Sabal

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Palmetto
SabalPalm.jpg
Sabal palmetto
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Arecales
Family: Arecaceae
Subfamily: Coryphoideae
Tribe: Sabaleae
Genus: Sabal
Adans. [1]
Type species
Sabal adansonii
Guers. [2]
Synonyms [3]

Sabal is a genus of palms (or fan-palms) endemic to the New World. Currently, there are 17 recognized species of Sabal, including one hybrid species. [4] The species are native to the subtropical and tropical regions of the Americas, from the Gulf Coast/South Atlantic states in the Southeastern United States, south through the Caribbean, Mexico, and Central America to Colombia and Venezuela. Members of this genus are typically identified by the leaves which originate from a bare, unarmed petiole in a fan-like structure. All members of this genus have a costa (or midrib) that extends into the leaf blade. This midrib can vary in length; and it is due to this variation that leaf blades of certain species of Sabal are strongly curved or strongly costapalmate (as in Sabal palmetto and Sabal etonia) or weakly curved (almost flattened), weakly costapalmate, (as in Sabal minor). Like many other palms, the fruit of Sabal are drupe, that typically change from green to black when mature.

Contents

Species

ImageScientific nameCommon nameDistribution
Sabal antillensis M.P.Griff.Antillean palmetto Curaçao [4] [5]
Sabal bermudana 3zz.jpg Sabal bermudana L.H.Bailey Bermuda palmetto Bermuda
Sabal causiarum2 edit.jpg Sabal causiarum (O.F. Cook) Becc. Puerto Rico palmetto Puerto Rico, British Virgin Islands, and Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic)
Sabal domingensis 5zz.jpg Sabal domingensis Becc.Hispaniola palmetto Cuba and Hispaniola (the Dominican Republic and Haiti)
Sabal etonia 3zz.jpg Sabal etonia Swingle ex Nash Scrub palmettoPeninsular Florida, United States
Sabal gretherieae0.jpg Sabal gretheriae H.J.Quero.R. Yucatán palmetto Quintana Roo, Mexico
Sabal lougheediana M.P.Griff.Bonaire palmetto Bonaire [5]
Sabal-maritima.jpg Sabal maritima (Kunth) Burret Jamaica palmetto Jamaica and Cuba
Sabal mauritiiformis 12zz.jpg Sabal mauritiiformis (H.Karst.) Griseb. & H.Wendl. Savannah palm or palma de vacaSouthern Mexico to northern Colombia, Venezuela, and Trinidad
Sabal mexicana 1.jpg Sabal mexicana Mart. Mexican palmettoSouthern Texas south through Mexico to Nicaragua
Gardenology.org-IMG 2114 hunt0903.jpg Sabal miamiensis Miami palmetto Southern Florida
Gardenology.org-IMG 0529 hunt07mar.jpg Sabal minor (Jacq.) Pers. Dwarf palmettonortheastern Mexico and Southeastern United States, from Florida north to North Carolina, west to Texas
Spalmetto2.JPG Sabal palmetto (Walter) Lodd. ex Schult. & Schult.f.Cabbage palmettoCuba, the Bahamas, Turks and Caicos Islands, and the Southeastern United States, from Florida north to North Carolina
Sabal pumos (Scott Zona) 001.jpg Sabal pumos (Kunth) BurretRoyal palmetto Guerrero, Michoacán, and Puebla, Mexico
Sabal rosei 2.jpg Sabal rosei (O.F.Cook) Becc.Rosei palmettocoast of northwestern Mexico
Sabal uresana Tucson Arizona May 2012.JPG Sabal uresana Trel. Sonoran palmetto Chihuahua and Sonora, Mexico
Sabal yapa 4zz.jpg Sabal yapa C.Wright ex Becc. Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico, Belize, Cuba, and Guatemala [6] [7]
Fossil of S. major Arecaceae - Sabal major.JPG
Fossil of S. major

Prehistoric taxa

Extinct species within this genus include: [9]

Formerly placed here

Fossil record

These plants lived from the late Cretaceous to the Quaternary period (from 66 million to 12 thousand years ago). Fossils have been found in United States, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and France. [9] Leaf fossils of †Sabal lamanonis have been recovered from rhyodacite tuff of Lower Miocene age in Southern Slovakia near the town of Lučenec. [11] 27 million years old †Sabal lamanonis and †Sabal raphipholia leaf fossils in volcanic rocks have been described from the Evros region in Western Thrace, Greece. [12]

Phylogenetic work in Sabal (1990s – present)

The name Sabal was first applied to members of the group by Michel Adanson in the 18th century. [13] Previous names that this genus was associated with include Corypha , Chamaerops , Rhapis . [14] [13] This section highlights important phylogenetic work done within the genus Sabal.

