeper of the Council Fire after being freed from his bad mind and accepting the Peacekeeper's message.

Origins

The origins of the royaner role are rooted in the Great Law of Peace (Kainere'ko:wa), which is the political constitution of the Haudenosaunee confederacy. ^[6] This political tradition was rooted in a deep desire and need for peace after the Time of the Troubled Nations, ^[7] which was a time of great violence and war-making among Iroquois nations. The fifty men that accepted the Peacemaker's teachings and formed the original Five Nation Confederacy became the leaders that were entrusted with the confederacy's political and social well-being. ^[8] Later, in 1722, the Tuscarora people also joined the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, which became known as the Six Nation Confederacy. The Tuscarora do have hereditary leaders in the Confederacy, but they are not included in the original 50 rotiyaneson. ^[8]

Requickening

The 50 rotiyaneson that exist today are the same, in name and in spirit, than the 50 first leaders that were entrusted with the vital responsibility of peacekeeping. The idea is that the 50 people who created the confederacy are consistently requickened, as to never die and symbolically upkeep the Great Law of Peace forever. After the death of a Royaner, the son chosen by a Yakoyaner who holds a Royaner title goes through a condolence ceremony, and takes the role of the deceased, as well as their name and title. ^[9] The cycle continues as to make sure that someone will always fill the role of a Royaner. Requickening, in its simplest expression, is the action of overcoming death through the condolence ceremony prescribed by the peacemaker, in which the name and the spirit of the dead will be given to someone else, for the void left by the deceased to be filled. This form of grieving and mourning is engraved in the identity of the Haudenosaunee and is therefore also represented at the leadership level of the Confederacy. ^[4]

Relationship to Clan Mothers

Politically, the rotiyaneson effectively work as the federal level of government for the Haudenosaunee confederacy (as they represent nations) while Clan Mothers work at a local level of government, and they represent clans. ^[2] It is important to note that the rotiyaneson are in no way hierarchically superior to the Clan Mothers because they lead on a larger scale. Indeed, the Haudenosaunee confederacy is known for its horizontal structures of government that prone a balance of gender roles, where no top-down or vertical structures are present and consensus is prioritized over coercion, effectively being the opposite of Western habits of governance. ^[2] The Clan Mothers and the rotiyaneson are known for their circular and reciprocal form of governance, where most topics will be discussed between both forms of hereditary leadership as both point of views hold the same value. ^[2] Some even argue that since Clan mothers have the power to dismiss - symbolically remove the antlers, after three strikes - a Royaner who is not honouring his role, they effectively have more power than the rotiyaneson do. ^{[4] [9]}

Interaction with Colonial Powers

Clan Mother Elizabeth Brant

The case of the Brant family

Joseph Brant was a Mohawk man who was recognised as a military and political leader by the British Empire. However, he was not a Royaner and therefore was not recognised within Haudenosaunee nation as a rightful and legitimate leader. ^[10] Nevertheless, when the Mohawk valley was forfeited by the British to the Americans in the Treaty of Paris, and the nation had to relocate, the British approached Joseph Brant to help in finding a suitable new homeland that would replace the lands lost in the war. ^[10] The Confederacy hereditary leadership (the clan mothers and rotiyaneson), knowing that Brant was recognized by the Crown as one of their leaders and had standing in the British military, good English language skills and personal connections to the British leadership, allowed him to represent the nation in the negotiations as they felt that he had the most advantageous position to secure a more just compensation. ^[10] It is important to note that, contrary to many historical representations of Joseph Brant as a "Mohawk tribal chief", he was never given authority to act on behalf of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. ^[10] Instead, he simply served as a spokesman for the Confederacy council in the selection of the new Haudenosaunee homeland at the Grand River tract. ^[10]

