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The 5-HT2A receptor is a subtype of the 5-HT2 receptor that belongs to the serotonin receptor family and is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). The 5-HT2A receptor is a cell surface receptor, but has several intracellular locations. 5-HT is short for 5-hydroxy-tryptamine or serotonin. This is the main excitatory receptor subtype among the GPCRs for serotonin, although 5-HT2A may also have an inhibitory effect on certain areas such as the visual cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex. This receptor was first noted for its importance as a target of serotonergic psychedelic drugs such as LSD and psilocybin mushrooms. Later it came back to prominence because it was also found to be mediating, at least partly, the action of many antipsychotic drugs, especially the atypical ones.
The 5-HT3 receptor belongs to the Cys-loop superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) and therefore differs structurally and functionally from all other 5-HT receptors (5-hydroxytryptamine, or serotonin receptors) which are G protein-coupled receptors. This ion channel is cation-selective and mediates neuronal depolarization and excitation within the central and peripheral nervous systems.
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B also known as the 5-HT1B receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HTR1B gene. The 5-HT1B receptor is a 5-HT receptor subtype.
5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 5A, also known as HTR5A, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HTR5A gene. Agonists and antagonists for 5-HT receptors, as well as serotonin uptake inhibitors, present promnesic (memory-promoting) and/or anti-amnesic effects under different conditions, and 5-HT receptors are also associated with neural changes.
The 5HT6 receptor is a subtype of 5HT receptor that binds the endogenous neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT). It is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is coupled to Gs and mediates excitatory neurotransmission. HTR6 denotes the human gene encoding for the receptor.
WAY-100635 is a piperazine drug and research chemical widely used in scientific studies. It was originally believed to act as a selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, but subsequent research showed that it also acts as potent full agonist at the D4 receptor. It is sometimes referred to as a silent antagonist at the former receptor. It is closely related to WAY-100135.
In genetics, rs6313 also called T102C or C102T is a gene variation—a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)—in the human HTR2A gene that codes for the 5-HT2A receptor. The SNP is a synonymous substitution located in exon 1 of the gene where it is involved in coding the 34th amino acid as serine.
In genetics, rs6311 is a gene variation—a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)—in the human HTR2A gene that codes for the 5-HT2A receptor. 5-HT2A is a neuroreceptor, and several scientific studies have investigated the effect of the genetic variation on personality, e.g., personality traits measured with the Temperament and Character Inventory or with a psychological task measuring impulsive behavior. The SNP has also been investigated in rheumatology studies.
rs6295, also called C(-1019)G, is a gene variation—a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)—in the HTR1A gene. It is one of the most investigated SNPs of its gene. The C-allele is the most prevalent with 0.675 against the G-allele with 0.325 among Caucasian.
5-HTTLPR is a degenerate repeat polymorphic region in SLC6A4, the gene that codes for the serotonin transporter. Since the polymorphism was identified in the middle of the 1990s, it has been extensively investigated, e.g., in connection with neuropsychiatric disorders. A 2006 scientific article stated that "over 300 behavioral, psychiatric, pharmacogenetic and other medical genetics papers" had analyzed the polymorphism. While often discussed as an example of gene-environment interaction, this contention is contested.
In genetics, rs7997012 is a gene variation—a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)—in intron 2 of the human HTR2A gene that codes for the 5-HT2A receptor. The SNP varies between adenine (A) and guanine (G) DNA bases with the G-allele being most frequent. A research study found it to be related to antidepressant treatment. The research group reported that a polymorphism (rs1954787) on another gene, the GRIK4, has also shown a treatment-response-association in this kind of treatment. In a Japanese study rs7997012 was not associated with either major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder.
In genetics, rs6314, also called His452Tyr or H452Y, is a gene variation, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), in the HTR2A gene that codes for the 5-HT2A receptor. The SNP is located in exon 3 of the gene and the change between C and T results in a change between histidine (His) and tyrosine (Tyr) at the 452nd amino acid, i.e., it is a missense substitution.
Rs6265, also called Val66Met or G196A, is a gene variation, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the BDNF gene that codes for brain-derived neurotrophic factor.
Klaus-Peter Lesch is a German clinical psychiatrist who has been investigating the neurobiological foundation of personality traits.
5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 3B, also known as HTR3B, is a human gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the 5-HT3 receptor.
In genetics, rs1800955 is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). It is located in the promoter region of the DRD4 gene. This gene codes for the dopamine receptor D4.
In genetics, rs5569 is a genetic variant. It is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the SLC6A2 gene in exon 9. This gene codes the norepinephrine transporter. The SNP is a silent substitution and the nucleotides of both variants code a threonine amino acid.
In genetics, rs1800532 (A218C) is a genetic variant. It is a single nucleotide polymorphism in the TPH1 gene and located in intron 7.
In genetics, rs4680 (Val158Met) is a genetic variant. It is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the COMT gene that codes catechol-O-Methyltransferase. The single nucleotide substitution between G--> A results in an amino acid change from valine to methionine at codon 158.
Enzo Emanuele is an Italian clinical pathologist known for his interdisciplinary research in the field of biological psychology. He has studied the biochemical basis of romantic interpersonal attraction and identified the neurotrophin nerve growth factor (NGF) as a key biochemical mediator of falling in love. The implications of this research have been criticized in the popular press. In 2008, his genetic research, which showed an association between serotonin and dopamine receptor gene polymorphisms and certain love traits, was awarded with the International Zdenek Klein Award for Human Ethology from the Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic.
References
- ↑ "META-ANALYSIS OF ALL PUBLISHED AD ASSOCIATION STUDIES (CASE-CONTROL ONLY) rs1805054". Alzheimer Research Forum. Archived from the original on 2013-02-25. Retrieved 2008-07-04.
- ↑ Rui Kan, Binbin Wang, Chuanfang Zhang, Ze Yang, Shun Ji, Zeping Lu, Chenguang Zheng, Feng Jin & Li Wang (November 2004). "Association of the HTR6 polymorphism C267T with late-onset Alzheimer's disease in Chinese". Neuroscience Letters . 372 (1): 27–29. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2004.09.007. PMID 15531082. S2CID 6061526.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Seung-Hwan Lee, Kang-Joon Lee, Heon-Jeong Lee, Byung-Joo Ham, Seung-Ho Ryu & Min-Soo Lee (April 2005). "Association between the 5-HT6 receptor C267T polymorphism and response to antidepressant treatment in major depressive disorder". Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences . 59 (2): 140–145. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2005.01348.x . PMID 15823158.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Byung-Joo Ham, Yong-Ho Kim, Myung-Jin Choi, Ji-Hyun Cha, Yun-Kyeung Choi & Min-Soo Lee (January 2004). "Serotonergic genes and personality traits in the Korean population". Neuroscience Letters . 354 (1): 2–5. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(03)00753-5. PMID 14698468. S2CID 22448256.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Mamoru Tochigi, Hiroyuki Hibino, Takeshi Otowa, Toshiyuki Ohtani, Takashi Ebisawa, Nobumasa Kato & Tsukasa Sasaki (July 2006). "No association of 5-HT2C, 5-HT6, and tryptophan hydroxylase-1 gene polymorphisms with personality traits in the Japanese population". Neuroscience Letters . 403 (1–2): 100–102. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2006.04.020. PMID 16682118. S2CID 10227729.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)