In 1990, Scott Zona outlined key morphological and anatomical characters that he used to analyze species relationships of Sabal. Through this analysis of characters, Zona produced a cladogram that portrays evolutionary relationships amongst 15 species of Sabal. [14] Based on the distribution of species within his cladogram, Zona recognized four distinct clades. [14] The clades within his study include (Clade 1) Sabal minor; (Clade 2) Sabal bermudana, Sabal palmetto, Sabal miamiensis, and Sabal etonia; (Clade 3) Sabal maritima, Sabal domingensis, Sabal causiarum, Sabal maurittiformis, Sabal yapa, Sabal mexicana, and Sabal guatemalensis; (Clade 4) Sabal uresana, Sabal rosei, and Sabal pumos . [14] These clades associate closely with geographic distributions. [14] All of the species within Clade 3 occur in the Greater Antilles and southern Mexico, where species that occur in the Greater Antilles are more closely related to each other than those that occur in southern Mexico. [14] Although Clade 4 also occurs in Mexico, these species occur on the west coast where they are geographically separated from the Mexican species within the southern part of the country. [14] The remaining two clades, Clade 1 and Clade 2 predominantly occur in the southeastern United States although S. palmetto and S. minor are also known from Cuba and the Bahamas (S. palmetto) and northern Mexico (S. minor). [14] Sabal bermudana is only known from the Bermuda Islands. [14]

In 2016 Heyduk, Trapnell, Barrett, and Leebens-Mack conducted a new study on Sabal that analyzed molecular (e.g. nuclear, plastid) data from 15 species of the group. [15] This study incorporated plastid and nuclear sequence data that together were used to estimate the relatedness between the species of Sabal. [15] The results of the study show species relationships to be different from the distribution of Zona's cladogram. [14] [15] Within the framework of this study, a major difference between the results of Zona and this study is the placement of "Clade 4" ( Sabal uresana, Sabal rosei, and Sabal pumos ) which split and integrate these species throughout the phylogeny of Sabal. [14] [15] The largest of the clades identified by Zona, "Clade 3" is disrupted significantly as it is split into multiple clades. [14] [15] Although Sabal causiarum and S. domingensis retain their relationship as sister species, they are included in a clade that also includes S. maritima and S. rosei. [14] [15] Despite these disruptions in placement between these two studies, the overall integrity of "Clade 1" and "Clade 2" is in congruence with the clades established from the molecular data. [15] [14]

Pollinators and parasitoids

Sabal species are used as food sources by several species of birds including Mimus polyglottos, Turdus migratorius, Dendroica coronata, Corvus ossifragus, and Drycopus pileatus , Caryobruchus , [16] and various species of hymenoptera. Bears ( Ursus americanus) and racoons are also known to feed on fruit of various species of Sabal. Sabal palmetto is recorded to have its own lichen, Arthonia rubrocincta, [17] that only occurs on the leaf bases of the Cabbage Palm (Sabal palmetto). In Europe, the introduced Lepidopteran species Paysandisia archon has become a prominent pest whose larvae are known to feed on some of the cultivated species of Sabal.

Uses

Arborescent species are often transplanted from natural stands into urban landscapes and are rarely grown in nurseries due to slow growth. Several species are cultivated as ornamental plants and because several species are relatively cold-hardy, can be grown farther north than most other palms. The central bud of Sabalpalmetto is edible and, when cooked, is known as 'swamp cabbage'. Mature fronds are used as thatch, to make straw hats, and for weaving mats.

Symbolic use

A silhouette of a palmetto (S. palmetto) appears on the official flag of South Carolina. [18]

Two images of S. palmetto appear on the Florida state seal.

Sabal palmetto is the state tree of both Florida and South Carolina.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arecaceae</span> Family of food and ornamental plants

The Arecaceae is a family of perennial flowering plants in the monocot order Arecales. Their growth form can be climbers, shrubs, tree-like and stemless plants, all commonly known as palms. Those having a tree-like form are called palm trees. Currently, 181 genera with around 2,600 species are known, most of which are restricted to tropical and subtropical climates. Most palms are distinguished by their large, compound, evergreen leaves, known as fronds, arranged at the top of an unbranched stem. However, palms exhibit an enormous diversity in physical characteristics and inhabit nearly every type of habitat within their range, from rainforests to deserts.

<i>Trachycarpus</i> Genus of palms

Trachycarpus is a genus of eleven species of palms native to Asia, from the Himalaya east to eastern China. They are fan palms, with the leaves with a bare petiole terminating in a rounded fan of numerous leaflets. The leaf bases produce persistent fibres that often give the trunk a characteristic hairy appearance. All species are dioecious, with male and female flowers produced on separate plants although female plants will sometimes produce male flowers, allowing occasional self-pollination.