Elizabeth Brant was Joseph Brant's daughter, but was also, more importantly, the daughter of Catharine Brant, the Clan Mother responsible for nominating the leading Royaner of the Mohawk (Tehkarihoken). As such, when her mother passed away in 1837, she inherited the leadership role of Clan Mother and became responsible for nominating the new Tehkarihoken. However, as the British became more and more disinterested in traditional leadership structures and instead turned to patriarchal structures of power, the role of clan mothers was becoming less and less recognized. This growing disregard for the matrilineal hereditary line of leadership pushed Elizabeth Brant to petition the British court in 1844 to have her rights as a clan mother and the rights of her sons as potential future rotiyaneson recognized. This petition was successful and solidified the Royaner system of governance as a legitimate self-governing body of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy until 1924. This case helps us understand how the legitimacy Elizabeth had in her family as a clan mother and in the eyes of the British Empire as the daughter of Joseph Brant helped her to secure the protection of the Clan Mother and Royaner system of self-governance for the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. ^[11]

Coup of 1924

In 1924, the government of Canada enacted an amendment to the Indian Act, which imposed an elected council structure as the only recognized form of Indigenous leadership among First Nations. ^[12] Like many previous provisions of the act, this had the purpose of delegitimizing traditional Haudenosaunee leadership. However, this did not stop hereditary leaders from pushing back against the imposition of elected non-legitimate leadership through the preservation of the traditional system of leadership. While the patriarchal structures of power may have disproportionately advantaged male leaders, the rotiyaneson were the first to push back against the patriarchy to have their clan mothers recognized as legitimate leaders. ^[13] This continued resistance demonstrates the enduring importance of horizontal leadership structures in the Haudenosaunee Confederacy that are founded on circular and reciprocal forms of governance that help to maintain a balance between genders. ^[2]

Contemporary context

This system has persevered through time and still exists today. Hereditary forms of leadership still have authority within the Six Nations of the Confederacy to serve in their traditional role of peacekeeping. ^[14] A notable example of this leadership system in action was the attempt by Cayuga Royaner Deskaheh to demand recognition of full independence for the Haudenosaunee confederacy in front of the League of Nations in Geneva in 1923. Royaner Deskaheh travelled with a Haudenosaunee passport, claiming that his Confederacy is the oldest of its kind, and deserves the same recognition as other nations. This practice of pursuing the recognition of Indigenous People's rights on an international level has persisted and is still advocated by hereditary forms of leadership. ^[15]

The system of the royaner is still followed on the Grand River in Ontario today. ^[16]

List of the 50 rotiyanehson

50 Rotinyanehson
Roll call number [17]	Roster number [17]	Title [12]	Gloss [17]	Clan [12]
Mohawk
1	M-1	Tehkarihoken	Of two opinions	Turtle
2	M-2	Ayonwatha	Early riser	Turtle
3	M-3	Sadekariwadeh	Equal words	Turtle
4	M-4	Sahrehowaneh	Long branches	Wolf
5	M-5	Deyonhehgiveh	Double life	Wolf
6	M-6	Orenrehgowah	Big floating flower	Wolf
7	M-7	Dehharagereneh	Dragging antlers	Bear
8	M-8	Rastawehserondah	Enters with rattle	Bear
9	M-9	Sosskoharowaneh	Great branch	Bear
Oneida
10	Oe-1	Hodatsehdeh	Carries quiver	Wolf
11	Oe-2	Ganohgwe’yo:doh	Erect corn cobs	Wolf
12	Oe-3	Deyoha’gwe:de	Through the clearing	Wolf
13	Oe-4	Sonohse:s	His house is long	Turtle
14	Oe-5	Thanahak tha	Two voices merged	Turtle
15	Oe-6	Atya’tantha	His body topples	Turtle
16	Oe-7	Dehadahohde:yo	Droopy ears	Bear
17	Oe-8	Hanya’dasa:ye	Swallows slowly	Bear
18	Oe-9	Howatsadehoh	Covered	Bear
Onondaga
19	Oa-1	Tadodahoh	Entangled	Eel
20	Oa-2	Gane’se:he:	Ties up something	Wolf
21	Oa-3	Dehatgahdos	Looking about	Beaver
22	Oa-4	Honya’daji:wak	His dark throat	Wolf
23	Oa-5	Awe’ge,hyat	On the surface	Wolf
24	Oa-6	Dehayatgwae	Half his body	Turtle
25	Oa-7	Honowiyehdi	He conceals something	Wolf
26	Oa-8	Gawe,ne,se,:doh	Hanging object	Deer
27	Oa-9	Hahi:hoh	Spills it	Deer
28	Oa-10	Hoyo:ny,nih:	He made it for him	Eel
29	Oa-11	Sodegwa:se,:	Bruiser	Eel
30	Oa-12	Sagoge,he:	He saw the people	Eel
31	Oa-13	Se,:ha:wi:	Carries an ax	Deer
32	Oa-14	Sganawadih	Over the swamp	Turtle
Cayuga
33	C-1	Haga’e,yok	Wonders	Bear
34	C-2	Gaji’nodawehe		Deer
35	C-3	Gada:gwa:se	Mashed	Bear
36	C-4	Soyo:wi:s	His long guts	Bear
37	C-5	Hagya;drohne	He repeats it	Turtle
38	C-6	Dyohyo:goh	Reaches the sky	Wolf
39	C-7	Deyotowehgoh	Doubly cold	Wolf
40	C-8	Deyohowe:to	Two events	Snipe
41	C-9	Hadoda:he:ha’	He starts	Heron
42	C-10	Desgahe		Bear
Seneca
43	S-1	Sganyadeae:yo	Handsome lake	Turtle
44	S-2	Tsa’degaohyes	Level skies	Snipe
45	S-3	Sag,’jo:wa	Great forehead	Hawk
46	S-4	Ga’nogae		Turtle
47	S-5	Nishayene<nha	Falling day	Snipe
48	S-6	Sadyenawat	Grasps it	Bear
49	S-7	Ganohgi’da:wi	Hair singed off	Snipe
50	S-8	Dyoninho’ga’we'	Door keeper	Wolf