Palmetto may refer to:

<i>Sabal minor</i> Species of palm

Sabal minor, commonly known as the dwarf palmetto, is a small species of palm. It is native to the deep southeastern and south-central United States and northeastern Mexico. It is naturally found in a diversity of habitats, including maritime forests, swamps, floodplains, and occasionally on drier sites. It is often found growing in calcareous marl soil. Sabal minor is one of the most frost and cold tolerant among North American palms.

<i>Syagrus</i> (plant) Genus of palms

Syagrus is a genus of Arecaceae (palms), native to South America, with one species endemic to the Lesser Antilles. The genus is closely related to the Cocos, or coconut genus, and many Syagrus species produce edible seeds similar to the coconut.

<i>Attalea crassispatha</i> Species of palm

Attalea crassispatha is a palm which is endemic to southwest Haiti. The most geographically isolated member of the genus, it is considered a critically endangered species and has been called one of the rarest palms in the Americas.

<i>Sabal bermudana</i> Species of palm

Sabal bermudana, commonly known as the Bermuda palmetto or bibby-tree, is one of 15 species of palm trees in the genus Sabal and is endemic to Bermuda although reportedly naturalized in the Leeward Islands. It was greatly affected by the introduction of non-native plants such as the Chinese fan palm, which created competition for space that it usually lost.

<i>Sabal uresana</i> Species of palm

Sabal uresana, commonly known as the Sonoran palmetto, is a species of palm tree that is native to the foothills of the Sierra Madre Occidental in northwestern Mexico. The specific epithet, "uresana", refers to Ures, Sonora, a town within its range. It is threatened by habitat loss.

<i>Sabal palmetto</i> Species of plant

Sabal palmetto, also known as cabbage palm, cabbage palmetto, sabal palm, blue palmetto, Carolina palmetto, common palmetto, Garfield's tree, and swamp cabbage, is one of 15 species of palmetto palm. It is native to the Southern United States and the West Indies.

<i>Sabal causiarum</i> Species of plant

Sabal causiarum, commonly known as the Puerto Rico palmetto or Puerto Rican hat palm, is a species of palm which is native to Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and the British Virgin Islands. As its common and scientific names suggest, its leaves are used in the manufacture of "straw" hats.

<i>Sabal etonia</i> Species of palm

Sabal etonia, commonly known as the scrub palmetto is a species of palm. It is native only to peninsular Florida in the United States, where it is found in Florida sand pine scrub communities.

<i>Sabal maritima</i> Species of palm

Sabal maritima is a species of palm which is native to Jamaica and Cuba.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coryphoideae</span> Subfamily of palms

The Coryphoideae is one of five subfamilies in the palm family, Arecaceae. It contains all of the genera with palmate leaves, excepting Mauritia, Mauritiella and Lepidocaryum, all of subfamily Calamoideae, tribe Lepidocaryeae, subtribe Mauritiinae. However, all Coryphoid palm leaves have induplicate (V-shaped) leaf folds, while Calamoid palms have reduplicate leaf folds. Pinnate leaves do occur in Coryphoideae, in Phoenix, Arenga, Wallichia and bipinnate in Caryota.

<i>Sabal mexicana</i> Species of palm

Sabal mexicana is a species of palm tree that is native to far southern North America. Common names include Rio Grande palmetto, Mexican palmetto, Texas palmetto, Texas sabal palm, palmetto cabbage and palma de mícharos. The specific epithet, "mexicana", is Latin for "of Mexico."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cryosophileae</span> Tribe of palms

Cryosophileae is a tribe of palms in the subfamily Coryphoideae. The tribe ranges from southern South America, through Central America, into Mexico and the Caribbean. It includes New World genera formerly included in the tribe Thrinacinae, which was split after molecular phylogenetic studies showed that Old World and New World members of the tribe were not closely related.

<i>Sabal</i> Birmingham Palm cultivar

Sabal 'Birmingham' is a seed-propagated selection of palmetto, of unknown origin and widely thought to be a hybrid of Sabal palmetto with a yet-unidentified species. It is widely known for its extreme cold hardiness and its slow growth compared to other palmetto species.

Sabal miamiensis, the Miami palmetto, is a rare plant species known only from Dade County, Florida, in the vicinity of the City of Miami. It is seriously threatened and may possibly already be extinct in the wild although it is still in cultivation as an ornamental. It has been collected in nature only from rocky pinelands in the region, areas now rapidly becoming urbanized. The formal description of this as a new species was published in 1985, based largely on specimens collected in 1901.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chuniophoeniceae</span> Tribe of palms

Chuniophoeniceae is a tribe of palms in subfamily Coryphoideae of plant family Arecaceae. The four genera within the tribe are morphologically dissimilar and do not have overlapping distributions. Three of the genera are monotypic, while the fourth genus (Chuniophoenix) has three species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trachycarpeae</span> Tribe of palms

Trachycarpeae is a tribe of palms in subfamily Coryphoideae of the plant family Arecaceae. It has the widest distribution of any tribe in Coryphoideae and is found on all continents, though the greatest concentration of species is in Southeast Asia. Trachycarpeae includes palms from both tropical and subtropical zones; the northernmost naturally-occurring palm is a member of this tribe. Several genera can be found in cultivation in temperate areas, for example species of Trachycarpus, Chamaerops, Rhapidophyllum and Washingtonia.

<i>Sabal rosei</i> Species of plant in the genus Sabal

Sabal rosei, the Llanos palmetto or Savannah palmetto, is a species of flowering plant in the palm family Arecaceae, native to the Pacific coast of Mexico, from Sinaloa to Jalisco. Hardy to USDA zone 8a, it tolerates both flooding and drought, although it is typically found in dry areas.

References

  1. ↑ Michel Adanson (1763). Familles des plantes. 2 (in French). chez Vincent. pp.  495, 599.
  2. ↑ "Sabal Adans". Tropicos . Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 16 October 2009.
  3. ↑ "Sabal Adans". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 15 October 2004. Archived from the original on 26 August 2009. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
  4. 1 2 Griffith, M. Patrick; De Freitas, John; Barros, Michelle; Noblick, Larry R. (2017). "Sabal antillensis (Arecaceae): a new palmetto species from the Leeward Antilles". Phytotaxa. 303: 56–64. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.303.1.4 .
  5. 1 2 Griffith, M. Patrick; Coolen, Quirijn; Barros, Michelle; Noblick, Larry R. (2019). "Sabal lougheediana (Arecaceae), a critically endangered, endemic palm species from Bonaire". Phytotaxa. 420: 095–102. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.420.2.1. S2CID   208559842.
  6. ↑ "Subordinate taxa of Sabal Adans". Tropicos . Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 16 October 2009.
  7. 1 2 "GRIN Species Records of Sabal". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  8. ↑ GOLDMAN, DOUGLAS H.; KLOOSTER, MATTHEW R.; GRIFFITH, M. PATRICK; FAY, MICHAEL F.; CHASE, MARK W. (19 August 2011). "A preliminary evaluation of the ancestry of a putative Sabal hybrid (Arecaceae: Coryphoideae), and the description of a new nothospecies, Sabal × brazoriensis". Phytotaxa. 27 (1): 8. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.27.1.2 . ISSN   1179-3163.
  9. 1 2 Paleobiology Database
  10. 1 2 Manchester, Steven R. (1994). "Fruits and seeds of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon". Palaeontographica Americana. 58: 1–205.
  11. ↑ Vojtko, Rastislav (21 October 2016). "Miocénna flóra z lokalít Kalonda a Mučín" [Miocene flora from the localities Kalonda and Mučín]. Acta Geologica Slovaca (in Slovak). 1 (1): 65–70. ISSN   1338-0044 . Retrieved 8 July 2019.
  12. ↑ Velitzelos, Dimitrios; Bouchal, Johannes M.; Denk, Thomas (2014). "Review of the Cenozoic floras and vegetation of Greece". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 204: 56–117. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2014.02.006.
  13. 1 2 Ramp, Paul F.; Thien, Leonard B. (1995). "A Taxonomic History and Reexamination of Sabal minor in the Mississippi Valley". Principes. 39 (2): 77–83.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Zona, Scott (1990). "A Monograph of Sabal (Arecaceae: Coryphoideae)". Aliso. 12 (4): 583–666. doi: 10.5642/aliso.19901204.02 .
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Heyduk, Karolina; Trapnell, Dorset W.; Barrett, Craig F.; Leebens-Mack, Jim (13 May 2015). "Phylogenomic analyses of species relationships in the genus Sabal (Arecaceae) using targeted sequence capture". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 117 (1): 106–120. doi: 10.1111/bij.12551 . ISSN   0024-4066.
  16. ↑ i Monteys, Víctor Sarto; Aguilar, Lluís; Saiz‐Ardanaz, Marienza; Ventura, Daniel; Martí, Mercè (June 2005). "Comparative morphology of the egg of the castniid palm borer, Paysandisia archon (Burmeister, 1880) (Lepidoptera: Castniidae)". Systematics and Biodiversity. 3 (2): 179–201. doi:10.1017/S1477200005001635. ISSN   1477-2000. S2CID   85748924.
  17. ↑ Grube, Martin; Lucking, Robert; Umana-Tenorio, Loengrin (September 2004). "A New Isidiate Species of Arthonia (Ascomycota: Arthoniaceae) from Costa Rica". Mycologia. 96 (5): 1159–1162. doi:10.2307/3762099. ISSN   0027-5514. JSTOR   3762099. PMID   21148936.
  18. ↑ Netstate, South Carolina State Flag
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