References

1. Haudenosaunee Confederacy. "Government".
2. Mann, Barbara (2000). "Governmental functioning and powers of the Haudenosaunee League". In Johansen, Bruce Elliott; Mann, Barbara Alice (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois Confederacy). Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 122–131. ISBN   978-0-313-30880-2.
3. Williams, Kayanesenh Paul (2018). Kayanerenkó:Wa : The Great Law of Peace. University of Manitoba Press. p. 298.
4. Hewitt, J. N. B.; Fenton, William N. (1944). "The requickening address of the Iroquois condolence council". Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 34 (3): 65–85. JSTOR   24531854.
5. Six Nations "Iroquois" Confederacy. "Haudenosaunee Confederacy Chiefs Council tobacco code passed" (PDF).
6. Ramsden, Peter G. "Haudenosaunee (Iroquois)". The Canadian Encyclopedia .
7. Fenton, William N. (1998). The Great Law and the Longhouse : a political history of the Iroquois Confederacy. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 98–99. ISBN   0-585-19883-7. OCLC   44954748.
8. Gray Kanatiyosh, Barbara A. (2000). "Peacemaker, the (Deganawida)(Wyandot)". In Johansen, Bruce Elliott; Mann, Barbara Alice (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois Confederacy). Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 245–249. ISBN   978-0-313-30880-2.
9. Rodriguez, Jeanette (2017). A Clan Mother's Call: Reconstructing Haudenosaunee Cultural Memory. State University of New York Press. ISBN   978-1-4384-6625-5.^{[ page needed ]}
10. Hill, Susan M. The Clay We Are Made Of : Haudenosaunee Land Tenure on the Grand River. University of Manitoba Press. p. 134.
11. "Biography – OHTOWAˀKÉHSON – Volume VII (1836-1850) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography". www.biographi.ca. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
12. "Current Clan Mothers and Chiefs". Haudenosaunee Confederacy.
13. Williams, Kayanesenh Paul (2018). Kayanerenkó:Wa: The Great Law of Peace. University of Manitoba Press. p.53.
14. Haudenosaunee Confederation. "The League of Nations".
15. "Biography – DESKAHEH – Volume XV (1921-1930) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography". www.biographi.ca. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
16. Communications. "Current Clan Mothers and Chiefs". Haudenosaunee Confederacy. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
17. Fenton, William N. (1998). The Great Law and the Longhouse : A Political History of the Iroquois Confederacy. The Civilization of the American Indian Series, v. 223. Norman : University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 193–194. ISBN   9780806130033.